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International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012)
ISSN: 2226-3624
268
Spatial Data Management ın the Vıew of
Envıroment, Forest and Water Affaırs ın Turkey
Assist. Prof. Dr. Guler YALCIN
Osmaniye Korkut Ata University
Department of Geodesy and
Photogrammetry Engineering
Karacaoglan Yerleskesi, 80000,
Osmaniye/TURKEY
E_mail: [email protected],
ABSTRACT “Spatial data” is the data or information that identifies the geographic
location of features and boundaries on Earth. A “Spatial Data
Infrastructure” (SDI) is a coordinated series of agreements on technology
standards, institutional arrangements, and policies that enable the
discovery and use of geospatial information by users and for purposes.
While SDIs have economic, social, and environmental benefits, they require
inter-disciplinary, organizational, coordinated studies to preserve the
ecology and for sustainable development. In this paper general information
and a few examples in the view of environmental geographic information
system projects in Turkey are presented.
KEY WORDS GIS, environment, forest, water, sustainable management.
JEL CODES M15, Q16, Q56.
1. Introduction
“Spatial data” in another name “geographic data” is the data or information that identifies the
geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features,
oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be
mapped. Spatial data is often accessed, manipulated or analyzed through Geographic Information
Systems (GIS).
A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a coordinated series of agreements on technology
standards, institutional arrangements, and policies that enable the discovery and use of geospatial
information by users and for purposes. While SDIs have economic, social, and environmental benefits,
they require inter-disciplinary organizational, coordinated studies to preserve the ecology and for
International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012)
ISSN: 2226-3624
269
sustainable development (Masser 2007). Turkey is going to develop towards a spatially enabled society
underpinned by a national geo-spatial data infrastructure.
Turkey has executed the SDI studies by selecting INSPIRE. To develop these studies more rapid
and healthy all organizations/institutions have main responsibilities of geographic information systems.
Also the legal arrangements are needed to create spatial data infrastructure and geoportal.
Within last year some bureaucratic changes have occurred in Turkey. Now there are 21 ministries in
Turkish administration with the changes on the structure of the ministries according to the Official
Gazette dated as 04.07.2011. These are: These are Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Family and Social
Policy, Ministry of EU Affairs, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, Ministry of Labor and Social
Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Customs
and Trade, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of
Economy, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Health, Ministry of
Transport, Marine and Communication, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Forest
and Water Affairs (www.basbakanlik.gov.tr).
While establishing some ministries the first time, the duties and responsibilities of the others are
reorganized. In this process the duties of two ministries (abolished Ministry of Public Works and
Settlement, abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry) are re-regulated and two new ministries
are established: Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs (The
Decree numbered as 644, 2011; The Decree numbered as 645, 2011)
The duties of Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs are listed in the legislation as below:
1- To create policies for the protection, the development, the operation, the rehabilitation and the
care of the forests, combat desertification and soil erosion, afforestation and pasture
improvement
2- To develop policies for the protection of the nature, to determine the protected areas, to
provide the conservation, management, development and operation of the national parks,
natural parks, natural monuments, nature conservation areas, wetlands and biodiversity,
hunting and wildlife.
3- To create policies for the protection and sustainable usage of the water resources, to coordinate
national water management.
4- To determine the policies and strategies to follow the meteorological events and to take
necessary measures.
5- To follow the international studies in these facility fields of the ministry and to execute the
preparations with the other organizations at the national level.
6- To fulfill the tasks and services of the ministry in the concept of the legislations.
The Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs has 6 general directorates to execute these duties and
responsibilities:
1- General Directorate of Water Management
2- General Directorate of Nature Protection and Natural Parks
3- General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Soil Erosion
4- General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works
5- General Directorate of Forest
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6- General Directorate of Meteorology
Under the conditions of the developing world in order to improve the efficiency in public sector
it is asked to benefit from the information communication technologies. Thus the inter-institutional
cooperation will be developed, the duplicate investments will be prevented by using the common
infrastructures, an effective knowledge-based decision-making processes will be created, the quality
human resource and organizational capacity will be developed, citizen-focused, reliable, interoperable,
integrated and effective e-government structure will be established. This aim also stated in the
document of Information Society Strategy (2006-2010) that is prepared by State Planning Organization
Undersecretary. In this document the vision of Turkey on transformation to the Information Society is
“to be a country that is a focal point in science and technology, uses the information and technology as
an effective tool, produces much more value with the knowledge-based decision-making processes, is
successful at global competition and has a high level prosperity”. In this concept The directorship of
Geographic Information Systems which is established in 2007 continues the works under the
“Department of Geographic Information Systems” of “Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs” with last
legislation changes.
2. INSPIRE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an
Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) was published in the official
Journal on the 25th April 2007. The INSPIRE Directive entered into force on the 15th May 2007. In
Europe a major recent development has been the entering in force of the INSPIRE Directive in May 2007,
establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe to support Community environmental
policies, and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. INSPIRE is based on
the infrastructures for spatial information established and operated by the 27 Member States of the
European Union. The Directive addresses 34 spatial data themes needed for environmental applications,
with key components specified through technical implementing rules. This makes INSPIRE a unique
example of a legislative “regional” approach. To ensure that the spatial data infrastructures of the
Member States are compatible and usable in a Community and transboundary context, the Directive
requires that common Implementing Rules (IR) are adopted in a number of specific areas (Metadata,
Data Specifications, Network Services, Data and Service Sharing and Monitoring and Reporting). These
IRs are adopted as Commission Decisions or Regulations, and are binding in their entirety (European
Commission, 2011).
The directive, -that determines the standards related with the production of spatial data, access
to and use of the data, the protocols, inter-institutional coordination and the spatial data policies-,
enforces all members of European Union to comply with the technical and administrative arrangements
in the directive.
In Turkey the Council of Ministers Decree named “Turkey’s National Program for the Adoption,
Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring of European Union Acquis Communautaire” which is
published on 31.12.2008 with the number 2008/14481 is started to be executed by Ministry of
Environment and Forest abolished. It means that ‘taking into consideration the studies in European
Union and Turkey the implementation of INSPIRE Directive is started to execute under responsibility of
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Ministry of Environment and Forestry. There are 34 themes in the directive. 8 of them have general
information and 14 of them have the data which are directly under the responsibility of Ministry of
Environment and Forestry. Totally 22 themes are the environmental data which are directly related with
the ministry. Therefore it can be evaluated that the 60% of the themes in INSPIRE Directive are the
environmental data.
Spatial data is needed to implement and create the environmental policies. Many public
authorities are experienced different problems on availability, quality, accessibility and sharing of the
spatial data. To solve these problems the different levels of the public authorities need some
arrangements on the usage, access, sharing and exchange of spatial data and spatial data services.
The spatial data in different platforms can be achieved by using metadata services. Some services help
to view the information and layers, to overlay the data from different layers and to analyze. With the
qualified and the standardized the prevention of waste consisting of repeated production and the
increasing the effectiveness of the use of the spatial data are the aims of the directive. Also these
produced spatial data are served on web portals of the institutions/organizations according to the legal
infrastructure. In line with these requirements and the objectives the all projects and studies targeted to
be implemented in abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry are constructed and sustained in the
view of INSPIRE Directive.
Abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry has realized the information systems on
European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET), Environment Information
System (EIS), Water Database, Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) Project, Air
Quality Monitoring System, Storage of Hazardous Chemicals, Special Waste Information System, Natura
2000 and Noah’s Ark. Also to provide the integration of these projects and to create exchange of the
environmental data at national level Turkish Environmental Information Exchange Network (TEIEN)
Project is started with the aims of strengthening capacity of the environmental legislation and
inspection, establishing national policy, planning, environmental management, natural resource
management in December 2008. Finally to create Environmental Acquis (INSPIRE) is targeted with
regular data exchange (Civi et al. 2009a).
3. GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS) APPLICATIONS OF “THE MINISTRY OF FOREST
AND WATER AFFAIRS”
The projects which are started by abolish Ministry of Environment and Forestry are now executed under
the responsibility of Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs and its general directorates.
These are:
Web-based Geographic Information Systems Application
Geoportal
CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) Project
Noah’s Ark-National Biodiversity Database
Portal on Automation of Plan Restoration and Planning
Creation of Erosion Risk Maps with Sediment Models
GIS Application on Open/Closed Areas for Hunting
Monitoring the Climate Change with GIS
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3.1 Web-based Geographic Information Systems Application
Web-based Geographic Information Systems Application is executed by the Information Technologies
(IT) Department of the ministry and it is named as “Geodata” (Figure1).
This department is constituted from the IT Departments of General Directorate of State Hydraulic
Works, General Directorate of Forest and General Directorate of Meteorology. It provides the platform
for the geographic/spatial layers which are under the responsibility of all the institutions to be managed
by the authorities and to serve to the users via internet. Its infrastructure performs to share and
management of the spatial data among the institutions. Currently it works on satellite data and urban
maps of Google Maps and Microsoft Bings, also is compatible with the satellite data set of the ministry.
Totally there are 15 GIS servers in the ministry.
Figure1: A web view of Geodata.
The spatial data is replicated in specific time intervals. Each sub-organization arranges and
serves its own data to GIS Server. The living data such as Administrative Boundary, Transportation in the
ministry database are transferred to their own database.
On the web application there are 9 main layers: administrative boundary, transportation, water, forest,
reforestation, watershed protection, meteorology, environmental monitoring stations and protected
areas (http://geodata.cob.gov.tr/geodata/index.aspx). On the other hand it is known that more than
250 layers are published and served.
3.2 Geoportal
This application serves the spatial data and geo-metadata in different physical environments in
abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the concept of INSPIRE and ISO standards. These
different physical environments can be listed as the general directorates:
General Directorate of Environment Management
General Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment and Planning
General Directorate of Reforestation and Erosion Control
General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations
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General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks
Department of Research and Development
Special Environmental Protection Agency
The system has all functions that a geoportal should have according to INSPIRE Directive. The
spatial metadata (geometadata) can be published, researched, queried, viewed, and analyzed by using
user requirements. Also the users can be authorized to access the portal resource. The authorized users
can updated, delete, edit the geometadata, manage the system, access the map service server. The
geoportal has many components such as security manager, user registration, geocatalog, metadata
registration, metadata management, metadata research, data download, and map viewer. Figure2
shows a web page of Map Viewer of Geoportal.
Figure2: Map viewer of Geoportal.
The Geoportal Application is presented and introduced to all spatial data users and publishers in Ankara
on 22.03.2011.
The system is built on two different database. One of them is “Ministry Database” that the sub-
organizations of the ministry work. The other one is “INSPIRE Database” that has the European Union
INSPIRE Database standards, layers and themes. It stores limited information because of the common
usage (http://gis.cevreorman.gov.tr/cob2011/?page_id=440&lang=tr).
3.3 Turkey Land Monitoring System (CORINE- Coordination of Information on the Environment)
Project
The main aim of this project is to produce land use maps by using satellite images. The products
should provide the criteria of Europe Environment Agency (EAA) to protect and to monitor the
environment. Thereby land cover/land use changes can be determined with the remote sensing and
International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012)
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geographic information systems technologies. The project is used in many fields: to determine land
changes in the view of the environment protection in the concept of Program of Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security, to monitor the destruction of forest areas, to estimate the products, to
control the erosion, to deal with the forest fires and the desertification, to monitor the wetland changes,
to prepare watershed action plans, to prepare environmental arrangement plans and to create urban
maps. Figure3 shows the change detection from lake to the agricultural area and Figure4 shows land
cover in Aydın city.
The basic thought is to identify the environmental policies, to manage the natural resources
rationally, to collect the basic data and to create the standard database. EEA sets 5 main land cover
types as artificial areas, agricultural areas, forest and semi-natural areas, wetlands and water bodies,
and also 44 land use sub-classes. In Turkey 12 addition codes are developed. The data that are used in
these classes are shown in Table1.
Figure3: Change detection from lake to the agricultural area.
International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012)
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Figure4: Land cover in Aydın city
In Turkey Land Monitoring System Project is started in 1998. CORINE2000 Project that is used
LANDSAT images in 2000 is completed in 2008. CORINE2006 Project that is used satellite images from
2000 and 2006, and based on the land cover change detection is completed in 2009 (Civi et al. 2009b).
Table1: The data that are used in classes and sub-classes.
Name Type Accurate Year Resource
Image 1990 Landsat 30m. 1990 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Image 2000 Landsat 30m. 2000 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Image 2006 SPOT, IRS 20m. 2006 ESA (European Space Agency)
Topograph. Maps Raster map 1/25000 General Command of Mapping in Turkey
Stand Maps Digital map 1/25000 General Directorate of Forest
Soil Maps Digital map 1/25000 Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs
Irrigated fields Digital map 1/25000 General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works
A portal is created to present Land Monitoring System (LMS) as a whole in CORINE Project. LMS has 5
basic headlines as spatial planning, biodiversity, soil, water and forest. Under the title “land use/land
cover” WebGIS Application serves to access land and land related data that are presented in CORINE
Statistical Query (http://corine.cevreorman.gov.tr) (http://aris.cob.gov.tr)
3.4 Noah’s Ark National Biodiversity Database Project
Turkey has an extremely important position in biological diversity due to different climatic and
topographic features. Noah’s Ark National Biodiversity Database Project aims to contribute the nature
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work not to lose the biodiversity which is one of the important natural resources. In this project
concept:
The biodiversity that is the insurance of the living natural resources is guaranteed.
National obligations arising from international processes such as United Nations Conventions on
Biological Diversity and European Union Accession Negotiations are fulfilled.
Decision support systems for emergency cases are realized with this biodiversity database.
It is only one database that has “.gov” extension and is the biggest database at national level on the
biodiversity monitored and queried. It has the functions to query on “species”, “habitats” and “areas”
publicly, but limited for its own users. The database has been serving on www.nuhungemisi.gov.tr since
18.10.2007.
All public institution, scientists and academic research units, NGOs (Non-Governmental
Organization) which collects data on Turkey’s nature, the other institutions which have the biological
data and amateur researchers may contribute to this database.
In the project;
The data can be registered with their coordinates
The data can be filtered by time intervals, families, species, habitats, geographic areas,
protected areas or drawing on map view.
Species distribution maps can be achieved.
The changes in the status of red list species can be monitored over time.
The protected areas and the changes of the protected areas can be monitored over time.
The database can be used for important administrative decisions and environmental impact
evaluation reports.
The GIS layers of the ministry are utilized as basic data in this project. Essentially there are user
(visitor) module and management module. Also map module, the interfaces module based on the
species (such as biodiversity, wetland, wild life, alien and invasive), module for approving the species,
module for mass data input, query module, protected areas module and display module (red list
module) have been (http://www.nuhungemisi.gov.tr/IlgiliDokumanlar/NuhunGemisiBrosur.pdf)
3.5 Portal on Automation of Plan Restoration and Planning
To keep up to date the region-based and basin-based plans under the authority and
responsibility in GIS environment, to provide the decision makers accurate and reliable planning bases,
to make accessing updated plans with GIS automation after approving plan changes, to form the bases
for using all planning data, to create planning portal with present plans, to develop integrated modules
for plans with GIS infrastructure and to create planning information system through the other units of
the ministry are in the concept of the project. There are environmental plans in scale 1/100.000, special
environment protection area environmental plans in scale 1/250.000, national park and natural park
long term development plans, wetland management plans, watershed protection action plans, the
improvement and the management of the wildlife development areas, special provision studies in the
project.
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With the Automation of Plan Restoration the plans which are produced by abolished Ministry of
Environment and Forestry can be updated via internet and the necessary queries and analysis can be
realized over these data. The aim is to develop a holistic application through both GIS and MIS
(Management Information System) transferring the work processes for each unit to the software
language
The project is still going. It is expected from the project to facilitate cooperation and
interoperability by accessing the planning data in the common database, to provide the opportunity for
fast and accurate decision during the planning and revision term, to provide achieving metadata in the
international standards of ISO and INSPIRE, to create a process for increasing the productivity and
decreasing data loss in planning term, to save time-money-labor during the planning investigation term,
to increase the participation in the planning process.
3.6 Creation of Erosion Risk Maps with Sediment Models
This Project aims to determine basin, micro- and sub-basin boundaries with GIS techniques, to create
drainage network, to determine potential, real and annual average soil loss, to create erosion risk maps.
The model is generated in the quality that can be applied for all river basins. “Turkey Erosion Risk Map”
will be produced with the 26 basin models. In all river basins GIS and hydrologic analysis will be carried
out. The project will provide significant benefits to know erosion risk for soil and water sustainability and
to plan soil and water conservation measures.
3.7 GIS Application on Open/Closed Areas for Hunting
Every year in the body of the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and Natural Parks “The Map
for Open/Closed Areas for Hunting” is produced by Center Hunting Commission and province and town
hunting commission to arrange the hunting and to protect and to develop the hunting and wildlife. Also
these hard copy maps for each province will be created and served as internet based maps. Internet
based maps will be managed in GIS environment. In the scope of the project each province will carry out
its own hunting ground data entry (http://mak.ormansu.gov.tr/),
(Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, 2011),(http://gis2.cevreorman.gov.tr/mp/),
(http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr/dkmp/Haritalar/haritalar.html).
4. CONCLUSION
SDIs have social, economic and environmental benefits for the life. Therefore the infrastructure
should be established as soon as possible. Turkey has executed the Spatial Data Infrastructure studies by
selecting INSPIRE as a guide for Turkish National Spatial Data Infrastructure. While all
institutions/organizations are working to create initial SDI studies, organizational studies on National SDI
in Turkey is executed under coordination of General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Then
according to the Decree (numbered as 644 that is published on Official Gazette dated as 04.07.2011),
General Directorate of Geographic Information Systems (GDGIS) is established under Ministry of
Environment and Urbanization. The main duty of this general directorate is to establish, use and develop
National Geographic Information Systems, and to make and to support the studies and processes for
this aim. Hereafter GIS and SDI studies will continue under the control and leadership of General
Directorate of Geographic Information Systems. In this paper the environmental GIS studies that are
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started at abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry and continued at new Ministry of Forest and
Water Affairs. In future it is hoped that all GIS studies will be go on faster under the organization and
coordination of General Directorate of Geographic Information Systems.
REFERENCES
Civi, A., Akgündüz, E., Tezel, D. & Toru, E. (2009a). INSPIRE ve Türkiye Çevresel Veri Değişim Ağı (in
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Civi, A., Akgündüz, E., Kalaycı, K., İnan, Ç., Sarıca, E. & Toru, E (2009b). CORINE PROJESİ (in English:
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