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Spatial Databases and
Geographic Information
Systems
Karl Neumann
Sarah TauscherInstitut für Informationssysteme
Technische Universität Braunschweig
http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
1.1 Organizational Issues
1.2 Content and Overview
1.3 Literature
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 2
1 Introduction
http://www.radcyberzine.com/xglobe/earth_2400.jpg
• Lecture
– 29. 10.2010 - 11.02.2011
– 9:45 - 12:00
– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture
– URL:
www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/
teaching/ws-1011/gis
• Credits: 4 or 5
(depending on your
course of study)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 3
1.1 Organizational Issues
• Exams
– Oral exam
– 14. -18. 02.2011
– Register at examination office
– Get an appointment
at the Ifis secretariat
→ Regine Dalkiran
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 4
1.1 Organizational Issues
• 2 Spatial Data Modelling
– 2.1 Introduction
– 2.2 Geometry
– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models
– 2.4 Topology
– 2.5 Fields
– 2.6 AAA-Project
– 2.7 Operations
– 2.8 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 5
1.2 Content and Overview
http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif
– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world
data in geographic information system
– Are described by spatial data (geodata)
– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data
– Chief difference to “conventional” objects
(“What’s so special about spatial?”):
• Geometry
• Topology
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 6
1.2 Content and Overview
http://speedymole.com/Tubes/Paris/
– Vector: minimum distance between a point and a line
– Raster: Distance matrices for distance determination
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 7
1.2 Content and Overview
http://worboys.duckham.org/
city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance of cetres
• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data
– 3.1 Properties of Maps
– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color
– 3.3 Geometric Generalization
– 3.4 Label and Symbol
Placement
– 3.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 8
1.2 Content and Overview
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/.../Janschitz_Text.pdf
– Challenges
• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions
(paper, film, screen)
• Selection of the spatial objects and
their attributes to be displayed
• Generalization of geometric and
thematic properties (simplify,
omit depending on scale)
• Exaggeration and displacement
(e.g. river valley with roads and
railway lines)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 9
1.2 Content and Overview
http://maps.google.de/
– Douglas/Peucker algorithm
1. given: polyline L, threshold g
2. determine line between the start and end point of L,
3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment
4. if distance > g then the point is significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines,
otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 10
1.2 Content and Overview
http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/
• 4 Spatial Queries
– 4.1 Development of SQL
– 4.2 Core SQL Queries
– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL
– 4.4 Spatial Extension of the
Relational Algebra
– 4.5 Spatial Extensions of SQL
– 4.6 Evaluation of Spatial Queries
– 4.7 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 11
1.2 Content and Overview
– Query 6:
Ids of churches which are located no more than 2 km
from a car park
Building(id: string, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon)
πid1(σDistance(Centroid(groundPlan1),
Centroid(groundPlan2))<2000
(σtypeOfUse1=′church′∧typeOfUse2=′car park′
(Building × Building)))
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 12
1.2 Content and Overview
– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in 2 steps
• Filter step
– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial
approximation (lower costs)
• Refinement step
– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13
1.2 Content and Overview
• 5 Spatial Access Methods
– 5.1 Quadtree
– 5.2 R-tree
– 5.3 K-d tree
– 5.4 BSP tree
– 5.5 Grid file
– 5.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 14
1.2 Content and Overview
15231523
13 2813 28
24 2824 28
26 1126 11
8 178
179
319
31
3 273
27
29 1829 18
17 5
17 5
21 2221 22
4 74 7
A
C
B
D
F
E
H
G
J
I
K
– Problems
• Only suitable for points
• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to
be verified
• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 15
1.2 Content and Overview
– Split at a data points or at an arbitrary points
– Choice of split dimension
• Alternating or dimension with the largest extent
– Choice of split position
• Median or average
1
2
2
3
3
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 16
1.2 Content and Overview
12
23
3
12
3
4
56
1
2
34
2
3
• 6 Spatial Data and XML
– 6.1 Standards
– 6.2 XML
– 6.3 GML
– 6.4 XSLT
– 6.5 SVG
– 6.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 17
1.2 Content and Overview
– Example: a DTD of a city
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 18
1.2 Content and Overview
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)><!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT area(polygon+)><!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point,
point, point*)><!ELEMENT point(x, y)><!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)><!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT area(polygon+)><!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point,
point, point*)><!ELEMENT point(x, y)><!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas
• Element’s attributes include the attribute “d” for specifying
the points of the path
• Attribute “d” contains further commands for the
interpretation of the points
• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a
line
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 19
1.2 Content and Overview
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"d="M 130 0 L fill="none" strokestrokestroke
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0"fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20"stroke-linejoin="miter"stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>
• 7 Application Programming
– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages
– 7.2 Postgres and JDBC
– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC
– 7.4 Processing of GML-
based Data
– 7.5 Functional Programming
with Polygons
– 7.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 20
1.2 Content and Overview
[KGB04]
– For processing geometric attributes the special Java
class "JGeometry" is offered
– JGeometry maps the SDO_GEOMETRY data type to
a structure (STRUCT)
– Numerous basic methods for accessing spatial
information are offered, including
• createCircle, createPoint, createLinearPolygon, equals,
getDimensions, getElemInfo, getFirstPoint, getJavaPoint,
getJavaPoints, getLastPoint, getNumPoints,
getOrdinatesArray, getSize, getType, isCircle, isPoint,
isRectangle, load, setType, store, toString
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 21
1.2 Content and Overview
– Perimeter of polygons
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 22
1.2 Content and Overview
(define perimeter (lambda (poly)
(point2 poly))
(define perimeter (lambda (poly)(if (not (null? (trunc-poly poly)))
(+ (point-distance (point1 poly)(point2 poly))
(perimeter (trunc-poly poly)))0)))
• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information
Systems
– 8.1 GIS Hardware and
Software
– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated
Systems
– 8.3 Clients and Servers
– 8.4 Web-based Spatial
Databases
– 8.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 23
1.2 Content and Overview
[SX08]
– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified
• File based
• Hybrid
• Layer-oriented
• Integrated
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 24
1.2 Content and Overview
– Selection of some common GIS Servers
• ESRI
– ArcGIS
– ArcIMS
– ArcSDE
• GRASS
• Smallworld
• Oracle Spatial
• Postgres, PostGIS
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 25
1.2 Content and Overview
• 9 Remote Sensing
– 9.1 Physical Basics
– 9.2 Recording Techniques
– 9.3 Image Processing
– 9.4 Thematic Classification
– 9.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 26
1.2 Content and Overview
http://saturn.unibe.ch/.../Fotogrammetrie-Bildflug.pdf
– System characteristics
• Recording techniques
– Radiometric resolution
– Geometric resolution
• Platform
– Kind of platform
– Altitude
– Orbit
– Period
• Mission
– Temporal coverage
– Spatial coverage
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 27
1.2 Content and Overview
www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/atmclasses/atm335/history.pdf
www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de
– Example: aerial photo of Braunschweig
• Altitude approximately 1600 m
• Ground resolution 10 cm
• Color reversal film
• Central projection
• 21. April 2005
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 28
1.2 Content and Overview
www.braunschweig.de/.../luftbilder.html
• 10 Location Based Services
– 10.1 Positioning
– 10.2 Car Navigation
– 10.3 Map Matching
– 10.4 Privacy
– 10.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 29
1.2 Content and Overview
http://de.wikipedia.org/
– Application examples
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 30
1.2 Content and Overview
Push Services Pull Services
Person-oriented
Communication A message is pushed to you asking whether you allow a friend to locate you
You request from a friend finder application who is near you
Information You get an alert that a terror alarm has been issued by the city you are in
You look for the nearest cinemain your area and navigation instructions to get there
M-Commerce and Advertising
A discount voucher is being sent to you from a restaurant in the area you are in
You look for events happening in the area you are in
Device-oriented
An alert is sent to you from an asset-tracking application that one of your shipmentshas just deviated from its foreseen route
You request information on where your truck fleet currently is located in the country
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth
• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and
the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position
can be deduced (trilateration)
• The transmitted signal describes
a circular sphere centered at the
satellite on whose surface the
signal is received at the same
time → circular baseline of
equal receiving times
on earth
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 31
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf
• 11 Environmental Information Systems
– 11.1 Environmental Data
– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
– 11.3 Monitoring Networks
– 11.4 Laboratory Data
– 11.5 Example: EIS
Baden-Württemberg
– 11.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 32
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/
– Applications
• Environmental documentation
• Recording, monitoring
• Biotope cadastre
• Radiation detection
• Simulation of environmental
processes
• Environmental compatibility
assessment
• Informing the public
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 33
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.bec-kommunal.de/
http://www.e-c-o.at
– Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island
• For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of
Maine
• Network of 32 sensor nodes
• 9 nodes in different breeding
caves
• Temperature measurement in
the nest (presence of the
old birds)
• Additional nodes for measurement of
air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding
• Example of peer-to-peer sensor network
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 34
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www.wired.com/
• 12 Review and Outlook
– 12.1 Review
– 12.2 Outlook
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 35
1.2 Content and Overview
http://www-kdd.isti.cnr.it/NWA
• [Al07] → Chap. 9Albertz, J.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 3. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007.
• [Ba05] → Chap. 2, 3Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [BCCF07] Belussi, A.; Catania, B.; Clementini, E.; Ferrari, E. (Eds.): Spatial Data on the Web – Modeling and Management. Springer, 2007.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 36
1.3 Literature - Books
• [BCKO08] Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van;
Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry –
Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer,
2008.
• [Be02] → Chap. 4, 5Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information Systems –
An Introduction. 3. Ed., Wiley, 2002.
• [Br08] Brinkhoff, T.: Geodatenbanksysteme in Theorie
und Praxis. 2. Aufl., Wichmann, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 37
1.3 Literature - Books
• [Da96] Dadam, P.: Verteilte Datenbanken und
Client/Server-Systeme. Springer, 1996.
• [EE04] → Chap. 6.2
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und
Datenmodellierung. dpunkt.verlag, 2004.
• [Ei02] Eisenberg, J.D.: SVG Essentials. O’Reilly, 2002.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 38
1.3 Literature - Books
• [Fi05] Fischer-Stabel, P. (Hrsg.): Umwelt-
informationssysteme. Wichmann, 2005.
• [Gü98]
Günther, O.: Environmental Information
Systems. Springer, 1998.
• [He06] → Chap. 2, 3, 4
Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – Eine
Einführung. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,
2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 39
1.3 Literature - Books
• [HGM02] → Chap. 2.4, 3
Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.
8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.
• [HK06] Herter, M.; Koos, B.: Java und GIS. Wichmann,
2006.
• [Ka08] Kay, M.: XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0 –
Programmer’s Reference. 4. Ed., Wrox, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 40
1.3 Literature - Books
• [KB01] Kraak, M.-J.; Brown, A. (Eds.): Web Cartography: Developments and Prospects. Taylor & Francis London, 2001.
• [KGB04] → Chap. 7.3Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle Spatial. Apress, 2004.
• [KO03] Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography –Visualization of Spatial Data. 2. Ed., Prentice Hall, 2003.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 41
1.3 Literature - Books
• [KZe07] Korduan, P.; Zehner, M. L.: Geoinformation im
Internet. Wichmann, 2007.
• [La05] → Chap. 5.1, 5.2
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und
Praxis. 2. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [LKC08] → Chap. 9
Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote
Sensing and Image Interpretation. 6. Ed.,
Wiley, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 42
1.3 Literature - Books
• [PA04] Plümer, L.; Asche, H. (Hrsg.): Geoinformation –Neue Medien für eine neue Disziplin. Wichmann, 2004.
• [RSV02] Rigaux, P.; Scholl, M.; Voisard, A.: Spatial Databases with Application to GIS. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
• [Sa06] → Chap. 5 Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 43
1.3 Literature - Books
• [SaS03] → Chap. 7.1
Saake, G.; Sattler, K.-U.: Datenbanken & Java.
2. Aufl., dpunkt.Verlag, 2003.
• [SC03] Shashi, S.; Chawlanjay, C.: Spatial Databases –
A Tour. Prentice Hall, 2003.
• [SV04] Schiller, J.; Voisard, A. (Eds.): Location-Based
Services. Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 44
1.3 Literature - Books
• [SX08] Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of
GIS. Springer, 2008.
• [UW06] Ueberschär, N.; Winter, A.: Visualisieren von
Geodaten mit SVG im Internet. Wichmann,
2006.
• [WD04] → Chap. 3, 4
Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing
Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 45
1.3 Literature - Books
• [WS06] Wade, T.; Sommer, S. (Eds.): A to Z GIS: An
Illustrated Dictionary of Geographic
Information Systems. 2. Ed., ESRI, 2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 46
1.3 Literature - Books
[WS06]
[WS06]
[WS06]
• [Ba08]
Baumann, P.: Konzeptuelle Modellierung von Geodiensten.
Informatik-Spektrum, Band 31, Nr. 5, 2008, pp. 435–450.
• [Br07]
Breunig, M.: Geodatenbankforschung: Rückblick und
Perspektiven aus Sicht der Informatik. Datenbank-Spektrum,
Band 21, Nr. 20, 2007, pp. 5–14.
• [DP73]
Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of
the Number of Points required to represent a digitized Line
or its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer, Jhrg. 10, Heft 2,
1973, pp. 112–122.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 47
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [Gü94]Güting, R.H.: An Introduction to Spatial Database
Systems. VLDB Journal, Band 3, Nr. 4, 1994, pp. 357–399.
• [Ne02] → Chap. 7.5
Neumann, K.: Funktionales Programmieren mit Poly-
gonen. Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes für Kartographie
und Geodäsie, (MdBKG), Band 22, 2002, pp. 125–136.
• [NE03] → Chap. 6.3
Neumann, K.; Eckstein, S.: Geography Markup Language
(GML) – Eine Einführung aus Informatiksicht. MdBKG,
Band 24, 2003, pp. 103–111.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 48
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NGNSW07]Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf,
C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. MdBKG,
Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.
• [NKM05]Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.;
Mathiak, B.: Umsetzung des
Signaturenkataloges SK25
bei der XML-basierten Erzeugung kartenähnlicher
Graphiken. MdBKG, Band 34, 2005, pp. 107–118.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 49
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NKP08] → Chap. 7.4
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von
Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-Bestandsdaten-
auszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92.
• [NMK04] Neumann, K.; Mathiak, B.; Kupfer, A.: Modellierung und
kartographischeVisualisierung von Geodaten mit XML-
basierten Sprachen. Proc. “Modellierung 2004”, B. Rumpe,
W. Hesse (Hrsg.), LNI P-45, 2004, pp. 93–107.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 50
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NPW06] → Chap. 3.4
Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung kartenähnlicher
Graphiken: XML-basierteVerdrängung und Platzierung
von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.
• [NSe01]Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der
Programmiersprache Java vorgestellt an
einer Modifikation des
Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur
Erhaltung rechter Winkel. MdBKG,
Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 51
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [PP97]Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in
dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus
dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, (NaKaVerm),
Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
• [Se00]Sester, M.: Automatische
Generalisierung mittels
Ausgleichung. MdBKG,
Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 52
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [Se07]Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischenPräsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mitPUSH und TYPIFY. MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.
• [SH95]Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie-typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp. 209–224.
• [TN10]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Polygonverschneidung mit SQL. MdBKG, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 53
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [Br09]Bruchno, S.: Realisierung einer Beispiel-Anwendung mit PostgreSQL, JDBC und geometrischen Datentypen. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009.
• [Bu10]Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [La09]Latta, C.: Visualisierung der Z-Ordnung realistischer Punktmengen mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2009.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 54
1.3 Literature – Student Works
• [Ra10]Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Sp10]Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeitenbeim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [St10]Stachowiak, N.: Greedy- und Delaunay-Triangulation von Polygonen im XFig-Format. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 55
1.3 Literature – Student Works