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Copyright © Universal Multidisciplinary Research Institute Pvt Ltd
179
South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
Spatial Distribution and Concentration of Slums
Manoj Banerjee1 and Milan Karmakar
2
Abstract- Slums are the settlement with distress socio economic condition. Slums become an
indispensable part of urban morphology in almost all urban centers of developing countries. But
distribution pattern of this type of settlement over urban environment is not always the same.
Sometimes slums are concentrated in city center and sometimes in periphery. A Little attempt
has been made to unearth this spatial variation. This paper is an attempt to find out the nature of
slum concentration in a particular area as well as responsible factors. Bilaspur city (Chhattisgarh,
India) has been chosen as the study area for this purpose.
Key words- Urban morphology, Residential segregation, Slum concentration
Introduction- World population is growing with almost 1 billion in every 13 years
(USCB).After the United Nations conference on Human settlement in 1976 world urban
population takes only two decades to double itself. Rapid urbanization, especially in developing
countries associates with slum formation .33% or urban population of developing countries lived
in slums (UN habitat 2012).In India 17.4% of urban Indian households lived in slums (2011
census of India). Bilaspur is a city of Chhattisgarh where urban growth rate is 20% (2001-2011)
and slums are growing at17% rate per decade
(2001-2011). From 1990 to 2009 total area
covered by urban population was increased
from 8.31 sq km to 40.33 sq km. Most of the
old slums has age in between 70-80 years
where newly formed slums of Bilaspur have
age in between 25-30 year. As per the survey
conducted under Rajiv Awas Yojana there are
total 134 slums in the city among which 56 are
notified. Total area under BMC (Bilaspur
Municipal Corporation) is 27.9 sq km in which
7.11sq km area lies in the northern portion of
river Arpa. Form of human settlements and the
process of their formation and transformation
is known as urban morphology. E.W.Burges
and Alanso mills models are some pioneer
work in regard to spatial land use in urban
morphology. Our special focus of this study was to find out the nature of distribution of slum
1 Guest Lecturer, Department of Geography, Panchakot Mahavidyalya, Neturia (Purulia).West Bengal, India.
Email Id: [email protected]/, Ph No. 7501522757 2 GIS Engineer in WAPCOS Limited, (Govt. of India). Haryana, India.
Email Id: [email protected]. / [email protected]. Ph No. 9775289034
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
settlement in BMC and depict the actual facts which are responsible for such concentration as a
part of urban morphology.
Objective:-
i. To Study the existing spatial pattern of Slums.
ii. To Study the nature of slum concentration.
iii. To Study location of Slums on Urban Morphology.
iv. To Study prime factor, responsible for slum concentration and growth.
Review of Literature: - Slums have emerged due to rapid urbanization. In the first half of the
19th century Engles Fredrick (1844) observed slums in England and mentioned the worst parts of
a town. Rene Villerne (after 1832) cited relation in between slum poverty and poor health in
different administrative parts of Paris. Charles Both (1889) in his book “Life and labour of the
people in London" prepared a poverty map of old Nichole which was a slum in the east end of
London. Racob Riis (1890) in his book “How the other half lives” highlighted poor living
conditions in New York city slums during 1880s.Slums of London were observed and depicted
by many social researches and journalist in the second half of the 19th century. Henny Mayhew's
“London labour and London poor” (1851), "The million people city" (1853) by John
Garwood."Rugged London" (Holling Head 1861). "The seven course of London"(Greenwood
1869), "Street Life in London"(Adolphe Simon ,1877), "How the poor live" (George Sims 1883),
"East London" (Walter Besant 1899) are some great work in this regard. In 20th century B.S
Routree's "Poverty- A study of town life" (1901) was a depiction of slum life. "The people of the
Abyss" was a description of miserable condition of slum life by Jack in 1902."Slum Travelers:
Ladies and London poverty, 1860-1920", by Ellen Ross (2007) depicted the prevailing slum
condition in first half of the 20th century in London."The slum and the Ghetto: immigrants,
Blacks and reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930" by Thomas Lee Philpott (1991) also shown the
bad socio economic condition of slum dwellers in first half of the 20th century. Lots of work was
done after 1960 in regard to slum, some were acute case study like (Anderson's Birmingham
1960). In these studies slums were established as a region of overcrowding (Barrington Kaye
1960) worse dwelling condition (Oscar Lewis, 1961) Concentrated poverty (Charles J Stoves
1962, De Souza 1980) bad health condition (Jatindar 1999, Hatekar and Rude 2003) poor
sanitation ( Geetna and Swaminathan ,1996, Banerjee and Karmakar ,2016) economically
deprived( Patel et all, 2012). Over all socio economic condition of slums in Indian cities are
observed by Ali and Totan 2003, Chandrasekhar 2005, Karan et all 2003.
Slum settlement is a part of urban morphology and urban morphology was especially discussed
by Ecological school. E.W Burges described that desirable place of a city is occupied by
dominant groups and weak sections have a tendency to concentrate in the residual place. In his
concentric zone theory he indicated transition zones are the slum areas. Alansumuth mills model
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
highlighted a relation between transport cost or time and living space for shaping urban
morphology. Factorial ecology is comparatively new concept which deals with three factors,
socio economic status, familism and ethnicity. Amenity, employment, exclusionary zoning,
cultural landscape also consider as factors to shape urban space. It is noteworthy that these
researches and models are not well established in the context of developing countries. Factorial
ecology is not an active force in our study area as well as amenity, job opportunity, landscape are
completely negligible to shape urban space. So we applied application of residential segregation.
Residential segregation is the level of dispersion of a particular group in a given geographical
area (Royuela and Vargas 2010).Massey and Denton (1988) cited five dimensions evenness,
exposer, concentration, Centralization and clustering to describe residential segregation as a
multidimensional phenomenon. There are total 17 indexes in regard to these five dimensions (US
department of commerce 2002). In the present study we are used modified dissimilarity index of
culter, Glaeser and Vigdor (1997, 1999) to judge segregation of slum population in respect of
evenness and exposer. “Evenness refers to the differential distribution of two social groups
among areal units in a city "(Massay and Denton 1988, p.287). While exposer "measures the
degree of potential contact or possibility of interaction, between minority and majority group
members "(Massay and Denton 1988, P.287). Use of segregation technique in regard to slum
population is a vital one to judge spatial concentration of slums. Residential segregation shows
most of the slums are situated in government land with illegal tenure (with high segregation
value). So we decided to access the role of government land availability for the development and
concentration of slum.
Hypothesis of study
(i) Availability of government land and the concentration of slums are not correlated.
(ii) Availability of government land is a prime factor for concentration and growth of slum in
a particular area.
Methodology- There are total 55 wards in BMC and 56 notified slums. Modified dissimilarity
index and isolation index by Culteret al (1997, 1999) are taken into consideration to find out
residential segregation in respect of slum population. An Urban morphological map which was
prepared by Z.T Khan in 1980 is used to demonstrate the location of slums. The Correlation
between government land availability and slum population is compared by the regression
equation. Ultimately Z score is used to test hypothesis. All the maps and tables calculation are
prepared with the help of Arc GIS 9.3, ERDS-9.2. Microsoft Excel-2007. The survey data of
Rajiv Awas Yojana 2013 is taken as prime source and field survey has been completed from July
2015 to Feb. 2016.
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Bilaspur City and Spatial Distribution of Slums- Bilaspur is the second largest city after
Raipur in Indian state Chhattisgarh. The city is located precisely at 22°5'21"N and 82°9'17"E it
has an inland location in the Chhattisgarh basin. According to census of India 2011 the city has a
population 331030. BMC has total 55 wards and 128794 slum population. There are total 134
slums in the city among which 56 are notified (RAY 2013).There are total 8 wards in the city
without slum. To judge the nature of spatial distribution of slum population, we used
dissimilarity index and isolation index, which are components of residential segregation
normally use to identify evenness and exposer (Table-01). Especially evenness map has been
prepared in which ward no. 40, 41, 44 in the north of Arpa River and ward no. 12,7,55 in the
south of Arpa River are with high dissimilarity index numbers. In the same manner to judge the
location of slums in urban morphology, we took an urban morphological map of Bilaspur (1980)
prepared by Z.T. khan and Imposed location of slums. It is noteworthy that there are only few
slums located in the central part of the city. Most of the old and large slums are located in the
peripheral area of the city. The mentioned wards with high dissimilarity index bears those slums
.ward no. 40, 41 and 44 are carrying total 10 slums out of 19 in the north portion of city Bilaspur.
In the southern portion this concentration is more dispersed than the north. The Slum population
is highly concentrated in peripheral area with a large slum size like Jhopra Para, Mini mata, Mini
basti slums. It may be pointed out that the slums of south Bilaspur are comparatively smaller in
size than its northern part and most of them are young in respect of age.
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
Slum growth and concentration factors- Global report on human settlement (UN-HABITAT,
2003) has mentioned four macro factors for slum growth, which are: 1.Urbanization,
2.Migration, 3.Demographic changes and 4. Poverty. Roy et al (2014) summarized seven main
factors for the growth of slums: 1. Population Dynamics, 2.Economic growth, 3.Housing market
dynamics, 4. Street pattern, 5. Politics of slums, 6. Informal economy, 7. Local topography.
Economic growth leads the process of urbanization and immigration change the spatial form of
demography that is why urban areas face population dynamics. Most of polarized urban land
normally forces lower income group to reside in slums. Most of the real state lobbies occupied
land and polarized Housing condition with high price. Which creates a housing market
dynamics. Street pattern is related to the livelihood of slum dwellers, most of the times
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
they are connecting lines for working destination and sometimes working place .Slum politics,
which is actually vote bank of politicians hamper slum development policies. Informal economy
also a boost factor for slum formation. Local negative physical area or topography where urban
people refuse to settle, slum gets its origin due to shortage of urban space. These are the factors
which also influence the location and concentration of slums. It can be cited that all factors
simultaneously not active in a particular region. In Bilaspur particularly the location and
concentration of slums highly influenced by land tenure. Most of the slums are located on
government land or with patta (which is a semi temporal living permit by BMC). In each ward
we computed availability of government land (till available + encroached by slum) and
percentage of slum population, and then formulate a regression equation. In result, it is vivid that
there is a positive correlation between availability of government land and percentage of slum
population. Z score is applied the analyze this hypothesis
i. Null hypothesis (Ho): Availability of government land and concentration of slums are not
correlated
ii. Alternative hypothesis (H1): Availability of government land is a prime factor for
concentration and growth of slum in a particular area.
Test Statics: (Z-test) - (Ref: Table 02, Appendix)
Z -Score Method:-
Z = ∑ 𝑍𝑥 . 𝑍𝑦 [Where ZX = 𝐗−𝐗
𝛔𝐗 and 𝐳𝐲 =
𝐘−𝐘
𝛔𝐘 ]
= 29.8004
Comment: - Since calculation value of Z, which is greater than critical value 1.96 so (Ho) is
rejected at 5% level of significance.
We also prepared a composite thematic map in which availability of government land, slum
population over layed on residential segregation. In this visual representation wards with high
availability of government land (>30%) are highly slums concentrated zone, like ward no. 40, 44
etc. These are the also wards with big slums as well as several in numbers. In the middle part of
the city, wards with no government land are less prone to slum formation.
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Figure No. 04: Residential Segregation Map of Bilaspur Municipal Corporation
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
Conclusion- The Growth of slums is a serious issue in the context of the urban environment.
Such type of settlement is normally created pressure on urban resources if those are not coming
under the city development programme. In our study, we have found out the encroaching
tendency of slums which is a serious issue for future urban development. Most of the slums of
the BMC are on government land. Whenever demolition initiatives were taken BMC had faced
protest by the slum dwellers. But it is a good one in 2013 Rajiv Awas Yojana (a slum eradication
government programme in India) survey was completed and some slums have already been
relocated. Smart city and Housing For All (HFA), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation (AMRUT) are flag ship programme of the government of India for urban
development. The Government of Chhattisgarh has also notified Apra Special Area under the
provesion of C.G Town and Country Planning Act.-1973, for the purpose of developing Arpa
River Front and constituted ASADA. Under this project several river front slums will be
benefited. We hope these initiatives will mitigate the problems of slum in BMC. Our study is
also a lesson for growing city to manage their urban morphology on right time.
References:-
Bandyopadhyay, Abir and vandana Agrawal. “Slums in India: from past to present”
International referred journal of Engineering and science 2.4 (2003): 55-59
Banerjee, Manoj and Milan Kamakar. “Sanitation a serious issue in slum with reference to
Bilaspur city”. South Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3.2 (2016): 59-70.
Banerjee, Manoj and Milan Karmakar. “Spatial variation in sanitation condition in city region, a
case study on Burhanpur”. South Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3.1 (2016): 92-99.
Carter, H. The study of Urban Geography. NewDelhi : Rawat Publication, 1995.
David, R.H. The slum challenge and response. London : Collier Macmillain Limited, 1964.
Dikshit, J. The urban fringe of Indian cities. New Delhi: Rawat publication, 2011.
Fernandez Rosa. “Physical and spatial characteristic of slum territories vulnerable to natural
Disasters.” Les cahiers de I'Afrique de I'Est (2011) 5-22
Khan, Z.T. Bilaspur a study in urban geography. New Delhi: Northern book center, 1994.
Majumdar, A.A and Quazi Abul Mahmood. Quantitative Geography and spatial analysis.
Dhaka: Sujaneshu Prakashani, 2010.
Massey S. Douglas and Nancy A. Denotn. “ The Diamention of Residential segregation.” Social
forces 67. 2 (1988):281-315
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Mandal, R.B. Urban Geography A text book. New Delhi: concept publishing company, 2000.
Meera, S.M. "Status of health care among the slums dwellers of Mysore city an anthropological
study". Ph.D thesis. University of Mysore 2007. (htpp://hld.handle.net/10603/91075).
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Govt. of India. Slum Free City Plan of
Action for Bilaspur City Under Rajiv Awas Yojana. New Delhi: MHUPA.2014
Pal, S.K. Statistics for Geoscientists Techniques and Applications. New Delhi: concept
publishing company, 1998.
Ramchandran, R. Urbanization and urban systems in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
1991.
Roy, Debraj et al. “The emergency of slums: A contemporary view on simulation models”.
Environment modeling & software 59 (2014)76-90
Sori, D Negera “Identifying and classifying slum development stages from spatial data.” M.Sc
thesis. University of Twente, 2012Print
Srinivasa, Naika PT. “Growth of slums in Bangalore city a study on the socio economic
conditions of slum dwellers in Bangalore city." Ph.d thesis. Sri Krishna Devaraya University,
2014. (htpp://hld.handle.net/10603/20003).
Singh, Arti et al. "Urban Sprawl Development of Landfills for waste disposal. A case study of
Bilaspur Municipal Corporation of Chattishgarh India". Journal of Environment Research and
Development 7.4A (2013) 1718-26
UN HABTAT. The Challenge of Slums, Global report on human settlements 2003. London and
sterling: Earth scan publication Ltd. 2003
UN HABITAT. Financiang Urban Shelter, Global Report on human settlement 2005. London
and Sterling: Earth scans Publication Ltd. 2005
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
Appendix:-
Table 01: Calculation for Residential Segregation, Especially Dissimilarity Index &
Isolation Index
War
d N
o.
Ward Name
War
d P
op
ula
tio
n
(20
11)
Slu
ms
Po
pula
tion
(20
13)
Ind
ex o
f
Dis
sim
ilar
ity
Iso
lati
on
of
Slu
m
Po
pu
lati
on
Iso
lati
on
of
War
d
Po
pu
lati
on
(1)* (2)* (3)*
1 Vikash Nagar 4839 587 0.0079 0.0007 0.0132
2 Vishnu Nagar 8607 2004 0.0029 0.0044 0.0213
3 Nehru Nagar 6736 1458 0.0036 0.0030 0.0169
4 Kasturba Nagar 8216 509 0.0192 0.0003 0.0236
5 Bhakti Kanwar Ram Nagar 4245 150 0.0112 0.0001 0.0125
6 Tilak Nagar 5363 622 0.0091 0.0008 0.0147
7 Guru Ghansidas Nagar 11890 7276 0.0485 0.0322 0.0225
8 Rajendra Nagar 3099 291 0.0061 0.0003 0.0087
9 Ayappa Nagar 7736 93 0.0226 0.0000 0.0234
10 Mother Teresa Nagar 6021 486 0.0127 0.0004 0.0170
11 Dr. Ambedkar Nagar 5023 550 0.0089 0.0006 0.0138
12 Krantikumar Bhartiya Nagar 9544 5775 0.0381 0.0254 0.0182
13 Rani Avantibar Nagar 9062 1889 0.0057 0.0038 0.0229
14 Vinoba Nagar 9110 0 0.0278 0.0000 0.0278
15 Sanjay Gandhi Nagar 7324 1396 0.0061 0.0026 0.0188
16 Priyadarshani Nagar 3541 828 0.0012 0.0018 0.0088
17 Nirala Nagar 4665 0 0.0143 0.0000 0.0143
18 Azad Nagar 4672 0 0.0143 0.0000 0.0143
19 Saheed Asfak ulla nagar 2232 0 0.0068 0.0000 0.0068
20 Ram Nagar 3024 91 0.0082 0.0000 0.0090
21 Subash Nagar 2553 301 0.0043 0.0004 0.0070
22 Munnulal Shukla 3120 562 0.0030 0.0010 0.0081
23 Lala Lajpat Rai Nagar 2391 118 0.0059 0.0001 0.0070
24 Shivaji Nagar 5526 301 0.0134 0.0002 0.0160
25 Sant Ravidas Nagar 5848 979 0.0065 0.0016 0.0153
26 Nagorao Shesh Nagar 2274 0 0.0070 0.0000 0.0070
27 Krishna Nagar 3651 619 0.0039 0.0010 0.0095
28 Vasantbai Patel Nagar 7552 589 0.0162 0.0005 0.0214
29 Sahid R.P Bismal Nagar 4481 591 0.0068 0.0008 0.0121
30 Gandhi Nagar 3967 693 0.0040 0.0012 0.0103
31 Indira Nagar 3542 325 0.0070 0.0003 0.0099
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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
War
d N
o.
Ward Name
War
d P
op
ula
tio
n
(20
11)
Slu
ms
Po
pula
tion
(20
13)
Ind
ex o
f
Dis
sim
ilar
ity
Iso
lati
on
of
Slu
m
Po
pu
lati
on
Iso
lati
on
of
War
d
Po
pu
lati
on
(1)* (2)* (3)*
33 Ramdas Nagar 5906 1052 0.0058 0.0019 0.0153
34 Bhagatsingh Nagar 3327 446 0.0050 0.0006 0.0090
35 Maharana Pratap Nagar 3485 833 0.0009 0.0019 0.0086
36 Vivekananda Nagar 8374 181 0.0235 0.0000 0.0251
37 Shankar Nagar 5270 958 0.0049 0.0017 0.0136
38 Shahid Hemu Colony 9587 938 0.0184 0.0010 0.0267
39 Ganesh Nagar 5148 1886 0.0063 0.0059 0.0115
40 Kamal Nehru Nagar 9732 8675 0.0714 0.0477 0.0157
41 Thakur Dev Nagar 10693 9376 0.0766 0.0511 0.0174
42 Dr.S.P Mukherji Nagar 12769 5403 0.0240 0.0187 0.0274
43 Rani Durgavati Nagar 6245 3235 0.0186 0.0129 0.0126
44 Shahid Mangal Pandey Nagar 10038 6635 0.0467 0.0308 0.0185
45 Arvind Nagar 15173 5568 0.0185 0.0174 0.0339
46 Shastri Nagar 9107 1024 0.0159 0.0012 0.0250
47 Devkinandan Dikshit Nagar 5756 0 0.0176 0.0000 0.0176
48 Ramkrishna Paramhans Nagar 6862 395 0.0164 0.0003 0.0198
49 Bilasa Nagar 2336 0 0.0071 0.0000 0.0071
50 Wireless Colony 3949 374 0.0077 0.0004 0.0110
51 Bharat Mata Nagar 2754 1700 0.0114 0.0076 0.0052
52 Jaganath Nagar 3181 0 0.0097 0.0000 0.0097
53 Bapu Nagar 4208 1165 0.0007 0.0029 0.0101
54 Loko Colony 3944 1582 0.0064 0.0053 0.0086
55 Tripura Sundari Nagar 4503 4542 0.0392 0.0266 0.0069
Total 327163 85784 0.8126 0.3205 0.8218
Source: Census of India-2011 & SFCPoA Bilaspur City-2013
Formula:-
(1)* Dissimilarity Index (ID) = ( W/Wt)-(S/St)
(2)* Isolation Index (Slum Pop) = (S/St) X (S/S+Wt )
(3) * Isolation Index (Ward Pop) = (W/Wt) x (Wt/W+S)
S= Slum population of each ward 2013
St= Total Slum Population 2013
W=Ward Population of each ward 2011
Wt= Total Ward Population 201
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Table-02: Calculation for Z Score S
L N
o.
Ward No.
(%) of
Govt.
Land
(x)
(%) of
Slum
Population
(Y)
(X- )
𝑍𝑥 𝑍𝑦
𝑍𝑥 . 𝑍𝑦 (X-/σ) (Y-𝑌 ) (Y-𝑌 /σ)
1 Ward - 01 0.47 12.13 -7.4275 -0.8225 -13.5694 -0.5353 0.4403
2 Ward - 02 7.87 23.28 -0.0338 -0.0037 -2.4166 -0.0954 0.0004
3 Ward - 03 1.59 21.64 -6.3133 -0.6991 -4.0551 -0.1600 0.1119
4 Ward - 04 0.85 6.20 -7.0463 -0.7803 -19.5048 -0.7697 0.6006
5 Ward - 05 0.76 3.53 -7.1388 -0.7906 -22.1664 -0.8748 0.6916
6 Ward - 06 1.69 11.60 -6.2059 -0.6873 -14.1020 -0.5565 0.3825
7 Ward - 07 12.08 61.19 4.1844 0.4634 35.4943 1.4007 0.6491
8 Ward - 08 5.34 9.39 -2.5604 -0.2835 -16.3099 -0.6436 0.1825
9 Ward - 09 0.17 1.20 -7.7278 -0.8558 -24.4978 -0.9668 0.8274
10 Ward - 11 1.41 10.95 -6.4856 -0.7182 -14.7504 -0.5821 0.4181
11 Ward - 12 29.62 60.51 21.7184 2.4051 34.8092 1.3737 3.3039
12 Ward - 15 10.66 19.06 2.7617 0.3058 -6.6394 -0.2620 -0.0801
13 Ward - 20 0.58 3.01 -7.3249 -0.8112 -22.6907 -0.8955 0.7264
14 Ward - 21 3.10 11.79 -4.7995 -0.5315 -13.9099 -0.5489 0.2918
15 Ward - 22 4.88 18.01 -3.0248 -0.3350 -7.6872 -0.3034 0.1016
16 Ward - 23 2.78 4.94 -5.1231 -0.5673 -20.7648 -0.8194 0.4649
17 Ward - 25 8.24 16.74 0.3386 0.0375 -8.9592 -0.3536 -0.0133
18 Ward - 27 16.47 16.95 8.5726 0.9493 -8.7457 -0.3451 -0.3277
19 Ward - 28 2.33 7.80 -5.5679 -0.6166 -17.9007 -0.7064 0.4356
20 Ward - 29 1.86 13.19 -6.0427 -0.6692 -12.5110 -0.4937 0.3304
21 Ward - 30 2.68 17.47 -5.2216 -0.5783 -8.2309 -0.3248 0.1878
22 Ward - 33 3.61 17.81 -4.2903 -0.4751 -7.8876 -0.3113 0.1479
23 Ward - 35 2.76 23.90 -5.1385 -0.5691 -1.7976 -0.0709 0.0404
24 Ward - 36 1.04 2.16 -6.8613 -0.7598 -23.5385 -0.9289 0.7058
25 Ward - 37 3.59 18.18 -4.3103 -0.4773 -7.5216 -0.2968 0.1417
26 Ward - 38 2.14 9.78 -5.7619 -0.6381 -15.9159 -0.6281 0.4008
27 Ward - 39 10.16 36.64 2.2637 0.2507 10.9356 0.4316 0.1082
28 Ward - 40 31.35 89.14 23.4549 2.5974 63.4389 2.5035 6.5027
29 Ward - 41 9.67 87.68 1.7651 0.1955 61.9835 2.4461 0.4781
30 Ward - 42 5.86 42.31 -2.0419 -0.2261 16.6134 0.6556 -0.1483
31 Ward - 43 12.25 51.80 4.3471 0.4814 26.1014 1.0300 0.4959
32 Ward - 44 31.03 66.10 23.1300 2.5615 40.4000 1.5943 4.0838
33 Ward - 45 14.42 36.70 6.5186 0.7219 10.9968 0.4340 0.3133
34 Ward - 46 3.65 11.24 -4.2540 -0.4711 -14.4559 -0.5705 0.2688
Copyright © Universal Multidisciplinary Research Institute Pvt Ltd
191
South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 3 Issue 5
SL
No
.
Ward No.
(%) of
Govt.
Land
(x)
(%) of
Slum
Population
(Y)
(X- )
𝑍𝑥
(Y-𝑌 ) 𝑍𝑦
𝑍𝑥 . 𝑍𝑦
(X-/σ) (Y-𝑌 /σ)
35 Ward - 47 4.33 0.00 -3.5668 -0.3950 -25.7000 -1.0142 0.4006
36 Ward - 48 1.18 5.76 -6.7206 -0.7443 -19.9437 -0.7870 0.5858
37 Ward - 50 2.03 9.47 -5.8743 -0.6505 -16.2292 -0.6405 0.4166
38 Ward - 51 6.69 61.73 -1.2072 -0.1337 36.0284 1.4218 -0.1901
39 Ward - 52 7.09 0.00 -0.8129 -0.0900 -25.7000 -1.0142 0.0913
40 Ward - 53 10.09 27.69 2.1873 0.2422 1.9854 0.0783 0.0190
41 Ward - 54 33.16 40.11 25.2639 2.7978 14.4116 0.5687 1.5912
42 Ward -55 20.64 90.76 12.7370 1.4105 65.0617 2.5675 3.6216
Total ( ∑ ) 332.16 1079.56 0.0398 0.0064 29.8004
Mean () 7.90 25.70 0.0009 0.0002
Standard
Deviation (σ) 9.03 25.34 0.9996 1.0002
Source: SFCPoA Bilaspur City-2013