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Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Spatial analysis of sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration in Karachi
Megapolis, Pakistan
Syed Nawaz-ul-Huda1, Farkhunda Burke
1, Erma Anwar
2,Imtiaz Ahmed
3, Muhammad
Miandad1and Muhammad Azam
2
1Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
2Department of Geography, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology,
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi, Pakistan. 3Faculty of Water Resources Management, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and
Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Rapid growth of motor vehicles in cities of Pakistan has brought in its wake a range of serious
socio-economic, environmental, health and welfare impacts. Of these impacts, those resulting
from urban air pollution, due to emissions from motor vehicles among other sources, have been
the focus of considerable public concern and policy attention. Vehicular smoke, burning of
garbage and low greenery have a predominant role in Karachi’s air pollution which subsequently
are causes of serious environmental degradation and lung diseases among the population. The
present study focuses on high traffic volume locations of Karachi for the study of SO2
concentration based on Minimum Curvature Interpolation technique. The study also focuses on
24 hours ambient data in selected places and identification of zones of SO2 concentration in
Karachi megapolis.
Keywords: Karachi, Pakistan, SO2, Minimum Curvature Interpolation, Burns Road
_____________________________________________________________________________ Correspondence: Syed Nawaz-ul-Huda Address: Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected] Phone: +92-333-3177399 Received : 02 Feb, 2013 Revised : 25 Jun, 2013 Accepted: 26 Jun, 2013 Copyright: ©2013 Huda et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are credited Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Clean air is an essential component of life
but air pollution plays a prominent role in its
spoilage and urban atmosphere. It is affected
by industrial development and high volume
of growing traffic. Air pollution is a severe
problem in most cities of the developing
world as compared to cities of the developed
world (Sivaramasundaram and pg. 1
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 2
Muthusubramanian, 2010; Viana et al, 2006;
Miranda, 2012 & Bell, 2007). The greatest
human and economic impacts of air
pollution are increased incidence of illness
and premature death which result from
human exposure to elevated levels of
harmful pollutants. The most common air
pollutants are sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of
nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO),
particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in urban areas, which
come from a wide variety of sources. The
single most important source generally
being fossil fuels (Gorham 2002 & Tiwari et
al, 2010).
Rapid growth in the number of motor
vehicles in cities of Pakistan has brought in
its wake a range of serious socio-economic,
environmental, health and welfare impacts.
Of these impacts, those resulting from urban
air pollution, due to emissions from motor
vehicles among other sources, have been the
focus of considerable public concern and
policy attention (Ilyas, 2007; Aziz and
Bajwa,2007; Aziz and Bajwa,2008; Ghouri
et al, 2007; Alam, et al., 2011;Majid, et al.,
2012b & Ali and Athar, 2010).
Sulfur oxides are one of the most abundant
pollutants (Dwivedi and Shashi, 2012).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the major
oxides of sulfur. It is a heavy, pungent,
colorless gas. It forms from the combination
of sulfur from emissions of coal burning
industries and atmospheric oxygen. Sulfur
dioxide is highly reactive and hence is not
cumulative. The maximum residence time is
probably 10 days. Much of the compound
combines with atmospheric water to form
sulfuric acid. Atmospheric sulfuric acid
causes the leaves of plants to turn yellow. It
dissolves limestone and marble, and is
highly corrosive of iron and steel.
SO2 reduces atmospheric visibility and
blocks out sunlight (Yang, et al, 2009). It is
also responsible for decreased wind speed
and temperature in winter due to its
increased concentration (Luvsan, et al.,
2012) thus being contributory factor of
serious repository ailments in urban
environments especially among children
(Smargiassi, et al., 2009; Dockery et al.,
1996). It is a major irritant to the eyes and
respiratory system and is lethal at a few
parts per million. SO2, which is emitted in
direct proportion to the amount of sulfur in
fuel, causes changes in lung function in
persons with asthma and exacerbates
respiratory symptoms in sensitive
individuals (Gasana, 2012; Thriel, et al.
2010 & Koenig, 1999).
Karachi is the capital city of the province of
Sindh, and the largest and thickly populated
(16 millions) city of Pakistan. Located
strategically between 24.750 to 25.656 N
and 66.653 to 67.574 E on the coast of the
Arabian Sea, north-west of the Indus River
delta, it covers an area of 3,600 km² (Fig.1).
High volume of ground traffic in the urban
areas, mostly heavily populated cities acts as
one of the major factors in climate change
and cities including Karachi have observed
an increasing trend in temperature (Alam
and Rabbani 2007; Edmilson et al. 2007; Liu
et al, 2007; Yin et al. 2007; Chung et al.
2004 & Sajjad et al, 2009). Vehicular
smoke, burning of garbage and low greenery
(Azam, et al., 2012) are significant
contributors to the air pollution of Karachi
and one of the prime causes of serious
environmental degradation and henceforth
lung diseases among the population. SO2
concentration has become one of the
essential factors (Naddafiet al.2012) in
accelerating weathering of monuments,
buildings, and other stone and metal
structures (Plate.1).
The current study focuses on the hypothesis
that high traffic volume in Karachi is a
major cause of high SO2 pollution in various
parts of the city. In this scenario, the
objectives of this study are:
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 3
Analysis of 24 hours SO2 data from
selected sample sites of the city.
Identification ofSO2 concentration zones
in Karachi Megapolis.
Demarcation of probable expansion of
SO2 through Minimum Curvature
method.
S h a
h r
a h
– e
– P a
k I
s t a
n
N o r t h e r n
M a n g h o p i r R
d
Landhi
Bin Qasim
Gulshan
Iqbal
New
Karachi
Gulistan
Jauhar
Malir
Cantonment
Quaidabad
S e a V i e w
Rashid M
inhas Rd
Gulshan-e-
Maymar
Industrial Area Rd
Hub R
iver Rd (R
CD
)
PAF
Masroor
Korangi
Creek
– F
a i s
a l
Karachi Port
0 5
kilometers
Mauripur
M a
l i
r
R i
v e
r
M a l i r R i v e r
Arabian
Sea
Arabian Sea
R
i
v e
rL
y
a r
i
S u p e r H i g h w a y
N a t i o n a l H i g h w a y
Defence
Housing
Authority
B y
p a
s s
Korangi Rd
N o
r t h
e r
n
Korangi
Manora
B y
p a s s
1
25
6
26
2028
2
22
3
23
4
57
148
9
1024
27
12 15
13 16
1719 18
21
1. SUPARCO 2. Karimabad 3. Liaquatabad 10 4. Tin Hatti 5. Guru Mandir 6. Old Numaish 7. Garden Road 8. Tibet Center 9.
Maulvi Musafir Khana Road 10. Merewether Tower 11. Shaheen Complex 12. Burns Road 13. Preedy Street 14. Empress
Market 15. Metropole Hotel 16. FTC 17. Teen Talwar 18. Sunset Boulevard & Gizri Road 19. Gizri Road & Punjab Colony
20. Drigh Road 21. KPT 22. North Nazimabad 23. Nazimabad 24. Mauripur Road 25. Sohrab Goth 26. Gulshan Chowrangi
27. Gulbai 28. Maritime Museum
11
Fig 1: Study Area and Sample Sites
SO2 Affected Part Renovated portion
Plate 1: SO2 affected limestone buildings in the study area.
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 4
Due to reported news regarding rapid
growth of chronic diseases and speedy
weathering of limestone constructed
buildings and monuments; the present study
has focused only on SO2 analysis.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
For the present study 28 locations of varied
local activities including traffic density
based on previous study of SUPARCO have
been selected. Air quality samples were
collected during the period of March 2007 to
October 2007 with the help of Sulfur
Dioxide Monitor Z-1300XP equipment.
Various techniques for the scholarly study of
air pollutants have been applied
(Hadjimitsis, 2009; Wald, et al, 2009).
In present study, surface gridding analysis
has been designed, based on Minimum
Curvature method through Mapinfo
Professional 11/ Encom Discover 12. This
technique is widely used for analysis in the
Earth Sciences (Huda et al., 2011; Briggs,
1974; Kurtzman and Kadmon 1999).
Selection of this method is based on its
smoothness of possible surface within the
area of grid analysis. For the purposes of
spatial analysis, this method is fast, effective
and suitable over a wide range of smoothly
varying regional data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Spatial analysis, one of the basic tenets of
Geography, is a convenient method of
providing an insight into the measurement of
atmospheric pollution of any area. Under
this technique, ambient expansion can be
observed through visual contacts (Fig.2 to
25). Highest concentration of SO2 has been
observed at various places, among which
Guru Mandir, Mauripur, Metropole and
Sohrab Goth have emerged as the most
prominent locations (Fig.2). These areas are
the high traffic volume belts in Karachi
megapolis. Mauripur, located near Karachi
port is the biggest Trailer Truck stand where
hundreds of Trailers are parked and loaded
round the clock. Sohrab Goth, which is one
of the intercity bus terminuses, is another
busiest traffic zone in the study area located
at the urban periphery. Guru Mandir, which
is a junction of heavy and light traffic, is
located in the center of the city. The Hotel
Metropole junction is another crossroad of
light traffic especially for VIP movement in
the megapolis.
Fig.3 shows almost the same result as that of
the previous hour, however, SO2
concentration movement is diverted to other
directions. The area of concentration has
spread out markedly towards the eastern
part. KPT Interchange, gateway of Landhi-
Korangi Industrial area witnesses heavy
traffic after the mid night since the city
traffic law allows heavy traffic only after
that time. Figs.4 and 5 depict similar
concentration zones. In Figs.6 and 7, Preedy
Street and Drigh Road have emerged as new
zones of SO2 concentration. Fig. 8 depicts an
increase in traffic flow in the city and by
7am the coverage of low SO2 concentration
zones shows a marked decrease (Fig.9).
High pollution zones can be observed from
8am to 11am in the southern part of the city
where business offices, trade centers and
other centers of occupational activities are
concentrated, which lead to an increase in
traffic volume (Figs.10 to 13). Figs 14 and
15 reveal that FTC area appears as being a
high SO2 concentration zone, while
concentration in this area further increases at
14:00 and 15:00 hours (Figs. 16 to 17).
In the study area during the late afternoon
hours, except for some locations, high level
of SO2 can be observed in the northern,
eastern, southeastern and western parts. At
16:00 and 17:00 hours, the central part
shows the same pattern of SO2 concentration
(Figs. 18 &19). The level of pollution
concentration shows an increase that extends
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 5
from Empress Market (14) to FTC (16)
areas at this time. Fig. 20 shows the level of
spread of this area further towards
Merewether Tower (10), engulfing Gizri
Road and Punjab Colony areas as well. By
19:00 hours, depicted in Fig. 21, the SO2
zone moves from FTC towards KPT. At this
time Gulshan Chowrangi also emerges as
another high level SO2 zone. By 20:00 hours
(Fig. 22) SO2 high concentration zone
further spreads from Gulshan Chowrangi to
Sohrab Goth by 21:00 hours towards Drigh
Road area, while increase in concentration at
FTC and its neighboring locations are also
recorded (Fig. 23). In the study area, traffic
volume decreases during the night hours
especially between 20:00 and 23:00 hours.
Except for some critical locations, this
pattern is visible in most of the worst traffic
congested areas where level of SO2 falls
during the nighttime. Daily analysis reveals
that SUPARCO and Maritime Museum
locations are zones of least concentration of
SO2, while high concentration zones have
been recorded at Mauripur Road, Guru
Mandir, Sohrab Goth, Merewether Tower,
Empress Market, Drigh Road, FTC, Gulshan
Chowrangi and KPT areas (Figs. 24 &
25).Hourly variation in concentration can be
observed at SUPARCO location from 13:00
to 20:00 hours when volume of vehicle
movement is considerably higher than
during the nighttime to early morning hours
(Fig.26). Maritime museum is another
location of low concentration of SO2, where
hourly observations reveal negligible
variations because the area lies in the
jurisdiction of cantonment administration
and generally public vehicles do not halt
here for a long time; most of them flowing
in a stream (Fig. 27). Preedy Street reveals
marked variation in terms of SO2
concentration round the clock. Being the
busiest trade center of the city, the volume
of traffic is quite high. The building
structures are multistoried, mostly of stone.
Low concentration of SO2 has been recorded
during the late night to early morning hours
(Fig. 28). Tin Hatti has recorded very little
difference round the clock, with consistently
high readings except for a few hours during
late night. The area is mainly residential,
consisting of single story houses. Buses and
cars in thousands ply through this area (Fig.
29).
Concentration of SO2 at Teen Talwar area is
highly varied. Peak hours are 9am to 18:00
hours but from 19:00 to 21:00 hours the
level shows a decrease and retains high
concentration from 22:00 to 00:00 hours.
This area is a high class residential area of
the megapolis, yet the peaks of SO2 during
late night hours are much higher as
compared to that of working hours (Fig. 30).
The peak hours of SO2 concentration at
Gulshan Chowrangi area is between 18:00 to
00:00 hours (Fig. 31) because of heavy
traffic due to the presence of marriage halls.
Social functions in the megapolis are
arranged mainly during the nighttime, after
working hour’s business activities in that
area then for extend even till late hours i.e.,
22:00 hours. At Maulvi Musafir Khana SO2
concentration can be observed at a low level
during midnight to early morning (Fig. 32).
Empress Market is a purely trading area
where high level concentration of SO2 has
been recorded during 17:00 to 23:00 hours
during which worst traffic congestion is a
common sight (Fig. 33). Ghizri Road and
Punjab Colony’s location portray almost
same picture as that of Empress Market (Fig.
34). High level concentration hours at Tibet
Center location are 18:00 to 00:00 hours
(Fig. 35). Old Nomaish is another location
where concentration level increases
gradually from 12:00 to 20:00 hours and
then rapidly between 21:00 to 00:00 hours
(Fig. 36). SO2 concentration reveals
remarkable variation at Merewether Tower
with reference to 24 hours data. Peak hours
can be in the study area during the late
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 6
afternoon hours. Except for some locations,
high level of SO2 can be observed between
13:00 and 14:00 hours and between 18:00
and 20:00 hours, the peak being recorded at
19:00 hours. Subsequently it drops between
21:00 and 23:00 hours (Fig. 37). Gulbai
peak hours started from 11am and gradually
increased till 17:00 hours while the peak has
been recorded at 18:00 hours. Decreasing
trend is visible from 19:00 hours till 8:00 am
(Fig. 38).
Shaheen Complex shows great variation
between morning and night hours in terms
of SO2 concentration. Lowest volume has
been recorded at 6am, which subsequently
shows gradual increase, dropping one again
at 13:00 hours. Peak hours are 20:00 to
21:00 hours and decreasing trend
commences from 21:00 hours, while
concentration reveals sinking trend till early
morning (Fig. 39). Garden area is a highly
congested area with reference to traffic
volume, and SO2 concentration level
increases between 20:00 to 00:00 hours.
14:00 hour records peak SO2 concentration
probably because of traffic rush due to
plying of school vans, which plays a
significant role in traffic congestion (Fig.
40). In Burns road area, level of
concentration trend has been observed to be
a little different from other locations because
high SO2 concentration has been recorded
even during the fore noon and afternoon
times (Fig. 41). Boulevard and Gizri area
depicts very interesting variation regarding
SO2 concentration where decreasing trends
start from midnight to early morning.
Subsequently, increasing trend commences
from 7:00 to 14:00 hours. Another decreased
trend can be observed from 15:00 to 17:00
hours, while a repeated increase from 20:00
to 00:00 hours is visible. This increased
phenomenon is a real picture of traffic
trends of this location (Fig. 42).
SO2concentration is constant but at a lower
level at Karimabad. Increased peaks can be
observed between 12:00 and 14:00 hours
and between 17:00 to 22:00 hours (Fig.
43).Hourly variation in concentration can be
observed at SUPARCO location from 13:00
to 20:00 hours when volume of vehicle
movement is considerably higher than
during the nighttime to early morning hours
(Fig.26). Maritime museum is another
location of low concentration of SO2, where
hourly observations reveal negligible
variations because the area lies in the
jurisdiction of cantonment administration
and generally public vehicles do not halt
here for a long time; most of them flowing
in a stream (Fig. 27). Preedy Street reveals
marked variation in terms of SO2
concentration round the clock. Being the
busiest trade center of the city, the volume
of traffic is quite high. The building
structures are multistoried, mostly of stone.
Low concentration of SO2 has been recorded
during the late night to early morning hours
(Fig. 28). Tin Hatti has recorded very little
difference round the clock, with consistently
high readings except for a few hours during
late night. The area is mainly residential,
consisting of single story houses. Buses and
cars in thousands ply through this area (Fig.
29).
Concentration of SO2 at Teen Talwar area is
highly varied. Peak hours are 9am to 18:00
hours but from 19:00 to 21:00 hours the
level shows a decrease and retains high
concentration from 22:00 to 00:00 hours.
This area is a high class residential area of
the megapolis, yet the peaks of SO2 during
late night hours are much higher as
compared to that of working hours (Fig.
30).The peak hours of SO2 concentration at
Gulshan Chowrangi area is between 18:00 to
00:00 hours (Fig. 31) because of heavy
traffic due to the presence of marriage halls.
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 7
NNN
Fig.2, 00:00 hours Fig.3, 1:00AM
Fig.4, 02:00 hours Fig.5, 03:00 hours
Fig.6, 04:00 hours Fig.7, 05:00 hours
Fig.8, 06:00 hours Fig.9, 07:00 hours
1. SUPARCO 2. Karimabad 3. Liaquatabad 10 4. Tin Hatti 5. Guru Mandir 6. Old Numaish 7. Garden Road 8.
Tibet Center 9. Maulvi Musafir Khana Road 10. Merewether Tower 11. Shaheen Complex 12. Burns Road 13.
Preedy Street 14. Empress Market 15. Metropole Hotel 16. FTC 17. Teen Talwar 18. Sunset Boulevard & Gizri
Road 19. Gizri Road & Punjab Colony 20. Drigh Road 21. KPT 22. North Nazimabad 23. Nazimabad 24. Mauripur
Road 25. Sohrab Goth 26. Gulshan Chowrangi 27. Gulbai 28. Maritime Museum
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
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16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
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16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
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1511
129
10
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27
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26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
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5
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211819
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3
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5
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211819
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1511
129
10
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27
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26
25
2028
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3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
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16
1511
129
10
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27
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26
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2028
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2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
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16
1511
129
10
24
27
Sulphur Dioxide Concentration at different hours of the day-Karachi
Social functions in the megapolis are
arranged mainly during the nighttime, after
working hour’s business activities in that
areas then for extend even till late hours i.e.,
22:00 hours. At Maulvi Musafir Khana SO2
concentration can be observed at a low level
during midnight to early morning (Fig. 32).
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 8
Empress Market is a purely trading area
where high level concentration of SO2 has
been recorded during 17:00 to 23:00 hours
during which worst traffic congestion is a
common sight (Fig. 33). Ghizri Road and
Punjab Colony’s location portray almost
same picture as that of Empress Market (Fig.
34). High level concentration hours at Tibet
Center location are 18:00 to 00:00 hours
(Fig. 35). Old Nomaish is another location
where concentration level increases
gradually from 12:00 to 20:00 hours and
then rapidly between 21:00 to 00:00 hours
(Fig. 36). SO2 concentration reveals
remarkable variation at Merewether Tower
with reference to 24 hours data. Peak hours
can be in the study area during the late
afternoon hours. Except for some locations,
high level of SO2 can be observed between
13:00 and 14:00 hours and between 18:00
and 20:00 hours, the peak being recorded at
19:00 hours. Subsequently it drops between
21:00 and 23:00 hours (Fig. 37). Gulbai
peak hours started from 11am and gradually
increased till 17:00 hours while the peak has
been recorded at 18:00 hours. Decreasing
trend is visible from 19:00 hours till 8:00 am
(Fig. 38).
Shaheen Complex shows great variation
between morning and night hours in terms
of SO2 concentration. Lowest volume has
been recorded at 6am, which subsequently
shows gradual increase, dropping one again
at 13:00 hours. Peak hours are 20:00 to
21:00 hours and decreasing trend
commences from 21:00 hours, while
concentration reveals sinking trend till early
morning (Fig. 39). Garden area is a highly
congested area with reference to traffic
volume, and SO2 concentration level
increases between 20:00 to 00:00 hours.
14:00 hour records peak SO2 concentration
probably because of traffic rush due to
plying of school vans, which plays a
significant role in traffic congestion (Fig.
40). In Burns road area, level of
concentration trend has been observed to be
a little different from other locations because
high SO2 concentration has been recorded
even during the fore noon and afternoon
times (Fig. 41). Boulevard and Gizri area
depicts very interesting variation regarding
SO2 concentration where decreasing trends
start from midnight to early morning.
Subsequently, increasing trend commences
from 7:00 to 14:00 hours. Another decreased
trend can be observed from 15:00 to 17:00
hours, while a repeated increase from 20:00
to 00:00 hours is visible. This increased
phenomenon is a real picture of traffic
trends of this location (Fig. 42). SO2
concentration is constant but at a lower level
at Karimabad. Increased peaks can be
observed between 12:00 and 14:00 hours
and between 17:00 to 22:00 hours (Fig.
43).North Nazimabad shows smooth traffic
flow between 1am to 10am. The SO2 level
increases at 19:00 hours and subsequently
decreases between19:00 hours till midnight
(Fig. 44). KPT Interchange is another
location of excessive traffic in the
megapolis. Throughout the day, SO2
concentration level at this location can be
observed as being exceedingly high. KPT
being the gateway to the highly populated
areas of Landhi and Korangi, including
Landhi-Korangi Industrial Zone, is the
junction of both light and heavy vehicular
traffic (Fig. 45).
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 9
Fig.10, 08:00 hours Fig.11, 09:00 hours
Fig.12, 10:00 hours Fig.13, 11:00 hours
Fig.14, 12:00 hours Fig.15, 13:00 hours
Fig.16, 14:00 hours Fig.17, 15:00 hours
1
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25
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3
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138
211819
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129
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26
25
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3
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5
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138
211819
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129
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3
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138
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25
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3
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3
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27
ppb ppb
ppb ppb
ppb ppb
ppb ppb
1. SUPARCO 2. Karimabad 3. Liaquatabad 10 4. Tin Hatti 5. Guru Mandir 6. Old Numaish 7. Garden Road 8.
Tibet Center 9. Maulvi Musafir Khana Road 10. Merewether Tower 11. Shaheen Complex 12. Burns Road 13.
Preedy Street 14. Empress Market 15. Metropole Hotel 16. FTC 17. Teen Talwar 18. Sunset Boulevard & Gizri
Road 19. Gizri Road & Punjab Colony 20. Drigh Road 21. KPT 22. North Nazimabad 23. Nazimabad 24.
Mauripur Road 25. Sohrab Goth 26. Gulshan Chowrangi 27. Gulbai 28. Maritime Museum
Sulphur Dioxide Concentration at different hours of the day-Karachi
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Online available at www.luawms.edu.pk pg. 10
Fig.18, 16:00 hours Fig.19, 17:00 hours
Fig.20, 18:00 hours Fig.21, 19:00 hours
Fig.22, 20:00 hours Fig.23, 21:00 hours
Fig.24, 22:00 hours Fig.25, 23:00 hours
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
1
26
25
2028
22
2
3
23
4
5
6
14
7
138
211819
17
16
1511
129
10
24
27
ppb ppb
ppb ppb
ppb ppb
ppb ppb
1. SUPARCO 2. Karimabad 3. Liaquatabad 10 4. Tin Hatti 5. Guru Mandir 6. Old Numaish 7. Garden Road 8.
Tibet Center 9. Maulvi Musafir Khana Road 10. Merewether Tower 11. Shaheen Complex 12. Burns Road 13.
Preedy Street 14. Empress Market 15. Metropole Hotel 16. FTC 17. Teen Talwar 18. Sunset Boulevard & Gizri
Road 19. Gizri Road & Punjab Colony 20. Drigh Road 21. KPT 22. North Nazimabad 23. Nazimabad 24. Mauripur
Road 25. Sohrab Goth 26. Gulshan Chowrangi 27. Gulbai 28. Maritime Museum
Sulphur Dioxide Concentration at different hours of the day-Karachi
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Fig. 27, Maritime Museum Fig. 28, Preedy Street Fig. 29 , Tin Hatti
1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2324
0
10
15
5
1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
5
10
15
20
Peak and Slack Levels of SO2 Round the Clock at different Samples Sites - Karachi
Fig. 26 , SUPARCO
4
1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
232412
8
0
ppb 1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
1 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
40
Fig. 31, Gulshan Chowrangi
0
10
20
301
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24 1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
40
Fig. 33, Empress MarketFig. 32, M Musafir Khana
12
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
Fig. 30, Teen Talwar
Fig. 43, Karimabad Fig. 42,Boulevard & Gizri Fig. 44, North Nazimabad Fig. 45, KPT
0
5
10
15
20
251 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
401 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
401 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
301 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
Fig. 41, Burns Road
0
10
20
30
401 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
5
10
15
20
251 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
Fig. 40, Garden RoadFig.39, Shaheen Complex
0
10
20
30
401 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2324
0
10
20
30
401 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
Fig.38, Gulbai
.
Fig. 35, Tibat Center ColonyFig. 34, Ghizri Rd &Punjab Colony Fig. 37, Merewether Tower
1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30 1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
1516
17
18
19
20
21
22
2324
0
10
20
30
40
Fig. 36, Nomaish
1 23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2324
0
10
20
30
401
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11121314
1516
17
18
19
20
21
22
2324
0
5
10
15
20
25
pg. 11
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Fig.51, Metropole Hotel Fig.53, Guru Mandir
Fig. 47, Drigh Road Fig. 49, Nazimabad
0
10
20
30
401
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1213
1415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
401 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
401 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
301 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
Fig. 46, FTC Fig. 48, Liaquatabad 10
0
10
20
301 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
301 2
34
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
401
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
0
10
20
30
401
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12131415
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
Fig. 50, Sohrab Goth Fig. 52, Mauripur Road
ppb
FTC shows high SO2 concentration
variations round the clock. During midnight
to early morning the level is considerably
decreased, while concentration increasing
trend can be observed between 7:00 and
13:00 hours. Peak hours are 13:00 and 19:00
hours till 20:00 hours, which is in
accordance the with traffic flow on this road
(Fig. 46). Sohrab Goth depicts more or less
constant values between 15 and 17ppb
during03:00 to 10:00 hours and highest peak
at noon from 11:00 hours and then gradually
increases to a peak of 27ppb around 12
noon. During the night hours especially at
21:00 hours, highest concentration level of
the day i.e. approximately 29 ppb has been
recorded (Fig. 50). Metropole Hotel, where
most of the traffic consists of new and old
cars, have recorded high level of
concentration during the working hours i.e.,
09:00 till 20:00 hours. Lowered SO2
concentration has been recorded between
early morning 03:00 and 07:00 hours (Fig.
51). Mauripur Road showed a marked drop
in concentration level of SO2 during late
night hours i.e., 00:00 hours and afternoon
time i.e.,16:00 to19:00 hours (Fig. 52).
Observations of SO2 concentration at Guru
Mandir round the clock, showed a notable
variation. Peak readings have been recorded
at 03:00, 12:00,16:00, 18:00 and 21:00
hours around 30ppb and highest at 21:00
hours, more than 30ppb (Fig.53).
According to WHO (2006) guidelines
regarding air quality on the basis of 24
hours mean data, except for SUPARCO, all
locations in the study area record high
concentration of SO2 (Fig. 54). Burns Road
has recorded highest concentration due to
high volume of traffic and congestion of
surrounding buildings. The area is also
known as Food Street, where hundreds of
people come for lunch and dinner. During
11:00 to 00:00 hours Burns Road is one of
the busiest locations in terms of people’s
activities in the study area. Guru Mandir,
Mauripur and FTC are areas with second
highest SO2 concentration, where traffic
keeps flowing round the clock. pg. 12
Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology (2013) Vol-2 ISSN 2306-8256
Study Area 24 hours mean
Gu
ru M
an
dir
SU
PA
RC
O
Mari
tim
e M
use
um
Pre
ed
y S
treet
Tin
Hatt
i
Teen
Talw
ar
Gu
lsh
an
Ch
ow
ran
gi
Mu
safi
r K
han
a R
oad
Em
pre
ss M
ark
et
Giz
ri R
oad
Tib
et
Cen
ter
Old
Nu
mais
h
Mere
weth
er
To
wer
Gu
lbai
Sh
ah
een
Co
mp
lex
Gard
en
Ro
ad
Bu
rns
Ro
ad
Su
nse
t B
ou
lev
ard
Kari
mab
ad
No
rth
Nazim
ab
ad
KP
T
FT
C
Dri
gh
Ro
ad
Lia
qu
ata
bad
10
Nazim
ab
ad
So
hra
b G
oth
Metr
op
ole
Ho
tel
Mau
rip
ur
Ro
ad
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80(u
g/m
3)
SO
2C
on
cen
trati
on
WHO 24 hours mean
Fig 54: SO2 concentration in Study Area and WHO 24 hours mean
CONCLUSION
Karachi megapolis, aspiring to become a
World Class City, can least afford a polluted
environment. Institutions, both in the public
as well as private sectors, must be revamped
with resources and skills necessary to
control vehicular emissions. With reference
to third world countries, in view of financial
constraints, such measures must be cost
effective in order to ensure success. This
may be possible by extending attractive
incentives to both individual and firms, and
by promoting and adopting advance and
cleaner technologies and fuels. This will go
a long way in achieving a millennium goal,
i.e. improving environmental quality, an
inherent part of quality of life.
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