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Special Session Biofuels & Bioenergy 2
A COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIODIESEL
FROM SOYBEAN OIL AND BEEF TALLOW IN BRAZIL
Suani T. Coelho, Gil A. Silva, Fausto Freire, Renata Grisoli, Érica Castanheira, Vanessa Pecora Garcilasso, Alex Nogueira
Coimbra, September 9, 2013
INTRODUCTION
• BIOACV project - Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Produced from Soybean Oil and Beef Tallow by Methylic and Ethylic Routes
• To evaluate environmental impacts of the biodiesel production from soybean oil and beef tallow in Brazil, comparing methylic and ethylic routes
• Project funded by CNPq
• Partnership with Coimbra University
INTRODUCTION
• 2004: National Biodiesel Production and Use Program (PNPB) was created by The Brazilian Federal Government (blend of biodiesel with diesel oil - 2%)
• Objective of PNPB: to produce biodiesel in a sustainable way to replace partially diesel oil in Brazil
• Currently: blend of biodiesel with diesel oil is 5%, in volume basis in the country
Diesel oil consumption and import in Brazil
Consumo e Importação de Óleo Diesel
(mil m³)
0,00
10.000,00
20.000,00
30.000,00
40.000,00
50.000,00
60.000,00
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Importação Consumo
Source: ANP, 2012
Preço Médio dos Leilões desde 09/2009 a 12/2012
(R$/m³)
0,00 500,00 1.000,00 1.500,00 2.000,00 2.500,00 3.000,00
16º Leilão
19º Leilão
22º Leilão
25º Leilão
28º Leilão
Biodiesel auctions
Average prices paid by Petrobras
Biodiesel production in Brazil
Produção de biodiesel (B100) em m³
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fonte: ANP, 2012
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL
• Biodiesel production in Brazil rose up from 736 m3 in 2005 to around 2.7 million m3 in 2011
• Over 76% of the biodiesel production in Brazil: – Center-West (states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and
Distrito Federal) and
– South Brazil (states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina)
Source: ANP, 2013
Biodiesel installed capacity and production (B100)
(thousand m³/year) -2013
Total Installed capacity: 7,404.4 (thousand m³/yr)
Total Production: 2,717.5 (thousand m³/yr)
Biodiesel production in Brazil
Source: ANP, 2010
• Commercial oil crops (Soybean, Palm, Castor)
– Large scale (mainly soybean)
– High level of technological know how (soybean, palm)
– Conflit with other end uses (palm oil, castor oil)
– Low cost of soybean oil (by-product of animal feed production)
– Castor oil – lack of adequate capacity building for small farmers
• Native oil crops (Buriti, Babassu, Macauba)
– Small scale
– Low level of technical know how
– Native crops not domesticated
– Used for food and traditional medicine locally
• New oil crops (Jatropha curcas)
– Low know how on agricultural phase (few varieties)
• Beef Tallow
– Low cost (not anymore...)
– By-product of beef production
Considerations about raw materials
for biodiesel
Palm
Castor
Jatropha curcas
Soybean
Buriti Babassu Macauba
BIODIESEL RAW MATERIALS IN USE
• The main driving force behind the use of soybean oil and beef tallow as feedstock for biodiesel in Brazil is their low price, since soybean oil and beef tallow are by-products
• Biodiesel from beef tallow presents advantages in some properties (cetane number and stability), compared with biodiesel from soybean oil but also presents some important constraints, namely viscosity, which does not allow a 100% production from beef tallow, as concluded from field visits in the BIOACV project
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA METHYLIC
AND ETHYLIC ROUTES
• In 2010, more than 97% of the biodiesel produced in Brazil used methanol to produce biodiesel
• Methyl and ethyl routes are very similar; however, in practice there are differences between these two routes, namely reaction time, catalyst amount and reaction temperature
• Difficulties in the separation phase are a major barrier in ethyl ester production for any feedstock used
• Main limiting factor for the implementation of ethyl transesterification is the bioethanol price. Brazil has the cheapest bioethanol price in the world but is strongly dependent on the geographical location and fluctuations over the time. On the other hand, methanol prices are relatively constant along time, but a sharp increase has observed recently
THE BIOACV PROJECT • In the BioACV Project it was analyzed the environmental impacts from
soybean oil and beef tallow biodiesel, comparing two routes (methylic and ethylic), using the LCA approach
• One of the main challenges was to develop models that could represent processes in Brazil (or those quite similar to those being used)
• The models adopted considered 100% of soybean oil and 100% of beef tallow for both routes
• It was considered the production of 1 MJ of biodiesel in all four scenarios
• The four scenarios considered in the study were – ethylic and methylic biodiesel from soybean oil,
– ethylic and methylic biodiesel from beef tallow
BIOACV – CENBIO/USP-CNPq. LCA for
environmental impacts for each type of
biodiesel
CENBIO – Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa/IEE – Instituto de Energia e Ambiente/USP – Universidade
de São Paulo. BIOACV – Comparação da ACV de Biodiesel produzido a partir de Óleo de Soja e Gordura
Bovina via rota Metílica e Etílica. Relatório Final (Final Report). Março de 2013.
RESULTS FROM THE BIOACV PROJECT – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL
Comparison of the indicators for the different categories of impact for each type of biodiesel
RESULTS FROM THE BIOACV PROJECT – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL
• Biodiesel from beef tallow presented the highest impacts compared to soybean oil. Due to the cattle raise system in Brazil, which has low efficiency and is based mainly in extensive production system (less than 1.0 head per hectare). The soybean agricultural production showed high figures due to the high use of pesticides.
• When CO2 emissions from land use change in soybean agricultural production are not considered, CC of soy-based biodiesel was reduced by 70%
• The comparison of the methylic and ethylic routes does not show significant differences, according to Figure, except in the case of FFD where indicators for the methylic route are around 10% higher than for ethylic route
RESULTS FROM THE BIOACV PROJECT – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL
• Comparing the methylic and ethylic biodiesel technological routes, it was not found significant differences in both cases, despite the fossil origin of the methanol imported in Brazil
• All environmental impacts considering the use of beef tallow for biodiesel production appeared to be higher than those from soybean.
• When environmental impacts of the cattle raise and slaughtering sub-systems are excluded, all impacts were reduced significantly, showing the high impact of the extensive cattle production in Brazil
