Special Issues in Human NutritionVidul Vithlani & Shukdev Fatania

What you need to be able to do by the end of

this section 1.) Distinguish between the composition of human milk and artificial

milk used for feeding babies

2.) Discuss the benefits of breastfeeding

3.) Outline the symptoms and causes of type II diabetes

4.) Explain the dietary advice that should be given to a patient who has developed type II diabetes

5.) Discuss the ethical issues concerning eating animal products (eg. Honey, milk, meat eggs etc.)

6.) Evaluate the benefits of reducing dietary cholesterol in lowering the risk of coronary heart disease.

7.) Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing foods to minimize food miles

Human milk or Powdered milk??

There are differences in human breast milk and powdered infant formula

Human breast milk has the following (these are not found in baby formula powder!)Enzymes amylase and lipaseWhite blood cells such as macrophagesAntibodiesHormones

Lactose and Fats

Human milk has 50% more lactose than cows milk This is broken down into galactose and glucose to give the

baby energy

Human milk also has more cholesterol which helps to build cell membranes

Rare Occurrence: Lactose Intolerant Babies! Some babies are naturally lactose intolerant (basically allergic

to milk) Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, rashes and abdominal pain For these babies, a different type of baby formula is used,

normally this baby formula is based on Soy Milk

Protein

Human milk has less protein than cow milkSimple reason: humans don’t need to grow

as much as calves do in the first year

The amino acid Taurine:There’s more of this in human milk than

cow milkTaurine is linked to brain development,

something humans do better than cows (.....in most cases)

Protein Continued

Forms of Milk ProteinTwo types

Whey Easy to digest and liquidCurd harder to digest white solid. Made of protein

called casein. (E.g. Tub of yogurt. The hard white yogurt is curd, the

watery clear stuff is whey)

Human milk has 65% whey (liquid stuff) and 35% casein (solid white part)

Cow milk has 18% whey and 82% casein

Iron

There is more iron in baby formula than in human milk

Why? Its easier to absorb iron from human

milkSO the companies put more iron into

the formula to compensate.

Is breastfeeding right for my baby

Breast milk is good for babies, it’s healthy and nutritious

BUT, sometimes doctors will advise mothers not to breast feed their kids if there is a good medical reason. Eg. If the mom cannot produce enough milk

or if there is a chance that the mom will pass on a pathogen (disease) like HIV or tuberculosis

Pro Breastfeeding :D

Human milk is naturally made to suit our growth and requirements as babies. It meets our specific dietary needs

More whey and less casein makes it easier for us to digest the protein

Human breast milk helps babies sleep

The nutrients are more easily absorbed, like vitamins and iron

Less risk of allergies

Better bond between the mother and the baby (not scientifically proven)

Breastfeeding helps the mom to her weight (producing milk takes energy)

Less chance of getting sick. Human breast milk has more white blood cells

Anti Breastfeeding D’:

Can be painful (while feeding OR due to engorgement (breasts become really large from the milk))

Nipples can develop bacterial infections

The milk could transmit viruses like HIV if the mother has suh diseases and infections

Not accepted in some cultures to feed in public

Harder to manage breastfeeding and working in a western society (feeding schedule)

Dad feels left out

Type II Diabetes

Two types of diabetes Type I Type II

Both mean the body cant break down sugar in the blood The body doesn’t produce or doesn’t respond to the

hormone insulin

Result: The person has a higher blood sugar level

This is called hyperglycaemia

Type II Diabetes continued

Other names: Adult-onset diabetes Diabetes mellitus type II Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Symptoms Being more thirsty than normal Urinating more than normal Fatigue More infections

Result of develeping an insensitivity to insulin over many years Found in obese people and people over the age of 40

Type II diabetes continued

Treated with exercise and a special diet. Not usually treated with insulin injections like with Type 1

Causes: Not just obesity and fitness, but also ethnicity Native Australians Native Americans Maoris

Also can be due to family history

Can lead to problems with high blood pressure, eye damage, kidney malfunction, nerve disease and chance of heart problems and stroke

Dietary Recommendations for

Type II DiabetesTake control of the glucose levels by having a

wholesome, well-balanced diet

Decrease body mass and maintain a healthy BMI

Eat foods rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates

Less saturated fats

Ethical Issues and Meat Consumption

Meat is not an absolute necessity for Humans unless you live in a place like the artic where there is not much else to eat

Vegetarians don’t eat the flesh of animals

Some vegetarians don’t eat animal products (milk, honey eggs), these are called vegans

Ethical Issues continued

There are many reasons not to eat meat. The ethical reasons includeKilling sentient beings is wrong, especially if it isn't

necessary for survival (sentient having a nervous system, feels pain and pleasure)

Raising animals for the sole purpose of slaughtering them is wrong

Intensive livestock production is a wasteful industry which misuses valuable resources such as water and land

Mass-production is cruel to animalsFishing industry pollutes the oceans and disrupts

ecosystems

Ethical Issues Continued

Arguments against vegetarianism include:Farm animals such as cows, sheep, pigs and

chickens would not exists if not raised for food

Without meat production and fishing, thousands of jobs would be lost

Meat and fish can be grown in decent conditions as in free-range, free-from-cruelty and organic practices

Certain nutrients are not available in vegetarian diets

The benefits of reducing cholesterol

Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, type of lipid called a steroid

In moderate amounts, great for maintaining stability of the cell membranes

Too much though = heart disease and high blood pressure

The lipids can pile up in the artery limiting the blood flow and this increases the blood pressure. Then if a clot forms (stops blood going back to the heart) then a heart attack could happen

By reducing the amount of cholesterol you consume through your diet, you can reduce the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure

Food Miles

“Food miles” is used to describe the distance from where the food was produced to where it was consumed. E.g. An apple picked at ACS Hillingdon is then shipped of to the States to be sold at Walmart

Foods which have traveled long distances have been transported by either boat or train or truck or car. The longer they travel, the more fossil fuels are burned in order to transport them and so more pollution is released in order to transport that food

This is an ethical issue To eat or not to eat something that has used so many

resources?

http://vimeo.com/11989278

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7rn5hH5XN8

Questions???

And.....QUIZ TIME!

1.)

All babies can drink breast milk

True or False?

2.)

All mothers should breast feed their babies

True or False?

3.)

What enzymes do breast milk contain?

A.) Lipase and Amylase

B.) Endophase and glycogen

C.) Homeostasis and Protease

D.) Triglycerol and Axenol

4.)

Human Milk has less protein than cow milk

True or false?

5.)

Babies fed with breast milk are less likely to have more infections than babies fed with infant formula in the first year of life

True or false?

6.)

State 2 reasons why a doctor may suggest infant formula to nourish a baby rather than breast milk

7.)

Why is breast milk more easily digested by babies than baby formula?

8.)

What are the 2 forms of protein found in milk?

9.)

Why does baby formula have more iron content than human milk?

10.)

State 2 reasons for breast feeding

11.)

Give 2 reasons against breast feeding

12.)

Describe what diabetes is in simple terms? what happens when you have diabetes.

13.)

Diabetes can be fatal

True or false? Explain.

14.)

Eating meat is not necessary for survival

True or false? Explain.

15.)

Suggest 2 reasons against eating meat

16.)

Suggest 2 reasons for eating meat

17.)

Is cholesterol bad?

Why?