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Networking ConceptNetworking Concept

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What is NetworkingWhat is Networking

Networking is the sharing of information and services

Computer networks includes computers and computer operating systems

Computer networks are often classified by size, distance covered, or structure

Network ClassificationNetwork Classification

Local area network (LAN)Small group of connected computers

<10Km

Mbps ~ Gbps

Ethernet (10Mbps), Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps)

Wide area network (WAN)Interconnect LANs

Kbps ~ Mbps

Modem (33.6/56 kbps), X.25 (56 Kbps), Frame Relay (1.544 Mbps), T1 / E1 (1.544 Mbps), T3 / E3 (45 Mbps), ISDN 2B1D (64K),ATM (25 ~ 622 Mbps)

File Server+Print Server

Printer( Printer buffer)

HD( Queued )

Router

WAN

LAN

Router

LAN

Required Network ElementsRequired Network Elements

Three basic elements in NetworkingSomething to share--Network Services

A pathway of contacting others--Transmission media

Rules for communication--Protocol

Network ServicesNetwork Services

Network services are provided by numerous combinations of computer hardware and software

Service providers and requestorsServers--Only provide services

Clients-- Only request services

Peers--Both

Network ServicesNetwork Services

File ServicesFile transfer, file storage and data migration, File update synchronization

Print servicesShare printers, queue print jobs

Message servicesE-mail, workgroup applications

Application servicesRun software for network clientsShare processing power

Database servicesProvide server-based database storage & retrieval functionReplication

Transmission MediaTransmission Media

A method or pathway for contacting each otherCable media( twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic cable)

Wireless media (radio frequency, microwave, infrared)

RJ45 connector Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)

(Core) (Cladding)

(Protective Sheath)

SC connectorLC connector

Multi Mode62.5/50 u core/125 u cladding

Single Mode8.3 u core/

125 u cladding

LC connector

Connectivity DevicesConnectivity Devices

Network connectivity devicesTransmission media connectors

Network Interface Card

Modems

Repeaters

Hubs

Bridges

Switches

Internetwork connectivity devicesRouters

Brouters

CSU/DSUs

ProtocolProtocol

Rules are required for communication between computer network devices

Specific communication rules and rule sets are called protocols

OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model

1977, ISO created the OSI Reference Model, Functional guideline for dividing up communication tasks

Network User

OSI MODEL

7 Application layer

Provides servicesto the application.

Presentation layer

Converts,encrypts data.

Session layer

Starts,stops session.Maintains order.

Transport layer

Ensures delivery ofentire file or message.

Networklayer

Data Link (MAC) layer

Transmits frames from node to node based on station address.

Physicallayer

Passes information inbits across the connection medium.

6

5

4

3

2

1

Routes packets to LANs and WANs based on network address.

Telnet , HTTP FTP , WWW …etc

JPEG , ASC ⅡEBCDIC , GIF…etc

RPC , SQL NetBios names…etc

TCP ,UDP ,SPX

IP ,IPX ,Apple Talk DDP

802.3/802.2 , HDLC …etc

EIA/TIA -232 ,V.35 …etc

Physical LayerPhysical LayerDefines rules for transmitting bits of data

Structure of a network (physical topology)

Mechanical and electrical specifications for the transmission medium

Bit transmission encoding and timing rules

Bits

Data Link LayerData Link LayerOrganizes bits into logical groups called framesControl information like source and destination addresses, frame length, and information about the upper layer protocols is added to the front end of the frame-headerFrame

MAC Sub-layerMedia access methods and logical topologiesAddressing

Data Link Sub-layerFrame synchronizationConnection services

• Connectionless• Non-reliable

Error control• Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

Network LayerNetwork LayerOrganizing messages into logical groups called datagram packets

Routing datagram packets to their correct destinations

Connectionless services

Connection-oriented services

Transport LayerTransport LayerProvide end-to-end control and error-checking to determine if all the packets have arrived

Reliability

Session LayerSession LayerConnection services include connection establishment, maintenance, and tear-down

End-nodes exchange messages and agree to certain connection parameters, such as beginning sequence numbers and number of outstanding messages allowed

Dialog

Presentation LayerPresentation LayerUsually part of the OS and is responsible for formatting data

Encrypt and translate received packets

Format

Application LayerApplication LayerInterface between user and computer

Provides network services to the user

Shared

OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model

N

T

S

P

A D Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

DL

Application Process

Application Process

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

OSI Layer MappingOSI Layer Mapping

Layer 17 Bytes

Preamble SFD

1 Byte

Data IPG bits

12 Bytes

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Version Total LengthIdentification

Time to LiveSource Address

Data ...

IP Packet Format

IHL Type of ServiceFragment OffsetFlags

Protocol Header Checksum

Destination AddressOptions Padding

Layer 3

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Source Port Destination PortSequence Number

Acknowledge Number

WindowFIN

SYN

RST

PSH

ACK

URG

DataOffset

Reserved

Checksum Urgent PointerOptions Padding

Data ...

TCP Segment FormatLayer 4

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Source Port Destination Port

Data ...

UDP Datagram Format

Length Checksum

Layer 26 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 B 46-1500 Bytes 4 Bytes

DestinationAddress

SourceAddress

L/T Data Pad FCS

Frame (64-1522 Bytes)

8100 TCI

2 B2 B

VLAN IDPriority CFI

802.1QVLAN tagging

3 bits 12 bits1 bit

LAN StandardsLAN Standards

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

1980, defining LAN standards for the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model

IEEE 802.2 LLC (Logical Link Control)

IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect) Ethernet

IEEE 802.4 Token Passing Bus

IEEE 802.5 Token Passing Ring

IEEE 802.6 MAN (Metropolis Area Network)

ISO/OSI vs IEEE802ISO/OSI vs IEEE802

Logical link control

Media access control

Physical

Upper Layer Protocol

IEEE 802 IEEE 802 standard

802.2 logical link control

802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6

ISO/OSI Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

MAC MAC MAC MAC

Ethernet Technology EvolutionEthernet Technology Evolution

IEEE 802.310BASE5

IEEE 802.310BASE5

IEEE802.310BASE-TIEEE802.310BASE-T

IEEE 802.310BASE2

IEEE 802.310BASE2

1983 1986 1991 199519801970 1999

185M

100M

500M

Transceiver Coaxial Cable Terminator

AUICable

T-Connector

Coaxial Cable

Terminator

Hub

Cat 5Cable

10Mbps Star Topology

Bus Topology

Bus Topology

IEEE 802.3 EthernetIEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Max. Segment Length

Medium

Topology

Access Method

Transfer Rate

No. of Wire Pairs

Full Duplex?

Wiring Category

10BASE210BASE2 10BASE510BASE5 10BASE-T10BASE-T

Thin Coaxial Cable Thick CoaxialCable

Twisted pair Wire

CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

YES

10 Mbps 10 Mbps 10 Mbps

185 M 500 M 100 M

Bus Bus Star

N/A

N/A

NoNo

N/A

N/A 2

3,4,5

Carrier Sense Multiple Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision DetectionAccess/Collision Detection

BACK-OFF

A B CDefferring Defferring Trannsmitting

A B C

Defferring Carrier off

Defferring Carrier off Idle

A B CIdle

TransmitTrial

TransmitTrial

A B CIdle

SuccessfulRetry Backing offf

A B CIdleBacking offfBacking offf

Frame

..............

..............

..............

..............

..............

1

2

3

4

5

LISTEN

SILENCE

ACCESS

RETRY

Collision DomainCollision Domain

1000011110101010101001010010010101

01

01

01

0 11

01

01

1

11100101100011110110

11100101100011110110

01

01

01

0 11

01

01

1

11100101100011110110

11100101100011110110

10 Mbps ( M = 10 ^ 6, bps = bit per second)

BIT TIME = 0.1 us t = 1 ( bit ) / 10 M = 1 / 10 * 10^ 6 = 0.1 us

Ethernet Packet Size = 64 ~ 1518 bytes ( 1 Bytes = 8 bits )64 Bytes = 64 * 8 bits = 512 bits

Packet live = 512 / 10* 10 ^ 6 = 51.2 us /0.1 us = 512 delay bit-time

Collision Domain = 51.2 us / 2 = 25.6 us

CollisionCollision

1000011110101010101001010010 010101

01

01

01

0 11

01

01

1101011 1110010

11100101100011110110

11100101100011110110

1000011110101010101001010010 010101

01

01

01

0 11

01

01

1

101011 1110010

11100101100011110110

11100101100011110110

1100011110101010101001010010111001000011110

IEEE 802.3u Fast EthernetIEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Physical and logical topologies

Media independent interface(MII)

Auto Negotiation

Media access control (MAC)

Fast Ethernet Network DesignFast Ethernet Network Design

Max. Segment Length

Medium

Topology

Access Method

Transfer Rate

No. of Wire Pairs

Full Duplex?

Wiring Category

100BASE-TX100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX100BASE-FX 100BASE-T4100BASE-T4

Twisted pair Wire Fiber optic cable Twisted pair Wire

CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

YES

100 Mbps 100 Mbps 100 Mbps

100M 412 M 100 M

Star Star Star

N/A

2

YESYES

5

N/A 4

3,4,5

Ethernet Speed EvolutionEthernet Speed Evolution

1983 1986 1991 199519801970 1999

IEEE 802.3z1000Base-SX/1000Base-LX100OBASE-CX

IEEE 802.3z1000Base-SX/1000Base-LX100OBASE-CX

10GBase10GBase

IEEE 802.3u100BASE-TX/100Base-FX/100Base-T4

IEEE 802.3u100BASE-TX/100Base-FX/100Base-T4

100M

IEEE 802.3ab1000BASE-TXIEEE 802.3ab1000BASE-TX

Switch

Cat 5Cable

100Mbps

Switch

Cat 6Cat 5e

Gbps1000M

Switch

10G Base

10GBase

Server Farms

40KM

Gigabit EthernetGigabit Ethernet

StandardStandardMaximum Maximum DistanceDistance

CableCable

1000Base-SX850nm

1000Base-CX

Multimode fiber

STP

220M

550M

UTP

Cat 5 (4 pair)

1000Base-LX

1300nm

1000Base-T

Multimode fiber

Single Mode Fiber

220M

2000M

25M

100M

IEEE 802.3z

IEEE 802.3z

IEEE 802.3z

IEEE 802.3ab

Need for Connectivity DevicesNeed for Connectivity Devices

Overcome the limitations of the LAN media

Transport of data packets across multiple networks with different media access methods

Communication between systems with incompatible protocols

Network Device and OSINetwork Device and OSI

1980 1986 1995 2000 2005

Layer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3

Layer 4

Layer 7

RepeaterRepeaterPreamble SFD Data

Source Port Destination PortSequence Number

Acknowledge Number

WindowFIN

SYN

RST

PSH

ACK

URG

DataOffset

Reserved

Checksum Urgent PointerOptions Padding

Data ...

FTP ServerFTP Server WWWWWW

Layer 3 Switch

Layer 3 SwitchRouterRouter Metro Ethernet

Switch

Metro EthernetSwitch

V Total LengthIdentification

TTLSource Address

Data ...

IHL TOSFragment OffsetFlags

Protocol Header Checksum

Destination AddressOptions Padding

BridgeBridge Layer 2 Switch

Layer 2 SwitchDA SA L/T Data Pad FCS8100 TCI

802.1QVLAN tagging

Repeater/HubRepeater/Hub

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Repeaters work at layer 1 of the OSI modelTheir primary function is to regenerate signal

Repeater

Physical Physical

Repeater/HubRepeater/Hub

Physical Layer devices.

Protocol Independent.

Interconnect two or more network segments (with the same type) to be a larger network segment.

Regenerates the received digital signals. Does not process the received frames

Repeater/Hub (5-4-3 Rule)Repeater/Hub (5-4-3 Rule)

Reperter Reperter Reperter Reperter

IRL IRL

DTE 1

DTE 1 DTE 2 DTE 3

IRL = Inter Reperter Length

Hub (5-4 Rule)Hub (5-4 Rule)

10M Hub

10M Hub10M Hub

10M Hub

Station

Station. . .

100meter

100meter100meter

100meter

100meter

100meter100meter

Shared NetworkShared Network

Collision Domain

10Base210Base5

10BaseT100BaseT

Hub

HubHub

CSMA/CDShare 10Mbps or 100Mbps

Bridge/SwitchBridge/Switch

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Bridges work at layer 2 of the OSI modelTheir primary function is to relay frame

BridgePhysical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Bridge/SwitchBridge/Switch

MAC Layer devices

Protocol Independent

Interconnect two or more LANs

Process received frames based on the MAC addresses

Addressed Learning, Frames Filtering & Forwarding Function

Increase the total throughput of a LAN

Switched NetworkSwitched Network

Collision Domain 3 Collision Domain 4

10Mbps X 4=40Mbps100Mbps X 4=400Mbps

Switch

A BSegment

1 A2 B3 1 2 34 4 5 6

4 5 6 1 2 3Collision Domain 1

Collision Domain 2

Router/Layer 3 SwitchRouter/Layer 3 Switch

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Router work at layer 3 of the OSI modelTheir primary function is to route packet

RouterPhysical

Data Link

Network

Physical

Data Link

Network

Router/Layer 3 SwitchRouter/Layer 3 Switch

Broadcast Domain Broadcast Domain

Router

Type of Hub/SwitchType of Hub/Switch

DumbUsing it

SmartUsing it & knowing the situation

Make the decision

IntelligentUsing it, Knowing it & Controlling it

Comprehensive Network Comprehensive Network ManagementManagement

Front Panel Management Out-of-band management

Full set of network management

In-band SNMP management Super set of network management

Web ManagementManagement from Everywhere

No learning Curve