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Spartacus

The Death of Spartacus by Hermann Vogel (1882)

Rebel slave leader

Personal details

Born 111 BCThe area around the middle course ofthe Strymon(modern­day Struma river, Bulgaria)

Died 71 BCBattlefield near to Petelia(modern­day Strongoli, Calabria,Italy)

Nationality Thracian

Military service

Battles/wars Third Servile War

SpartacusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Spartacus (Greek: Σπάρτακος Spártakos; Latin:Spartacus[1]) (111–71 BCE) was a Thracian gladiatorwho, along with the Gauls Crixus, Oenomaus, Castus andGannicus, was one of the free men leaders in the ThirdServile War, a major slave uprising against the RomanRepublic. Little is known about Spartacus beyond theevents of the war, and surviving historical accounts aresometimes contradictory and may not always be reliable.All sources agree that he was a former gladiator and anaccomplished military leader.

This rebellion, interpreted by some as an example ofoppressed people fighting for their freedom against aslave­owning oligarchy, has been an inspiration to manypolitical thinkers, and has been featured in literature,television, and film. Although this is not contradicted byclassical historians, no historical account mentions thatthe goal of the rebel free men was to end slavery in theRepublic, nor do any of the actions of the rebel leaders,who themselves committed numerous atrocities, seemspecifically aimed at ending slavery.[2]

Contents

1 Origins2 Enslavement and escape3 Third Servile War4 Objectives5 Legacy

5.1 Politics5.2 Artistic

5.2.1 Film and television5.2.2 Literature5.2.3 Music

5.3 Sports5.4 Video games5.5 Places

6 See also

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Balkan tribes, including the Maedi.

The extent of the Roman Republic at 100BC.

7 References8 Bibliography

8.1 Classical authors8.2 Modern historiography

9 External links

Origins

The ancient sources agree that Spartacus was a Thracian.Plutarch describes him as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock".[3]Appian says he was "a Thracian by birth, who had once servedas a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner andsold for a Gladiator".[4]

Florus (2.8.8) described him as one "who, from a Thracianmercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted andbecame enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of hisstrength, a gladiator".[5] The authors refer to the Thracian tribeof the Maedi,[6][7][8] which occupied the area on thesouthwestern fringes of Thrace, along its border with theRoman province of Macedonia ­ present day south­western Bulgaria.[9] Plutarch also writes that Spartacus'wife, a prophetess of the Maedi tribe, was enslaved with him.

The name Spartacus is otherwise attested in the Black Sea region: Thracian kings are known to have borneit.

Enslavement and escape

According to the differing sources and their interpretation,Spartacus either was an auxiliary from the Roman legions latercondemned to slavery, or a captive taken by the legions.[10]Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school (ludus) nearCapua belonging to Lentulus Batiatus. He was a heavyweightgladiator called a murmillo. These fighters carried a big oblongshield (scutum), and used a sword with a broad, straight blade(gladius), about 18 inches long.[11] In 73 BC, Spartacus wasamong a group of gladiators plotting an escape.[12]

The plot was betrayed but about 70[13] men seized kitchenimplements, fought their way free from the school, and seizedseveral wagons of gladiatorial weapons and armor.[12] The

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Slaves in chains, relief found atSmyrna, Roman province of Asia(modern Turkey)

escaped free men defeated a small force sent after them, plundered the region surrounding Capua, recruitedmany other slaves into their ranks, and eventually retired to a more defensible position on MountVesuvius.[14][15]

Once free, the escaped gladiators chose Spartacus and two Gallic slaves—Crixus and Oenomaus—as theirleaders. Although Roman authors assumed that the free men were a homogeneous group with Spartacus astheir leader, they may have projected their own hierarchical view of military leadership onto thespontaneous organization of the free men, reducing other slave leaders to subordinate positions in theiraccounts. The positions of Crixus and Oenomaus—and later, Gannicus and Castus—cannot be clearlydetermined from the sources.

Third Servile War

The response of the Romans was hampered by the absence of theRoman legions, which were already engaged in fighting a revolt inHispania and the Third Mithridatic War. Furthermore, the Romansconsidered the rebellion more of a policing matter than a war.Rome dispatched militia under the command of praetor GaiusClaudius Glaber, which besieged Spartacus and his camp onMount Vesuvius, hoping that starvation would force Spartacus tosurrender. They were surprised when Spartacus, who had maderopes from vines, climbed down the cliff side of the volcano withhis men and attacked the unfortified Roman camp in the rear,killing most of them.[16]

The free men also defeated a second expedition, nearly capturingthe praetor commander, killing his lieutenants and seizing the military equipment.[17] With these successes,more and more slaves flocked to the Spartacan forces, as did "many of the herdsmen and shepherds of theregion", swelling their ranks to some 70,000.[18]

In these altercations Spartacus proved to be an excellent tactician, suggesting that he may have had previousmilitary experience. Though the free men lacked military training, they displayed a skillful use of availablelocal materials and unusual tactics when facing the disciplined Roman armies.[19] They spent the winter of73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, and expanding their raiding territory to includethe towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum.[20] The distance between these locations and thesubsequent events indicate that the slaves operated in two groups commanded by the remaining leadersSpartacus and Crixus.

In the spring of 72 BC, the free men left their winter encampments and began to move northward. At thesame time, the Roman Senate, alarmed by the defeat of the praetorian forces, dispatched a pair of consularlegions under the command of Lucius Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus.[21] Thetwo legions were initially successful—defeating a group of 30,000 free men commanded by Crixus nearMount Garganus[22]—but then were defeated by Spartacus. These defeats are depicted in divergent ways bythe two most comprehensive (extant) histories of the war by Appian and Plutarch.[23][24][25][26]

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The Fall of Spartacus

Alarmed by the apparently unstoppable rebellion, the Senate charged Marcus Licinius Crassus, thewealthiest man in Rome and the only volunteer for the position, with ending the rebellion. Crassus was putin charge of eight legions, approximately 40,000 trained Roman soldiers,[27][28] which he treated with harsh,even brutal, discipline, reviving the punishment of unit decimation.[29] When Spartacus and his followers,who for unclear reasons had retreated to the south of Italy, moved northward again in early 71 BC, Crassusdeployed six of his legions on the borders of the region and detached his legate Mummius with two legionsto maneuver behind Spartacus. Though ordered not to engage the free men, Mummius attacked at aseemingly opportune moment but was routed.[30] After this, Crassus' legions were victorious in severalengagements, forcing Spartacus farther south through Lucania as Crassus gained the upper hand. By the endof 71 BC, Spartacus was encamped in Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), near the Strait of Messina.

According to Plutarch, Spartacus made a bargain with Cilician piratesto transport him and some 2,000 of his men to Sicily, where heintended to incite a slave revolt and gather reinforcements. However,he was betrayed by the pirates, who took payment and thenabandoned the rebel free men.[30] Minor sources mention that therewere some attempts at raft and shipbuilding by the rebels as a meansto escape, but that Crassus took unspecified measures to ensure therebels could not cross to Sicily, and their efforts were abandoned.[31]Spartacus' forces then retreated toward Rhegium. Crassus' legionsfollowed and upon arrival built fortifications across the isthmus atRhegium, despite harassing raids from the rebel free men. The rebelswere now under siege and cut off from their supplies.[32]

At this time, the legions of Pompey returned from Hispania and wereordered by the Senate to head south to aid Crassus.[33] While Crassusfeared that Pompey's arrival would cost him the credit, Spartacusunsuccessfully tried to reach an agreement with Crassus.[34] WhenCrassus refused, a portion of Spartacus' forces fled toward themountains west of Petelia (modern Strongoli) in Bruttium, with Crassus' legions in pursuit.[35]

When the legions managed to catch a portion of the rebels separated from the main army,[36] disciplineamong Spartacus' forces broke down as small groups were independently attacking the oncominglegions.[37] Spartacus now turned his forces around and brought his entire strength to bear on the legions ina last stand, in which the free men were routed completely, with the vast majority of them being killed onthe battlefield.[38]

The final battle that saw the assumed defeat of Spartacus in 71 BC took place on the present territory ofSenerchia on the right bank of the river Sele in the area that includes the border with Oliveto Citra up tothose of Calabritto, near the village of Quaglietta, in High Sele Valley, which at that time was part ofLucania. In this area, since 1899, there have been finds of armor and swords of the Roman era.

Plutarch, Appian and Florus all claim that Spartacus died during the battle, but Appian also reports that hisbody was never found.[39] Six thousand survivors of the revolt captured by the legions of Crassus werecrucified, lining the Appian Way from Rome to Capua.[40]

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Crassus crucified 6,000 of Spartacus'sfollowers on the road between Rome andCapua. 1878 painting by FedorAndreevich Bronnikov

Objectives

Classical historians were divided as to what the motives ofSpartacus were. None of Spartacus' actions overtly suggest thathe aimed at reforming Roman society or abolishing slavery.

Plutarch writes that Spartacus wished to escape north intoCisalpine Gaul and disperse his men back to their homes.[41] Ifescaping the Italian peninsula was indeed his goal, it is not clearwhy Spartacus turned south after defeating the legionscommanded by the consuls Lucius Publicola and GnaeusClodianus, which left his force a clear passage over the Alps.

Appian and Florus write that he intended to march on Romeitself.[42] Appian also states that he later abandoned that goal,which might have been no more than a reflection of Roman fears.

Based on the events in late 73 BC and early 72 BC, which suggest independently operating groups of freemen[43] and a statement by Plutarch, it appears that some of the escaped free men preferred to plunder Italy,rather than escape over the Alps.[41]

Legacy

Politics

Toussaint L'Ouverture, a leader of the slave revolt that led to the independence of Haiti, was calledthe "Black Spartacus" by one of his defeated opponents, the Comte de Lavaux.Founder of the Bavarian Illuminati, Adam Weishaupt, often referred to himself as Spartacus within

written correspondences.[44]

Karl Marx listed Spartacus as one of his heroes, and described him as "the most splendid fellow inthe whole of ancient history" and "[a] great general ([though] no Garibaldi), noble character, real

representative of the ancient proletariat."[45]

Spartacus has been a great inspiration to revolutionaries in modern times, most notably the GermanSpartacus League, a forerunner of the Communist Party of Germany, as well as an Austrian anti­fascist organization in the 1970s.

Artistic

Film and television

Anthony Mann initially signed on to direct the film Spartacus (1960), which was executive­producedby and starred Kirk Douglas. The film was based on Howard Fast's novel Spartacus. After Mann and

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Spartacus, marble sculpture byDenis Foyatier (1830), LouvreMuseum

Douglas had a falling out over the style and content of the film, Mann was replaced by StanleyKubrick. The phrase "I am Spartacus!" from this film has been referenced in a number of other films,television programs, and commercials.In 2004, Howard Fast's novel Spartacus was adapted as a made­for­TV movie by the USA Network, with Goran Višnjić in themain role.One episode of 2007­2008 BBC's docudrama Heroes andVillains features Spartacus.The television series Spartacus, starring Andy Whitfield, andlater Liam McIntyre, in the title role, aired on the Starz premium

cable network from January 2010 to April 2013.[46][47]

Literature

Howard Fast wrote the historical novel Spartacus, the basis ofthe 1960 film directed by Stanley Kubrick and starring KirkDouglas.Arthur Koestler wrote a novel about Spartacus called TheGladiators.The Scottish writer Lewis Grassic Gibbon wrote a novel Spartacus.The Italian writer Raffaello Giovagnoli wrote his historical novel, Spartacus, in 1874. His novel hasbeen subsequently translated and published in many European countries.The Latvian writer Andrejs Upīts in 1943 wrote the play "Spartacus".The Polish writer Halina Rudnicka in 1951 wrote a novel "Uczniowie Spartakusa" ("Spartacus'disciples").The Reverend Elijah Kellogg's Spartacus to the Gladiators at Capua has been used effectively byschool pupils to practice their oratory skills for ages.Amal Donkol, the Egyptian modern poet wrote "The Last Words of Spartacus".Max Gallo wrote the novel Les Romains.Spartacus.La Revolte des Esclaves, Librairie ArthemeFayard, 2006.

Music

"Love Theme From Spartacus" was a hit for composer Alex North and has become a jazz standard.Spartacus (1954, first staged in 1956) is a ballet, with a score by composer Aram Khachaturian.Australian composer Carl Vine wrote a short piano piece entitled "Spartacus", from Red Blues.The German group Triumvirat released the album Spartacus in 1975.

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The statue of Spartacus inSandanski, Bulgaria.

The UK band The Farm released the album Spartacus in 1991.Jeff Wayne released his musical retelling, Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of Spartacus in 1992.

Sports

Numerous Bulgarian football clubs bear the name of Spartacus: the most popular are PFC SpartakVarna (est. 1918), PFC Spartak Pleven (est. 1919) and FC SpartakPlovdiv (est. 1947).One of the oldest and the most popular football teams in Slovakia isSpartak Trnava.Russian (originally Soviet) sports clubs named FC Spartak, of whichFC Spartak Moscow (est. 1922) is the best known, and Spartak sport

society, founded in 1921, are named in honor of Spartacus.[48]

The Spartakiad was a Soviet bloc version of the Olympic games.[49]

This name was also used for the mass gymnastics exhibition heldevery five years in Czechoslovakia.

Video games

In Age of Empires: Rise of Rome Expansion IV Enemies of Rome,3: Spartacus. This campaign has the player fighting against Spartacus' army that is attacking the townof the allied Romans. The player must protect the allies from the rebel army and kill all of Spartacus'troops, or fail the campaign.In Spartacus Legends, Spartacus appears as an endgame boss. The player plays as a rival gladiatorand must defeat and/or kill Spartacus.

Places

Spartacus Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.

See also

ViriathusArminiusAlaric IFritigernGaius Julius CivilisVercingetorix

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References

BoudicaBoiorixTeutobodDivicoTotilaAriovistusAthanaricGainasTribigildGensericChrocusRadagaisusOdoacerBattle of Baduhenna WoodBrennusBoduognatusBelgiosBrennusArdaricValamirJohn of GothiaMithradates VI

1. ^ "M. Tullius Cicero" (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0014:text=Har.:chapter=12). Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

2. ^ Historian Barry Strauss On His New Book The Spartacus War (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OedWYiLy8_w) (Interview). Simon and Schuster. 2009.

3. ^ Plutarch, Crassus 8 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#8)4. ^ Appian, Civil Wars 1.116

(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116)5. ^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History 2.86. ^ Sallust; Patrick McGushin (translator) (1994). The histories. Vol.2, Books iii­v. Oxford: Oxford University

Press. ISBN 0198721439.7. ^ Annuaire de l'Université de Sofia, Faculté d'histoire, Volume 77, Issue 2, 1985, p. 122

(http://books.google.com/books?id=Bn6FAAAAIAAJ&q=spartakus+medi&dq=spartakus+medi&hl=bg).Books.google.com. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

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8. ^ Strauss 2009, p. 319. ^ John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond and E. Sollberger, ed. (1982). The Cambridge AncientHistory (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521224963(https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521224963). ISBN 0521224969.

10. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116); Plutarch, Crassus, 8:2(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#8.2). Note: Spartacus' statusas an auxilia is taken from the Loeb edition of Appian translated by Horace White, which states “...who had onceserved as a soldier with the Romans...”. However, the translation by John Carter in the Penguin Classics versionreads: “...who had once fought against the Romans and after being taken prisoner and sold...”.

11. ^ The Spartacus War, Barry Strauss, p.11

12. ^ a b Plutarch, Crassus, 8:1–2(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#8); Appian, Civil Wars,1:116 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116); Livy, Periochae,95:2 (http://www.livius.org/li­ln/livy/periochae/periochae091.html#95); Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Plutarch claims 78escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian “about seventy”, and Florus says “thirty or rather more men”. “Choppers andspits” is from Life of Crassus.

13. ^ However, according to Cicero (Ad Atticum VI, ii, 8) at the beginning his followers were much less than 50.14. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9).15. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116

(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116); Florus, Epitome, 2.8.16. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1–3 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/cn/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9);

Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/1*.html#5.21); Appian, CivilWars, 1:116 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116);Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, p. 109.

17. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9.4); Livy, Periochae , 95(http://www.livius.org/li­ln/livy/periochae/periochae091.html#95); Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116); Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.

18. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 9:3(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9.3); Appian, Civil War,1:116 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116).

19. ^ Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/1*.html#5.20) and Book VII:6(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/1*.html#7.6).

20. ^ Florus, Epitome, 2.8.21. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116–117

(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116); Plutarch, Crassus 9:6(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9.6); Sallust, Histories,3:64–67.

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3:64–67.22. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117

(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#117); Plutarch, Crassus 9:7(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9.7); Livy, Periochae 96(http://www.livius.org/li­ln/livy/periochae/periochae096.html#96).

23. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#117).

24. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 9:7(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#9.7).

25. ^ "Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion" (http://www.historynet.com/ancient­history­spartacus­and­the­slave­rebellion.htm). Historynet.com. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

26. ^ Shaw, Brent D. (2001). Spartacus and the servile wars: a brief history with documents. Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN 0­312­23703­0.

27. ^ Plutarch, Crassus 10:1(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#10).

28. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#118); Smith, A Dictionary ofGreek and Roman Antiquities, "Exercitus", p.494 (http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith­dgra/0501.html).

29. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#118).

30. ^ a b Plutarch, Crassus, 10:1–3(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#10).

31. ^ Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Cicero, Orations, "For Quintius, Sextus Roscius...", 5.2(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi­bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0018;query=chapter%3D%23448;layout=;loc=Ver.%205.7)

32. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 10:4–5(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#10.4).

33. ^ Contrast Plutarch, Crassus, 11:2(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#11.2) with Appian, CivilWars, 1:119 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#119).

34. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#120).

35. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#120); Plutarch, Crassus, 10:6(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#10.6).

36. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 11:3(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#11.3); Livy, Periochae, 97:1(http://www.livius.org/li­ln/livy/periochae/periochae096.html#97). Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion. p. 97;Plutarch, Crassus, 11:4(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#11.4).

37. ^ Plutarch, Crassus, 11:5(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#11.5);.

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Classical authors

Appian. Civil Wars. Translated by J. Carter. (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1996)Florus. Epitome of Roman History. (London: W. Heinemann, 1947)Orosius. The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans. Translated by Roy J. Deferrari.(Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1964).Plutarch. Fall of the Roman Republic. Translated by R. Warner. (London: Penguin Books, 1972),with special emphasis placed on "The Life of Crassus" and "The Life of Pompey".

38. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#120); Plutarch, Crassus,11:6–7 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#11.6); Livy,Periochae, 97.1 (http://www.livius.org/li­ln/livy/periochae/periochae096.html#97).

39. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120(http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#120); Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

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45. ^ Croix, G.E.M. de Ste. (1989). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. Ithaca, New York: CornellUniversity Press. p. 25 (http://books.google.com/books?id=MSPttWbUPZsC&pg=PA25&dq=%22the+most+splendid+fellow+in+the+whole+of+ancient+history%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DlizUoiGEufRsAT5yICABQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20most%20splendid%20fellow%20in%20the%20whole%20of%20ancient%20history%22&f=false). ISBN 9780801495977.

46. ^ "Spartacus — Comic­Con 2009 ­ UGO.com" (http://tvblog.ugo.com/tv/spartacus­comic­con­2009).Tvblog.ugo.com. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

47. ^ "AUSXIP Spartacus: Blood and Sand TV Show Lucy Lawless Sam Raimi & Rob Tapert"(http://spartacus.ausxip.com/2009/06/). Spartacus.ausxip.com. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

48. ^ History of Spartak (http://fcspartak.ru/content/ist/), fcspartak.ru (Russian)49. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, volume 24 (part 1), p. 286, Moscow, Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya

publisher, 1976

15/02/2015 Spartacus ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Spartacus.

Sallust. Conspiracy of Catiline and the War of Jugurtha. (London: Constable, 1924)

Modern historiography

Bradley, Keith R. Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, 140 B.C.–70 B.C. Bloomington;Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 0­253­31259­0); 1998 (paperback,ISBN 0­253­21169­7). [Chapter V] The Slave War of Spartacus, pp. 83–101.Rubinsohn, Wolfgang Zeev. Spartacus' Uprising and Soviet Historical Writing. Oxford: OxbowBooks, 1987 (paperback, ISBN 0­9511243­1­5).Spartacus: Film and History, edited by Martin M. Winkler. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2007(hardcover, ISBN 1­4051­3180­2; paperback, ISBN 1­4051­3181­0).Trow, M.J. Spartacus: The Myth and the Man. Stroud, United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing, 2006(hardcover, ISBN 0­7509­3907­9).Genner, Michael. "Spartakus. Eine Gegengeschichte des Altertums nach den Legenden derZigeuner". Two volumes. Paperback. Trikont Verlag, München 1979/1980. Vol 1 ISBN 3­88167­053­X Vol 2 ISBN 3­88167­0Plamen Pavlov, Stanimir Dimitrov,Spartak — sinyt na drenva Trakija/Spartacus — the Son ofancient Thrace. Sofia, 2009, ISBN 978­954­378­024­2Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War (http://books.google.no/books?id=j3LowhKACVwC&dq).Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1­4165­3205­6.

External links

Spartacus and the Ancient Capua(http://www.ancientcapua.com/spartacus/)Spartacus (http://www.livius.org/so­st/spartacus/spartacus.html) Article and full text of the Roman and Greek sources."Spartacus"—Movie starring Kirk Douglas and Sir Peter Ustinov(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054331/)"Spartacus"—TV­Mini­series starring Goran Višnjić and Alan Bates(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361240/)Starz Mini­Series airing in 2010 (http://www.starz.com/originals/spartacus)BBC Radio 4 ­ In Our Time ­ Spartacus (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wq2p3)

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Categories: Spartacus Ancient Thracians killed in battle Deaths by blade weapons

15/02/2015 Spartacus ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Rebel slaves in ancient Rome Roman­era Thracians Roman gladiators Third Servile War Thracians1st­century BC Romans Republican era slaves and freedmen 71 BC deaths

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