SPD-APCBTMP Training Material for Training of WUAs …indodes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Training-Mate… · · 2017-02-13SPD-APCBTMP Component 2 of Andhra Pradesh Community

SPD-APCBTMP

Component 2 of Andhra Pradesh Community Based

Tank Management Project (APCBTMP)

Training Material for Training of

WUAs and PWs in Civil Works

TRAINING MODULE 2:

WATER BUDGETING &

CROP PLANNING

BANGALORE, ON BEHALF OF SPD-APCBTMP, I&CAD, GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

PREPARED BY STEM - CENTRE FOR SYMBIOSIS OF TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT & MANAGEMENT,

SPD, PMU, APCBTMP~ STEM

INTRODUCTION

The ToT training is conceived to have components of imparting technical knowledge to the trainees, encouraging participation

and group activity, presentation by trainees for confidence building, demonstration through samples and field visits, field

exercises as a hands on training for the participants, feedback collection, participant assessment through quizzes and

observation on presentations made by them, documentation of these for each participant to assess their capability for

conducting training.

This training module 2 is of two days duration, a substantial part of it is devoted to learning by participation, group activity,

demonstration and quizzes/exercises. The program is designed to be as enjoyable as possible as against a drab lecture session.

The participants are expected to gain a near real life experience and actively participate, as there is no scope for passive

listening / being inattentive.

The program will in fact will be run by the participants with the resource persons being effective facilitators. The objective is to

inculcate an entrepreneurial attitude, actively participate, challenge and resolve practical issues.

The evaluation process for the ToT trainees will have elements of evaluating technical knowledge, comprehension and

communication skill, confidence to face an audience, handling questions, conduct himself / herself in an acceptable manner, so

that a team spirit is built in the whole process.


The evaluation process will have three components

(a) Quizzes – There will be quiz of 30 questions at the end of this module. The trainee will have 15 minutes to answer the

same. The quizzes will be based on only the sessions/PowerPoint concluded. The marks allotted for this component is 25

marks.

(b) Presentations – The purpose of organizing presentations by trainees / participants, groups will be formed of 4/5

persons each. Groups will be formed at the beginning of the training programme for each location and the group

composition will not be changed till the completion of the programme i.e., modules 1 to 5. The idea here is that each

trainee will have at least one opportunity to make a presentation which will be part of the evaluation. The marks allotted

for this component is 50 marks.

(c) Workbook exercise – After the training on module is concluded the trainees will conduct a field exercise and collect the

details as given in Part 1 Annexure 1. This will give the practical training of what is learned in the classroom. The marks

allotted for this component is 25 marks.

This module is divided into 2 parts

Part 1 – contains the programme schedule, session-wise plan and workbook exercise for module 2 which gives the

detailed agenda to train the FTs (WIs of SO) by STEM.

Part 2 – contains the programme schedule, session-wise plan and notes which the FTs will use/refer/follow to train the

WUAs/PWs.


ABBREVIATIONS

AE Assistant Engineer

AEE Assistant Executive Engineer

AP Andhra Pradesh

APCBTMP Andhra Pradesh Community Based Tank Management Project

APSRAC Andhra Pradesh State Remote Sensing Application Centre

CA Catchment Area

CE Chief Engineer

CIR Consumptive Irrigation Requirement

cm Centimetre

Cu Consumptive use of water

Cumec Cubic metre per second

Cusec Cubic feet per second

DPU District Project Unit

EE Executive Engineer

ft Feet

FTL Full Tank Level

GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh

Ha Hectare

I&CAD Irrigation & Command Area Development

IS Indian Standards

m Metre

Mcft Million Cubic Feet

Mcum Million Cubic Metre

MI Minor Irrigation

PMU Project Monitoring Unit

PW Para worker

Re Effective Rainfall

SO Support Organization

SoI Survey of India

SPD State Project Director

Sq ft Square feet


TC Territorial Constituency

TOT Training of Trainers

WI Works Inspector

WUA Water Users Association


GLOSSARY

75% dependable yield – is the yield in which the reservoir receives the water

specified for 75 years out of 100 years.

Average Rainfall – The average of the previous 10 to 20 years rainfall.

Base period – The whole period of cultivation from the time irrigation water is first

issued, for the preparation of the ground for planting the crop to the last watering

before harvesting.

Capacity Table – it is the table which gives the volume of water stored in the

reservoir from full tank level to the minimum storage water.

Consumptive use of water - it is the amount of water required to meet evapo-

transpiration of crop.

Delivery method - The various delivery channels to be used such as presentation /

discussion / slide show/ role play/ demo.

Duration - estimated time in minutes for the session.

Keypoints - Describe what is to be said / knowledge to be imparted during

training.

Monsoon Period – June to December months of rainfall.

Resources, Visual aids required – Training resources such as White board /

Printed handouts / PowerPoint / Film / demo, site visit etc., required and kept ready

for use by the FTs in their training of WUAs and PWs

SOI Map – is a scale map (usually 1:50,000) developed by the Survey of India

indicating geographic features of the area such as tanks, roads, forest land, hills,

contours, drainage, etc., and available with the DPU.

Trainer’s note - Notes for the trainer to assist in delivery of module (eg. detailed

content/ knowledge to be imparted, etc.).

Yield from Rainfall: The quantity of water required received from its catchment at

a particular point of stream for rainfall of the year.

Part 1 - Training Material for TOT – Module 2

SPD, PMU, APCBTMP ~ STEM

PART 1



PART 1 - CONTENTS

1. PROGRAMME SCHEDULE FOR THE 2-DAY TRAINING OF WIs ....................... 1

2. SESSION-WISE PLAN FOR THE 2-DAY TRAINING PROGRAMME.................... 7

Annexures

Annexure 1: Workbook Exercise ...................................................................... 21

Annexure 2: Feedback Form............................................................................ 23


SPD, PMU, APCBTMP ~ STEM - 1

1. PROGRAMME SCHEDULE FOR THE 2-DAY TRAINING OF WIs

TRAINING MODULE 2: WATER BUDGETING AND CROP PLANNING

OBJECTIVE Impart knowledge on assessment of water availability for irrigation and planning of crop and

extent

DURATION 805 minutes

SESSIONS 11

NO. OF DAYS 2

PARTICIPANTS Works Inspectors



Session

title and

No.

Key points Trainer’s note Delivery

method

Duration Resources,

Visual aids

required

Day 1

SESSION 1: Module 2

Brief of the Entire

Module 2

programme

The entire three day programme schedule will be

explained in brief. The objectives and desired outputs

of the module will be spelt out.

Presentation,

Discussion

30 Printed

Schedule

handout, PPT

SESSION 2: CATCH-MENT AREA

Calculation of

Catchment area and

yield from rainfall

If catchment area of the tank is missing from the tank

Particulars maintained by DPU, the same may be

ascertained from Survey of India (SoI) Map.

Independent and incepted catchment calculations from

SoI toposheets

Interactive lecture

discussion &

presentation

45 SOI sheet duly

marking

catchment of

the tank,

Drawing Sheet

and sketch

pens, PPT

SESSION 3: Exercise 1 – CATCH-MENT AREA

Exercise on

Calculation of

Catchment area and

Problems on independent and incepted catchments Guidance by

faculty,

presentation of

30 SOI sheet duly

marking

catchment of



yield from rainfall work done by

trainees and

discussion

the tank,

Drawing Sheet

and sketch

pens

SESSION 4:

TANK

Tank Area Capacity

table, working table

percolation,

evaporation losses

The capacity of the tank is the volume of water that

can be stored below the FTL. The block level plan of

reservoir foreshore with contours at 1 ft (or convenient

interval) intervals is called a block level map.

Evaporation and percolation losses should be taken into

consideration.

Interactive lecture

discussion &

presentation

45 Drawing Sheet

and sketch

pens, cello

tape, Reservoir

area and

Contour map of

tank, PPT

SESSION 5:

Exercise 2 -

TANK

Exercise on Tank

Area Capacity table,

working table

percolation,

evaporation losses

Problems on the volume of the tank will be calculated

by plotting contours and determining the area between

two successive contours and Month-wise evaporation

and percolation

Guidance by

faculty,

presentation of

work done by

trainees and

discussion

50 Drawing Sheet

and sketch

pens, cello

tape, Reservoir

area and

Contour map of

tank

SESSION 6: Extent of area under

irrigation utilizing

The WUA has to monitor the water inflow regularly to Interactive lecture

discussion &

45 Block command

area plan with



AYACUT the tank water assess water quantity in the tank. Based on availability

of water, the crop plan is to be prepared. The WUA has

to facilitate the planning process. The TC member and

farmers of each TC have to discuss and plan the crops

for each survey number, of their segment. During the

planning, the water requirements of various crops, the

availability of water in the tank system has to be

considered

presentation distributaries,

Drawing sheets

and sketch

pens, cello

tape, PPT

SESSION 7:

CROP

WATER

REQUIRE-

MENT &

DUTY OF

WATER

Water requirement

for the crop period

It is the responsibility of WUA before onset of monsoon

to plan for crops to be grown under the ayacut, based

on the estimated yield during the monsoon period. For

carrying out this exercise, the SO helps in

supplementing the capacity table for the tanks, and

75% dependable yields for the monsoon period. The

quantity of yield available for utilization is assessed

from the area and rainfall.

Duty represents the irrigation capacity of a unit of

water. It is the relation between area of crop irrigated

Interactive lecture

discussion &

presentation

60 Sketch pens,

Drawing sheets

Cello tape, PPT



and the quantity of irrigation water required during the

entire period of the growth of that crop.

Problems on crop water requirement, etc.

Day 2

SESSION 8:

Recap of

Day 1

Highlights of Day 1 Summary and Issues & Problems Interactive lecture

discussion &

presentation

15 Block command

area plan with

distributaries,

Drawing sheets

and sketch

pens, cello

tape, PPT

SESSION 9:

PRESENTA-

TIONS

Entire Module

Presentations by

Trainees as groups

Entire batch of 42 trainees will be divided into 9/10

groups with 4/5 members in each group. Each Trainee

group will present the entire module to the rest of the

participants, to get acquainted with the training

process and building confidence. It will also help

identify weak areas and clarify those. Nine or ten

persons will volunteer/will be assigned (the objective is

to allow each trainee present so that their training and

Presentation

(100%

participatory)

245 PPT, board,

screen and

anything else

to the

presenter’s

choice



communication skills can be assessed. Improvements

can be suggested so as to maximize the value from the

ToT training programmes.) The mock presentation will

also give an opportunity to assess each trainee on their

assimilation and their suitability for conducting training.

Session 10 Quiz A quiz will be prepared with 30 questions. The trainee’s

absorption level will be assessed. The trainee will have

15 minutes to answer the same.

Pen and Paper

Individual

assignments

30 Randomly

selected from a

pool of four

prepared

quizzes

Session 11 Concluding Session Summary of all the days sessions

Opinion of Trainee’s on the Training programme -

Feed back form

Presentation,

discussion

30 PPT

Note: a total of 90 minutes on each day of training is allocated for lunch and two tea breaks (one in the forenoon and afternoon)



2. SESSION-WISE PLAN FOR THE 2-DAY TRAINING PROGRAMME

SESSION 1: Brief on Module 2

Keywords:

Sessions Overview

Delivery methods

Topic: Brief on module 2

Objectives: To Provide overview of the Module 2

Expected Outcome: Clear understanding of the sessions and the training program

Time Required: 30 Minutes

Material Used: Power point presentation

Tips for Trainer:

Before the start of each session, make sure the material required is available (mentioned under materials required)

Methodology:

The Delivery Method used will be Presentation explaining the program schedule and the session wise topics



SESSION 2: Catchment Area of Tank

Keywords:

Catchment Area

Yield from rainfall

Survey of India Map

Watershed

Mainstream

Calculation of catchment area

Topic: Calculation of catchment area and yield from rainfall

Objectives:

To understand and calculate the catchment area and yield from rainfall

Expected Outcome:

Knowledge about the catchment area.

Calculation of catchment area.

Understanding the concept and calculation of yield from rainfall.


Material Required:

SOI sheet duly marking catchment of the tank,

Brown Sheet and

Sketch pens.

Tips for Trainer:

Make sure the material required is available.

Initiate discussions about the catchment area and understand their level of clarity.



During the session, show and explain the SOI map and catchment area.

Conclude with the key words and their understanding on same.

Methodology:

The Delivery Method used will be interactive lecture, Discussion & presentation highlighting the following

The catchment area using SOI maps

The methods for calculating catchment area

The key words and their understanding on same



Session 3: Exercise 1- Catchment Area

Give MI tank Map from SoI sheet

WI to draw the catchment for the tank- draw a line along the ridge of the basin and the point on the river when we work- catchment

Transfer the fan shaped area to a graph sheet and assess the are for the given in SoI sheet



Session 4: Tank Area Capacity

Keywords

Catchment Area

Tank water spread Area

Surplus weir

Tank Sluice

Conveyance System

Tank Area Capacity table

Tank Working table

Evaporation losses

Percolation losses

Full tank level

Contour Map

Topic: Tank are capacity - Tank Area Capacity table, percolation, evaporation losses

Objectives:

To make them understand tanks and its components in detail

To obtain knowledge about the capacity of tank, evaporation and percolation losses

Expected Outcome:

Gain knowledge and to become familiar with

Tank and its component

Catchment Area

Tank Working table


Evaporation losses

Percolation losses

Contour Map



Time Required: 45 minutes

Material Required:

Powerpoint presentation,

Brown Sheet,

Sketch pens,

Cello tape,

catchment area map and

Contour map of tank

Tips for Trainer:


Initiate discussions about the Tank area, losses and the keywords and understand their level of clarity on keywords

Make list of points/ views raised and address them in detail.

During the session, show and explain with the maps of contour level map of tank.

Methodology:


The tank with the help of map.

Contour map, explain contour level map of tank, ayacut.

The method for calculating the capacity of the tank

The water losses in the tank due to percolation and evaporation

Month-wise percolation and evaporation losses from tank

The key words and their understanding on same.



Session 5: Exercise 2 - Tank area capacity table, working table percolation, evaporation losses



SESSION 6: AYACUT

Keywords:

Ayacut

Ayacut Contour Map

Extent of area under irrigation utilizing the tank water

Objectives: To understand the ayacut area

Expected Outcome: Gain Knowledge and familiarity of ayacut area


Material Required:

Command area plan with distributaries

Brown sheets

Sketch pens

Cello tape

Tips for Trainer:


Discuss about the Ayacut and understand their level of clarity.

During the session, show and explain the Ayacut Contour Map.

Methodology:

The Delivery Method used will be interactive lecture, Discussion & presentation highlighting the following:

The Ayacut in detail with the help Ayacut contour map.

Key words and their understanding on same.



SESSION 7: CROP WATER REQUIREMENT AND DUTY OF WATER

Keywords:

Crop planning

Water requirement for the crop period

Effective Rainfall

Consumptive irrigation requirement

Crop period

Base period

Duty of water

Different expressions of Duty of water

Factors affecting the duty

Objectives:

To have an understand on crop planning and water requirement for crop

To understand the different expressions of duty of water

To be familiar with the factors affecting the duty of water

Expected Outcome:

Planning of the pattern of crop and water requirement of crop

Familiarity to different expressions of duty of water


Material Required:

Sketch pens,

Brown sheets

Cello tape



Tips for Trainer:


Discuss about the crop planning.

List out the views and opinions on Brown sheet or board.

Methodology:


Crop planning

The effective rainfall and consumptive irrigation requirement for assessing the water requirement for crop

The concept of Duty of water with an illustration

The factors affecting the Duty




SESSION 8: Recap of Day 1

Summary and Issues & Problems:

Ayacut

Ayacut Contour Map

Catchment Area


Surplus weir

Tank Sluice

Conveyance System


Evaporation losses

Percolation losses

Time Required: 15 min

Material Required:

Powerpoint Presentation

Sketches

Brown Sheets

Sketch pens



SESSION 9 : Presentations by Trainees as groups

Entire batch of 42 trainees will be divided into 9/10 groups with 4/5 members in each group.

Each Trainee group will present the entire module to the rest of the participants, to get acquainted with the training process and building confidence.

It will also help identify weak areas and clarify those. The groups will volunteer/will be assigned (the objective is to allow each trainee present so that their training and communication skills can be assessed).

Improvements will be suggested so as to maximize the value from the ToT training programmes.

The mock presentation will also give an opportunity to assess each trainee on their assimilation and their suitability & interest for conducting training.



SESSION 10: Quiz

A quiz will be prepared on 30 questions. The trainee’s absorption level will be assessed. The trainee will have 15 minutes to answers the same.



SESSION 11: Concluding Session

1. Summary on the sessions briefing the following:

Catchment Area ,Tank , Ayacut

Calculation of catchment area, yield from rainfall

Water requirement of crop

Duty of water

2. Workbook (Annexure 1)

Each trainee is required to fill the workbook exercise by visiting threetanks near his home location and the same will be submitted before the start of the next training programme i.e. after three weeks.

3. Feedback from the trainees is collected through a form (Annexure 2)



Annexure 1: Workbook Exercise

Prepare working table for MI tank

Given:

1. Area capacity table

2. Monthly irrigation requirement - based on crop water requirement

3. Inflows - (take average of last 2 years)

4. Assume evaporation losses

MI TANK WORKING TABLE 2010-2011 (WATER YEAR)

Sl.No Month Tank at Start

Inflow

OutflowsEvapo-ration

Tank level

at End

Remarks

Irrigated Surplus Total

1 June1FN +135 - - - - - 1352FN +135 10 2 - -

2 July1FN +136 10 42FN 5 4

3 August1FN +137 30 52FN 45 5

4 September1FN +139 25 52FN 20 5

5 October1FN +140 - 52FN &T2 - 6

6 November1FN +139 - 62FN - 6

7 December1FN +137 - 52FN - 2

8 January1FN +136 -2FN -

9 February1FN -2FN -

10 March1FN +136 -2FN -

11 April1FN -2FN -

12 May1FN +137 -2FN -



Sl.No Crop

Av. Water depth reqd. (in cm)

Kharif Crops1 Maize, high yielding 452 Bajra (spiked millets, or pearl millets), high yielding 303 Juar (Great millets), high yielding 304 Gound-nut 455 Cotton 25-406 Pulses like Arhar, etc 307 Transplanted Rice (Paddy), high yielding 125-1508 Til -

Rabi Crops1 Wheat (ordinary) 37.52 High yielding Wheat 453 Gram (high yielding) 304 Barley 302 Potatoes 60-906 Tabacco 607 Linseed i.e. Alsi 45-508 Mustard 45

Overlapping crop but generally classified under Rabi crop

1 Sugarcane 90



Annexure 2: Feedback Form

TRAINING OF TRAINERS (TOT)ON

Component II of APCBTMP FOR WORKS INSPECTORS

Module Name Module number

Location Date

COORDINATOR: MR. BV SURANJAN REDDYMR. THIRUPAYYA

DURATION: 12TH – 14TH OCT,2009

NO. OF PARTICIPANTS:

FEEDBACK(Please do not write your name on the form)

Tick ( ) the following grade to fill the form

CONTENTS &COVERAGE

A –EXCELLENT B – GOOD C – AVERAGE D – NOT SATISFIED

TIME ALLOTTEDA – MORE B –ADEQUATE C –NOT ADEQUATE

1. EVALUATION OF COURSE SESSIONS

S. No. Session TopicRating

Contents & Coverage

Time Allotted

Day 1 A B C D A B C

1 Session 1: Brief on Module 2

2 Session 2: Catchment Area

3 Session 3: Exercise on Catchment Area

4 Session 4: Tank

5 Session 5: Exercise on Tank Area

6 Session 6: Ayacut

7 Session 7: Crop water requirement and duty of water

Day 2

8 Session 8: Recap of Day 1



S. No. Session TopicRating

Contents & Coverage

Time Allotted

9 Session 14: Presentations by participants

10 Session 15: Quiz

11 Session 16: Concluding Session

2. EVALUATION OF FACULTY / RESOURCE PERSONS

Tick ( ) the following grade to fill the form

A – EXCELLENT B – GOOD C – AVERAGE

S.NO.

FACULTY / RESOURCE PERSON RATING

A B C

1 Mr. Suranjan Reddy

2 Mr. Thirupayya

3

3. EVALUATION OF COURSE

S.NO.

FACULTY / RESOURCE PERSON RATING

A B C

1 Teaching of the Course

2 Course Material Provided

3 Relevance of the Course for your Job

4 How Useful this Course been to Specific Requirements of your Job

5 Have your Expectations, which you had when you joined the course, fulfilled

4. FACILITIES PROVIDED

S.NO.

FACILITY RATING

A B C

1 Arrangements made

2 Support from Staff



5. YOUR SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE COURSE



PART 2



CONTENTS

1. PREAMBLE ............................................................................................26

2. PROGRAMME SCHEDULE......................................................................28

3. CHECK LIST OF MATERIAL REQUIRED.................................................31

4. WORK PLAN..........................................................................................31

5. SESSION-WISE PLAN ...........................................................................32

6. NOTES...................................................................................................42

6.1. Water Budgeting.................................................................................... 42

6.1.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 42

6.1.2. Catchment Area of Tank .................................................................. 43

6.1.2.1. Calculation of Catchment Area ............................................................44

6.1.3. Tank ............................................................................................... 46

6.1.3.1. Block Levels ......................................................................................46

6.1.3.2. Capacity of a tank..............................................................................46

6.1.3.3. Losses ..............................................................................................47

6.1.4. Ayacut ............................................................................................ 48

6.2. Crop Planning........................................................................................ 49

6.2.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 49

6.2.2. Water Requirement for Crop............................................................. 50

6.2.3. Different expressions of Duty of water .............................................. 50

6.2.4. Factors Affecting Duty...................................................................... 51

6.2.4.1. Methods and System of Irrigation........................................................52

6.2.4.2. Mode of Applying Water .....................................................................52

6.2.4.3. Method of Cultivation .........................................................................52

6.2.4.4. Time and Frequency of Tilling .............................................................53

6.2.4.5. Type of the crop ................................................................................53



6.2.4.6. Basic period of the crop......................................................................53

6.2.4.7. Climatic condition of the area..............................................................53

6.2.4.8. Quality of water.................................................................................53

6.2.4.9. Method of Assessment .......................................................................53

6.2.4.10. Canal Condition .................................................................................54

6.2.4.11. Character of Soil and Sub Soil of Canal and Irrigative fields ...................54

6.2.4.12. Topography of the land ......................................................................54

6.3. Water Charges....................................................................................... 55

6.4. Assessment methods ............................................................................. 56

6.5. References ............................................................................................ 58

6.6. Conversion Factors ................................................................................ 58

List of Tables and Figures

Table 1: Tank Duties for MI Works...................................................................... 45

Table 2: Average Evaporation Losses from AP Tank (Month-Wise) ....................... 47

Table 3: Monsoon Rainfall and No. of Fillings....................................................... 48

Figure 1: MI Tank Features................................................................................. 42

Figure 2: Catchment Plan ................................................................................... 43

Figure 3: SoI Map showing Catchment Area ........................................................ 46

Figure 4: Block Level Map of the Tank................................................................. 48

Figure 5: Ayacut Contour Map ............................................................................ 49



1. PREAMBLE

I&CAD Department has initiated a programme to benefit 2.5 lakh ha of irrigated area

under 3000 minor irrigation tanks, at an estimated cost of Rs. 1000 crores, with

financial assistance from the World Bank and the Government of India, under the AP

Community Based Tank Management Project (APCBTMP).

The SPD, APCBTMP, I&CAD, has contracted STEM for “Conducting ToTs related to

Component-II of the APCBTMP Project”. Under this engagement, one of the items in

the ToR, is to review and revise the five training modules and material for

training WIs prepared by the PMU, as the PMU felt the need for the same.

The five modules are

o Joint azmoish, demand raising and collection of water charges

o Crop planning and water budgeting

o Works management

o Supervision of civil works, quality control / SEMF forms 4 and 6

o Awareness on O&M of irrigation system

This document on Module 2 describes crop planning and water budgeting which

includes Catchment area; Tank area; Ayacut; Crop Water Requirement; and Duty of

Water.

This training of WIs under the ToT is conceived to have sufficient material for the

FTs to train the WUA & PWs. The knowledge will be imparted to the trainees

through methodologies such as discussion cum presentation and demonstration

through, exercises, presentations by the trainees, so as to have hands on training

for the participants.

This training on module 2 is designed as a one-day programme, a substantial part of

it is devoted to learning by participation, demonstration and exercises. The training

is designed to be as enjoyable as possible as against a drab lecture session.



Guidelines provided will enable the FTs to in turn deliver the content, to capacitate

the WUAs and PWs, to carry out their duties during the implementation as well as

the maintenance phase of the project.



2. PROGRAMME SCHEDULE

OBJECTIVE Impart knowledge on assessment of water availability for irrigation and planning of crop and extent

DURATION 360 minutes

SESSIONS 6

NO. OF DAYS 1

PARTICIPANTS WUA Managing Committee and Water Management Sub-Committee

Session title and

No.Key points Trainer’s note

Delivery method

TimeResources, Visual aids required

SESSION 1: CATCH-MENT AREA

Calculation of Catchment area and yield from rainfall

If catchment area of the tank is missing from the tank particulars maintained by DPU, the same may be ascertained from Survey of India (SoI) Map. Independent and incepted catchment calculations from SoI toposheets

Interactive lecture discussion & presentation

45

SOI sheet duly marking

catchment of the tank,

Brown Sheet and sketch

pens

SESSION 2: Tank Area Capacity table, working table

The capacity of the tank is the volume of water that can be stored below the FTL. The block level plan of

Interactive lecture discussion &

45 Brown Sheet and sketch



Session title and


Delivery method


TANK percolation, evaporation losses

reservoir foreshore with contours at 1 ft (or convenient interval) intervals is called a block level map. Evaporation and percolation losses should be taken into consideration.

presentation pens, cello tape, Reservoir

area and Contour map of

tank

SESSION 3: AYACUT


The WUA has to monitor the water inflow regularly to assess water quantity in the tank. Based on availability of water, the crop plan is to be prepared. The WUA has to facilitate the planning process. The TC member and farmers of each TC have to discuss and plan the crops for each survey number, of their segment. During the planning, the water requirements of various crops, the availability of water in the tank system has to be considered.


45

Block command area plan with distributaries, Brown sheets and sketch

pens, cello tape

SESSION 4: WATER

REQUIRE-MENT FOR

CROP


It is the responsibility of WUA before onset of monsoon to plan for crops to be grown under the ayacut, based on the estimated yield during the monsoon period. For carrying out this exercise, the SO helps in supplementing the capacity table for the tanks, and 75% dependable yields for the monsoon period. The quantity of yield available for utilization is assessed from the area and rainfall.


45

Sketch pens, Brown sheets

Cello tape



Session title and


Delivery method


SESSION 5: DUTY OF WATER

Area that can be irrigated

Duty represents the irrigation capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between area of crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire period of the growth of that crop.


45

Sketch pens, Brown sheets

Cello tape

SESSION 6: EXERCISE

Crop water requirement

1. Making of catchment area on the map and calculation of runoff

2. Calculation of Tank area and capacity3. Duty of water calculation and area that can be

irrigatedNote: copies of required maps (the participants will be divided into groups of 5 each headed by PWs)

Interactive discussion and

calculation135

SoI map, Tank maps

(contour), block command

area plan, graph paper



3. CHECK LIST OF MATERIAL REQUIRED

Material required

1. SOI sheet duly marking catchment of the tank see notes

2. Tank area and Contour map of tank see notes

3. Block command area plan with distributariessee notes

4. Graph paper

5. 4 nos. Brown sheets

6. Sketch Pens (2 colours)

7. Cello Tape (1 roll)

8. Scissors (1 no)

4. WORK PLAN

Particulars/ Action to be

taken

Time in minutes-5 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

Introduction to ModuleSession 1 –Catchment AreaSession 2 -TankSession 3 -AyacutSession 4 – Crop Water RequirementSession 5 – Duty of WaterSession 6 -



5. SESSION-WISE PLAN

SESSION 1: Catchment Area of Tank

Keywords:

Catchment Area

Yield from rainfall

Survey of India Map

Watershed

Mainstream

Calculation of catchment area

Topic: Calculation of catchment area and yield from rainfall

Objectives:

To understand and calculate the catchment area and yield from rainfall

Expected Outcome:

Knowledge about the catchment area.

Calculation of catchment area.

Understanding the concept and calculation of yield from rainfall.


Material Required:

SOI sheet duly marking catchment of the tank,

Brown Sheet and

Sketch pens.



Tips for Trainer:


Initiate discussions about the catchment area and understand their level of clarity.

During the session, show and explain the SOI map and catchment area.


Methodology:


The catchment area using SOI maps

The methods for calculating catchment area

The key words and their understanding on same



Session 2: Tank Area Capacity

Keywords

Catchment Area


Surplus weir

Tank Sluice

Conveyance System


Tank Working table

Evaporation losses

Percolation losses

Full tank level

Contour Map

Topic: Tank and its components - Tank Area Capacity table, percolation,evaporation losses

Objectives:

To make them understand tanks and its components in detail

To obtain knowledge about the capacity of tank, evaporation and percolation losses

Expected Outcome:

Gain knowledge and to become familiar with

Tank and its component

Catchment Area

Tank Working table


Evaporation losses

Percolation losses

Contour Map




Material Required:

Brown Sheet

Sketch pens,

Cello tape,

catchment area map and

Contour map of tank

Tips for Trainer:


Initiate discussions about the Tank area, losses and the keywords and understand their level of clarity on keywords

Make list of points/ views raised and address them in detail.

During the session, show and explain with the maps of block level map of reservoir.

Methodology:


The tank with the help of map.

Contour map, explain block level map of tank,ayacut.

The method for calculating the capacity of the tank

The water losses in the tank due to percolation and evaporation

Month-wise percolation and evaporation losses from tank

The key words and their understanding on same.



SESSION 3: AYACUT

Keywords:

Ayacut

Ayacut Contour Map


Objectives: To understand the ayacut area

Expected Outcome: Gain Knowledge and familiarity of ayacut area


Material Required:

Block command area plan with distributaries

Brown sheets

Sketch pens

Cello tape

Tips for Trainer:


Discuss about the Ayacut and understand their level of clarity.

During the session, show and explain the Ayacut Contour Map.

Methodology:


The Ayacut in detail with the help Ayacut contour map.

Key words and their understanding on same.



SESSION 4: CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

Keywords:

Crop planning


Effective Rainfall

Consumptive irrigation requirement

Objectives:

To have an understand on crop planning and water requirement for crop

Expected Outcome:

Planning of the pattern of crop and water requirement of crop


Material Required:

Sketch pens,

Brown sheets

Cello tape

Tips for Trainer:


Discuss about the crop planning.


Methodology:


Crop planning

The effective rainfall and consumptive irrigation requirement for assessing the water requirement for crop



SESSION 5: DUTY OF WATER

Keywords:

Crop period

Base period

Duty of water

Different expressions of Duty of water

Factors affecting the duty

Objectives:

To understand the different expressions of duty of water


Expected Outcome:

Familiarity to different expressions of duty of water


Material Required:

Sketch pens

Brown sheets

Cello tape

Tips for Trainer:


Discuss about the different ways of expressing the duty of water

Explain the keywords with help of example.




Methodology:


The concept of Duty of water with an illustration

The factors affecting the Duty




SESSION 6: EXERCISE

Contents/Keywords:


Preparation of Catchment area map

Calculation of runoff

Calculation of Tank area and capacity

Duty of water calculation and area that can be irrigated

Objectives:

To understand the different expressions of Duty of water


Expected Outcome:


Contents:

Preparation of Catchment area map

Calculation of runoff

Calculation of Tank area and capacity

Duty of water calculation and area that can be irrigated


Material Required:

SoI map

Tank maps (contour)

Block command area plan

Graph paper

Carbon paper



Tips for Trainer:

Make sure the material; copies of required maps are available.

Methodology:

The participants will be divided into groups of 5 each headed by PWs

Explain how to mark catchment area on the map

After marking the catchment area explain how to calculate runoff

Give an exercise for the calculating runoff

Explain the methods for calculating tank area and capacity, duty of water, and area that can be irrigated

Give an exercise for calculation of the above

Clarify the doubts if any in calculation



6. NOTES

Key Words: Water budgeting, catchment area, survey of India map, monsoon rainfall, runoff,

coefficient of runoff, intercepted catchment areas, rainfall, tank, contour (block level) map, capacity

of tank, losses, ayacut, crop planning, water requirement of crop, duty of water, water charges,

assessment methods of water charges.

6.1. Water Budgeting

6.1.1. Introduction

The water budgeting is the process of keeping an account of irrigation water

available in the tank, and its utilization (ayacut) through regulation (See Figure 1).

The main objectives of the water budget are to:

a) Provide irrigation to the entire command area

b) Ensuring equity and dependability in water supplies, to all the farmers, in all

the reaches, in the command

c) Optimize production per unit quantity of water

Figure 1: MI Tank Features



For efficient regulation and distribution of water, the WUA should have an idea of

the measurements of water required, distributed etc., through the water releasing

points. The project will install such measuring devices in all the tanks, and the

concerned competent authority and the SO staff, will impart training to the para-

worker for water management, in taking the measurements. Simultaneously, the SO

will also impart training on crop water requirements to the WUA members, to

facilitate preparation of cropping plan for the tank.

Water distribution at the field level is the most important issue that needs to be

planned and managed efficiently by the WUA. The water availability in the tank is

transparent and the farmers see inflows. In the project, it is proposed to strengthen

WUA with adequate capacity, to deal with the issue, under the existing traditional

practice. Based on the water available in the system, the water management Sub-

committee shall prepare the water distribution plan, in accordance with the demand

of the farmers.

The Subcommittee gets endorsement of plan from management committee. The

plan can be implemented through the lashkar (watermen). These watermen can be

government employees or traditional practitioner (Neeradi or Neeruganti).

6.1.2. Catchment Area of Tank

Figure 2: Catchment Plan

Mainstream

Tank location

Watershed



Catchment area is the watershed area of a particular stream, at a particular point,

from which the rainfall is collected/stored (See Figure 2).

6.1.2.1. Calculation of Catchment Area

If catchment area of the tank is missing from the tank particulars (memoirs)

maintained by DPU, the same may be ascertained from Survey of India (SoI) Map

(See Figure 3).

The Average Rainfall of the area may be obtained from Rain gauge stations

/Isohyets given in IS Codes.

The yield from catchment may be determined from standard procedures available in

Chapter 2-Estimation of yield of V(b) Technical Operation Manual.

Normally the yield from catchment will be assessed from rain fall run-off relation,

taking the coefficient of run-off as 0.50 (as recommended by DPU).

Example 1: For an average monsoon, rainfall during (June to December) of 750

mm and Catchment Area (CA) of 1 sq km, the yield will be

= CA x average rainfall x coefficient of run-off

= 1000 x1000 x.750 x 0.50 = 0.375 Mcum (13.24 Mcft)

If there is another tank in the upstream of the tank, the area of catchment of the

upstream tank is called intercepted catchment area of this tank. For arriving at the

yield of this tank, 1/5 of the intercepted catchment area may be taken as free

catchment area, and may be added to the catchment area of tank under

consideration, for purpose of calculating yield.

Example 2: Suppose for the above example, there is also 5 sq km of incepted

catchment, than 1 sq km will get added as the free catchment area, and the total

catchment area for the tank will be 1+1 sq km (=2 x 106 sq m = 2 M sq m),

and hence the yield will be = 0.375 *2 = 0.750 Mcum (26.48 Mcft)



Alternative: Instead of applying arbitrarily any factor of conversion from

intercepted catchment to equivalent free catchment, assume the whole Catchment

Area (CA) to be free and deduct the actual upper utilizations. Since the Master Plan

of each basin has already been prepared, this should be applied to in all cases. The

upper and lower utilizations may be calculated on the basis indicated below

(Table 1). The same basis was adopted while calculating yields in the Master Plan

records of various basins.

Table 1: Tank Duties for MI Works

Type of Crops Acre/Mcft Ha/Mcum

(i) For Irrigated wet crops (Kharif)

Upto 15"/38 mm Monsoon Rainfall 3 ½ 50

Above 15"/38 mm and up to 20"/50 mm 4 57

Above 20"/50 mm and upto 25"/64 mm 4 ½ 64

Above 25"/64 mm and upto 30"/76 mm 5 71

Above 30"/76 mm and upto 32.5"/82 mm 5 ½ 79

Above 32.5"/82 mm and upto 35"/89 mm 6 86

Above 35"/89 mm and upto 37.5"/95 mm 7 100

Above 37.5/95 mm and upto 40"/102 mm 7 ½ 107

Above 40"/102 mm and above 8 114

(ii) For irrigated Dry crops (kharif) upto 25"/64 mm monsoon rainfall 15 214

(iii) Above 25”/64 mm rainfall for irrigated Dry crops (kharif) 20 285

Note: Monsoon rainfall relates to rainfall occurring between months June to December both months inclusive.)



Figure 3: SoI Map showing Catchment Area

6.1.3. Tank

A tank is a water body, where water gets collected from the catchment area and

stored. The physical structure of a tank consists of an earthen bund to store water, a

surplus system to let off excess flows safely, sluices to release water for irrigation,

and a tank bed to cover the water spread when the tank is full. The canal system

comprises of a main canal to carry water for irrigation of required discharge, and

field channels that carry water to the farmers’ field. In the present project only

minor irrigation tanks with more than 40 hectares of ayacut have been considered

for the restoration.

6.1.3.1. Block Levels

The block level plan of reservoir foreshore with contours at 1 ft (or convenient

interval) intervals is called a block level map (See Figure 4).

6.1.3.2. Capacity of a tank

The capacity of the tank is the volume of water that can be stored below the FTL. It

is generally expressed as Mcft or Mcum.



The volume of the tank will be calculated by plotting contours and determining the

area between two successive contours. The volume or quantity between two

successive contours is given by

C= I/6 ∑ (A1 + A2 +√ (A1A2)) cubic units

Where C=Capacity of the tank in units (cubic feet)

A1 & A2 are the areas of two successive contours in Sq ft and I is the contour

interval in feet. Area capacity table shall be prepared for the tank and used for water

budgeting.

6.1.3.3. Losses

Evaporation and percolation losses should be taken into consideration. Table 2 gives

the loss of water from tank due to evaporation in mm month-wise.

Table 2: Average Evaporation Losses from AP Tank (Month-Wise)

Month Evaporation in mmJan 100Feb 100Mar 175Apr 225May 250Jun 175Jul 150Aug 150Sep 150Oct 125Nov 100Dec 100Annual loss 1800

Based on the yield calculations, the capacity of the tank shall be fixed as per

Table 3.



Table 3: Monsoon Rainfall and No. of Fillings

Monsoon rainfallNo. of fillings

Areas influenced by NE Monsoon

Other areas in A.P.

38 mm (15”) 1 1

38-50 mm (15”-20”) 1 ¼ 1 ¼

50-64 mm (20”-25”) 1 ½ 1 ½

64-76 mm (25”-30”) 1 ¾ 1 ¾

76-89 mm (30”-35”) 2 2

89-102 mm (35”-40”) 2 ½ 2

Above 102 mm (>40”) 2

6.1.4. Ayacut

Ayacut is the area that can be irrigated from the water of the tank (See Figure 5).

Figure 4: Block Level Map of the Tank



Figure 5: Ayacut Contour Map

The calculation for water requirement for the ayacut is present under duty of water

in the following section – crop planning.

6.2. Crop Planning

6.2.1. Introduction

The WUA has to monitor the water inflow regularly to assess water quantity in the

tank. Based on availability of water, the crop plan is to be prepared. The WUA has to

facilitate the planning process. The TC member and farmers of each TC have to

discuss and plan the crops for each survey number, of their segment. During the

planning, the water requirements of various crops, the availability of water in the

tank system has to be considered.



6.2.2. Water Requirement for Crop

It is the responsibility of WUA before onset of monsoon to plan for crops to be

grown under the ayacut, based on the estimated yield during the monsoon period.

For carrying out this exercise, the SO helps in supplementing the capacity table for

the tanks, and 75% dependable yields for the monsoon period. The quantity of yield

available for utilization is assessed from the area and rainfall. The quantity of water

required for irrigating one hectare of land is based on type of crop, type of soils and

type of irrigation methods and base period of crops. Eg., (1) wet crops like paddy

require more water than dry crops like maize (2) sugarcane requires more water

than paddy per hectare.

In order to determine the irrigation requirements of a certain crop, the following

terms are defined

(1) Effective rainfall (Re) – Effective rainfall is that part of precipitation falling

during the growing period of the crop, that is available to meet the evapo-

transpiration needs of the crop.

(2) Consumptive Irrigation requirement – this is defined as the amount of

irrigation water, that is required to meet the evapo-transpiration needs of the

crop during its full grow.

CIR = Cu –Re

Cu is consumptive use of water

In addition to the above, water is lost in percolation in the field water course, field

channels & field application, and conveyance loss in the distributaries. The gross

irrigation is the sum of water required to satisfy the field irrigation requirement and

water lost, as conveyance losses in distributaries.

6.2.3. Different expressions of Duty of water

Duty represents the irrigation capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between

area of crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire

period of the growth of that crop.



Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period. The

crop is in the field and is denoted by the symbol ∆.

Example: If a crop requires about 12 waterings at an interval of 10 days and a

water depth of 10 cm in every watering, then the ∆ for that crop will be 12 x 10 =

120 cm = 1.2 m.

If the area of the crop is A hectares, the total quantity of water required will be 1.2 x

A = 1.2 A hectare-m in a period of 120 days.

Crop period is the time in days that a crop takes from the instant of its sowing, to

that of its harvest.

Base period – The whole period of cultivation by the time irrigation water is first released for the preparation of the ground for planting the crop, to the last watering before harvesting.

Kor Depth and Kor Period: The distribution of the water during the crop period isnot uniform. Crops require maximum water during first watering before sowing and after crops grow a few centimeters. There after, water requirement graduallyreduces and is least when crop gains maturity, the first watering is known as Kor watering and depth applied is known as Kor depth. The portion of the base period in which Kor watering is needed is known as Kor period. The discharge in the canal is maximum during this period and the capacity of this canal shall be designed to meet the requirement.

Duty of water is reckoned in the following 4 ways

(1) No. of hectares/acres that one cumec/cusec can irrigate i.e., (a) 1700 hectares per cumec (b) 120 acres per cusec

(2) By total depth of water 1.2 m or 43”

(3) No. of hectares/acres that can be irrigated by 1 Mcum/ 1 Mcft of stored water. This system is used for tank irrigation.

(4) By no. of hectare-m/acre-ft expanded by per hectare/acre irrigation.

6.2.4. Factors Affecting Duty

The duty of water of canal system depends upon variety of the factors. The Principal factors are:



1) Method and System of Irrigation

2) Mode of applying water to the Crops

3) Methods of Cultivation

4) Time and Frequency of Tilling

5) Type of Crop

6) Base Period of the Crop

7) Climatic Condition of the Area

8) Quality of Water

9) Method of Assessment

10)Canal Conditions

11)Character of Soil and Subsoil of the Canal and Irrigated Fields

12)Topography of the Irrigated area

6.2.4.1. Methods and System of Irrigation

In the Perennial Irrigation System, soil is continuously kept moist and water required for initial saturation is less. Due to shallow depth of water table deep percolation losses are less. Inundation Irrigation system, there is wasteful use of water flow. This system has lower duty due to conveyance losses in the network of the canals.

Lift Irrigation system has higher duty as the command area is close to the water source.

Tank Irrigation gives higher duty due to rigid controls.

6.2.4.2. Mode of Applying Water

Flood irrigation system has lesser duty than the furrow system. Sub Irrigation system gives still higher delay. The basin Irrigation and uncontrolled flooding gives less duty.

6.2.4.3. Method of Cultivation

If the land is properly ploughed and made quite loose before irrigating, the soil will have higher water retention capacity in its unsaturated zone. Thus the number of waterings can be reduced, increasing the duty.



6.2.4.4. Time and Frequency of Tilling

Frequency of cultivation reduces the loss of moisture through weeds. Soil structure affects the plant growth to a very great extent. A good structure (good arrangementof soil particles in relation to one another) is called good tilts of soil. When the soil is in good tilts, evaporation losses from the surface of soil is less, soil becomes properly aerated and yield of crop is better

6.2.4.5. Type of the crop

The duty varies from crop to crop and Kharif to Rabi.

6.2.4.6. Basic period of the crop

If the base period of crop is more, the amount of water required will be high, hence the duty will be low and vice-versa.

6.2.4.7. Climatic condition of the area

The climatic conditions which affect duty are

i) Temperature

ii) Wind

iii) Humidity

iv) Rainfall

Due to high temperature and wind, evaporation losses will be more and duty will be less. Rainfall during crop period will reduce the irrigation water requirement and duty will thus be higher. Duty exclusive of rainfall may also be considered.

6.2.4.8. Quality of water

If the harmful salt content and alkaline content of water is more, water will have to be applied liberally so that the salts are leached off. These will in turn reduce duty. More fertilizing matter in water will cause less consumption of water and increase duty.

6.2.4.9. Method of Assessment

Volumetric method of assessment always leads to higher duty. This is because the farmer will use water economically. It the method of assessment is based on the area under cultivation, the farmer will have a tendency to use more water and the duty will be low.



6.2.4.10. Canal Condition

In the unlined canals, the seepage and percolation losses will be high, resulting in low duty. For lined canals the losses will be less and duty will be high. The dispersion of the Irrigated areas with respect to the canal tends to reduce the duty.

6.2.4.11. Character of Soil and Sub Soil of Canal and Irrigative fields

If the soil and sub soil of canal/field is coarse grained, seepage/percolation losses will be high. Fine grained soils reduces the seepage, losses will be low and hence the duty will be higher.

6.2.4.12. Topography of the land

If the filed is not level the lower portion get more water, the higher portion may remain drier. In order to supply water to the higher patches, more water will be used and the duty will be reduced.

Example: If 75% dependable inflow during the monsoon period is 5 Mcum, then

the capacity of the tank shall be 2.5 Mcum taking into consideration two fillings.

The area that can be irrigated with 5 Mcum for various crops are given below.

Kharif paddy 71 Ha/Mcum 5x71=355 Ha

Rabi paddy 36.64 Ha/Mcum 5x36.64= 183 Ha

Sugarcane 29.16 Ha/Mcum 5x29.16 = 145 Ha

Therefore the area to be irrigated will depend on the volume of water available and

crops planned. The WUA in its General Body Meeting, before monsoon, decides the

period of crop and estimate of water required, and accordingly inform the concerned

PW for regulation of water.

Example: In AP, Paddy will be grown under Tank irrigation. The duty for Paddy will

be expressed as follows.

1. 1 cusec discharge – Irrigates 50 Acres

2. Water at 0.43 “/day during crop period i.e., 100 days

The water required for 1 acres is 0.43/12x100 x 4840x9 = 156090 cft



Considering evaporation and conveyance losses 1.2 x 156090 = 0.20 Mcft. The Duty for Paddy is 0.20 MCFT /acres. Similarly the duty for sugarcane,which needs water for 365 days is

The stored water can Irrigate = 34.84 / 0.20 = 174.20 acres

If Command area is more than this, we have to go in for change in cropping Pattern.

Taking the No. of fillings during Monsoon as 2, the capacity of tank shall be= 34.84 / 2 =17.42. Considering dead storage as 10% the Gross storage of Tank =17.42 x 1.10 =191.20 Say 200 Mcft

The WUA review the inflows, outflows and storage of tank every fortnight and

suitable remedial measures are taken to save water, if there is a shortfall in inflows

or extra area is irrigated, if water is available.

6.3. Water Charges

Before harvesting, the WUA and the AE/AEE will have joint inspection and prepare

the list of survey number-wise extent of crop irrigation, in that Fasli (year). This list

includes registered and unregistered ayacut. The list will be sent to EE for raising the

water tax. The EE after verifying the area based on remote sensing maps of

APSRAC, send the list to the revenue department for raising the demand and

collection of tax. This listing is called Joint Ajmoish (Please refer module1).

The water bodies i.e. the tanks, are the property of Government. Therefore the

water which has been supplied for irrigation to the farmers is at the Government’s

expense. Some nominal charges must therefore be paid by the farmers for using this

water. The fixation of such charges is known as assessment of irrigation water. The

return on capital investment is based upon such water charges.

The charges are levied on the farmer for the following reasons

(1) To recover cost of construction of the tank and the associated infrastructure i.e., repayment of loan

(2) To meet O&M cost of works



(3) To check cultivation against uneconomical and careless use of water

The methods of assessment are

(1) Crop wise area basis

(2) Volumetric assessment

(3) Seasonal basis

(4) Composite rate basis

(5) Permanent assessment

Penalties (for unauthorized irrigation) may go up to 6 times normal charges.

Almost all tank irrigated lands are assessed for water on crop wise area basis. The

rates for different crops have been fixed on the basis of

(1) Cash value for crops and its paying capacity

(2) Water requirement of crops

(3) Time of demand for water (available, supplies in tank i.e., monsoon and non-monsoon).

The normal rates of water tax1 are

(1) Wet crop Rs. 100/acre - Kharif

(2) Wet crop Rs. 100/acre – Rabi

(3) Dry crop Rs. 60/acre - Kharif

(4) Dry crop Rs. 60/acre – Rabi

(5) Two wet crops Rs. 350/acre

6.4. Assessment methods

Following are the usual methods used to arrive at water charges

(1) The system of assessment on the area basis has the following disadvantages.

The cultivator near the head reaches, use more water and deprive the

1 Fixed by the Government



cultivators at tail-end reaches. Since the charges are not levied on the basis of

actual quantity of water used the cultivator makes wasteful use of water.

(2) Volumetric assessment involves charges on actual volume supplied. It has

disadvantages of meters having to be fixed, meters not working properly,

meter readings to be taken and pilferage of water.

(3) Season based assessment on the type of crop grown and crop season.

(4) Composite rate basis is a combination of water charges and the land revenue.

Some states prefer to collect both revenues together and hence the name.

(5) Permanent assessment by betterment levy basis – the farmers of that area

where the water body is improved, will be levied at a fixed rate every year for

such provisions for some years.

(6) The water tax collected must at least be sufficient to maintain the regular

O&M works under that water body. 90% of water tax is ploughed back to the

WUA, for maintenance of O&M works.



6.5. References

1) Civil Engineers Hand Book, Association of Engineers I & CAD-1998

2) Irrigation and Water Power Engineering, Dr.B.C.Punmia & Dr. Pande, B.B.Lal

3) APCBTMP- Operational Manuals Volume I WUA manual- Annexure I

a. Volume I WUA Manual – Annexure I

b. Volume Vb Technical Manual – Chapter 2 Estimation of Yield

6.6. Conversion Factors

1. Length1 inch = 25.4 mm1 foot = 0.3048 metres1 metre = 3.280 ft1 mile = 1.609 km

2. Area =1 sq.ft = 0.092903 sq.m1 sq.m = 10.7639 sq ft1 hectare = 2.4711 acres1 acres = 0.4046 hectares1 sq.mile = 2.5889 sq.km

3. Volume1 cft = 0.028317 cu.m1 Cum = 35.315 cft1 TMC (thousands million cft) = 28.317 mcum (million cubic metre)1 cumec (cubic metres per sec) = 35.315 cubic ft per second

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