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Student Expectation B.5.B Student Expectation B.5.B Examine specialized cells, Examine specialized cells,
includingincluding roots, stems, and roots, stems, and leaves of plantsleaves of plants..
(EOC) and (EOC) and (Supporting Standard)(Supporting Standard)
PlantsPlants NonvascularNonvascular: : have no have no
vessels, no roots, no stems vessels, no roots, no stems
or leaves. Examples: or leaves. Examples:
Mosses & LiverwortsMosses & Liverworts
VascularVascular: : have vessels have vessels
to transport food and water. to transport food and water.
They have roots, stems They have roots, stems
and leaves. Example: Grass, and leaves. Example: Grass,
corn, trees, flowers, bushescorn, trees, flowers, bushes
Types of RootsTypes of Roots
Three Types of RootsThree Types of Roots Taproots Taproots (dicots) – the primary (dicots) – the primary
root grows long and thick root grows long and thick while the secondary roots while the secondary roots remain small. Example: Oak remain small. Example: Oak and hickory trees, carrots, and hickory trees, carrots, dandelions, radishesdandelions, radishes
Fibrous Fibrous (monocots) – branch (monocots) – branch out so that no single root out so that no single root grows larger than the rest. grows larger than the rest. Example: grassesExample: grasses
AdventitiousAdventitious – helps to – helps to develop modified underground develop modified underground stems or to aid in climbing. stems or to aid in climbing. Example: ivyExample: ivy
Cross Section of a RootCross Section of a Root EpidermisEpidermis – outer layer of the root. – outer layer of the root. CortexCortex – spongy layer of ground – spongy layer of ground
tissue.tissue. EndodermisEndodermis – encloses the roots – encloses the roots
vascular system.vascular system. Vascular SystemVascular System
XylemXylem – transports water. – transports water.
PhloemPhloem – transports nutrients – transports nutrients
Root HairsRoot Hairs – increase the surface – increase the surface area for the root to take in water.area for the root to take in water.
Apical MeristemApical Meristem – Where roots – Where roots grow in length, production of new grow in length, production of new cells.cells.
Root CapRoot Cap – Protects the root as it – Protects the root as it forces its way through the soilforces its way through the soil..
Cross Section of a RootCross Section of a Root
Purpose of the RootPurpose of the Root-Anchor the plant to the ground.-Anchor the plant to the ground.
- Extract water and minerals from the - Extract water and minerals from the soil (needs the sun to do this).soil (needs the sun to do this).
How does this occur?How does this occur?
Root FunctionRoot Function
1. Uptake of plant Nutrients.1. Uptake of plant Nutrients.Along with carbon dioxide and water, Along with carbon dioxide and water, flowering plants need inorganic nutrients:flowering plants need inorganic nutrients:Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesiummagnesium
2. Active Transport of Minerals – 2. Active Transport of Minerals – water and water and minerals move from the epidermis through minerals move from the epidermis through the cortex into the vascular cylinder the cortex into the vascular cylinder (osmosis)(osmosis)
Root FunctionRoot Function
3. Movement into the Vascular Cylinder3. Movement into the Vascular Cylinder – – water and minerals enter the vascular water and minerals enter the vascular cylinder and move up the plant by way of the cylinder and move up the plant by way of the xylem. Once in the plant, the waxy xylem. Once in the plant, the waxy Casparian strip keeps the water and minerals Casparian strip keeps the water and minerals inside the plant.inside the plant.
4. Root Pressure – 4. Root Pressure – the starting point for the the starting point for the movement of water through the vascular movement of water through the vascular system of the entire plantsystem of the entire plant..
Root FunctionRoot Function
StemsStemsFunction:Function:
1. Produce leaves, 1. Produce leaves, branches, and branches, and flowers.flowers.
2. Hold leaves up to 2. Hold leaves up to the sunlight.the sunlight.
3. Transport 3. Transport substances substances between roots and between roots and leaves.leaves.
Stems - VocabularyStems - Vocabulary
Internodes - Regions between the nodes
Buds – undeveloped tissue for new stems or leaves.
Nodes – where leaves are attached.
Leaf Functions 1. Photosynthesis – uses the sun to
make food.
2. Transpiration – loss of water
3. Gas Exchange – take in CO2 and
give off O2 during photosynthesis.
Leaves Mesophyl – the site where photosynthesis takes
place. There are two types of cells in the mesophyl.
1) Palisade Mesophyl – elongated cells, tightly packed, contain numerous chloroplasts, absorbs most of the light.
2) Spongy Mesophyl – rounded and loosly packed, creates pockets of air space between the cells to allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse into cells and into and out of the leaf through openings in the lower epidermis called the stomata.