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SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 11
Independent Cost Estimating Services
SPAR Associates, Inc.927 West Street
Annapolis, MD 21401Phone: +410-263-8593
Fax: +410-267-0503Email: [email protected]: www.sparusa.com
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 22
SPAR provides independent cost estimates to design agents, ship owners and various government agencies.
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SPAR uses its ESTI-MATE software system to quickly estimate ship costs based on initial design data and to provide the impact on costs of alternate design and build strategy decisions.
In addition, ESTI-MATE produces estimates of cost risk that need to be considered and minimized.
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 44
The following outlines several The following outlines several independent cost estimating projects independent cost estimating projects undertaken by SPAR for its clients.undertaken by SPAR for its clients.
Sample Independent Cost Sample Independent Cost Estimating ProjectsEstimating Projects
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 55
Recent Recent Independent Cost EstimatesIndependent Cost Estimates
Naval Amphibious Assault Ship: Cost estimates adjusted for non-US costs and for planned multi-yard build strategy.
Naval Hydrographic/Anti-Mine Warfare Ship: Cost estimates for three (3) size ships built under two different design & build strategies.
Offshore Search & Rescue Vessel. Offshore Fire Control Vessel. Navy Heavy Air Lift Seabasing Ship (HALSS): Cost estimates & risk assessments
for large trimaran to be built under two different design & build strategies. Short Sea Shipping Trailership (SSST): Cost estimates for concept trimaran
design for commercial and military modes. Navy High Speed Sealift Navy Vision Trimaran (HSS) : Cost estimates for high
speed composite sealift concept ship. Cost estimates for commercial SWATH & SLICE ferries & crew/supply boats Navy Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) Concept Trimaran: Cost estimates for
baseline design plus three military variants. Navy Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) Concept Catamaran: Cost estimates for
baseline design plus two military variants.
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 66
Other Other Independent Cost EstimatesIndependent Cost Estimates
San Francisco Transit Authority Fast Ferry DesignsSan Francisco Transit Authority Fast Ferry Designs NYC Sludge TankerNYC Sludge Tanker Containership RO/RO ModificationsContainership RO/RO Modifications Alaskan Crude TankersAlaskan Crude Tankers Product CarriersProduct Carriers USCG Cutters, Patrol Boats & Buoy Tenders Cost ModelsUSCG Cutters, Patrol Boats & Buoy Tenders Cost Models Navy Aircraft Carrier HVAC ModernizationNavy Aircraft Carrier HVAC Modernization Forebody Replacement Cost StudiesForebody Replacement Cost Studies LNG Tank Cost EstimatesLNG Tank Cost Estimates Swedged Versus Stiffened Bulkhead Cost AnalysisSwedged Versus Stiffened Bulkhead Cost Analysis
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 77
Cost Estimating ServicesCost Estimating Services(USCG “Deepwater”)(USCG “Deepwater”)
SPAR provided cost estimating services to the U.S. Coast Guard for the review of industry proposals for the $10-billion “Deepwater” program.
SPAR’s efforts provided the Coast Guard with assessments of cost realism for these proposals.
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SPAR has been involved in a variety of SPAR has been involved in a variety of other projects related to cost other projects related to cost estimating.estimating.
Other Estimating Related Other Estimating Related ProjectsProjects
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Development ProjectsDevelopment Projects
•DARPA Maritech – Modular Tanker Consortium (Kvaerner Masa Marine, Bethship, McDermott, Proteus) – ESTI-MATE development
•U.S. Navy PODAC (Prime Contractor) – application of ESTI-MATE at shipyards
•DARPA Maritech – FIRST Project (Proteus, Intergraph & Newport News) – design/cost systems integration
•Maritech ASE – Parametric Design & Cost Model (NASSCO, Halter, Proteus)
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Cost Estimating Cost Estimating (US Navy “PODAC”)(US Navy “PODAC”)
SPAR provided a new cost estimating model to the U.S. Navy that reflects modern shipbuilding methods.
The system is called the Product Oriented Design and Construction (“PODAC”) Cost Model.
Product-Oriented Design and Construction
Cost Model Development Project
Academia
Navy
Industry
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PODAC Shipyard ParticipantsPODAC Shipyard Participants
As the Navy’s prime contractor, SPAR As the Navy’s prime contractor, SPAR worked with most of the large U.S. worked with most of the large U.S. shipyards:shipyards:
Bath Iron Works, Bath, MEBath Iron Works, Bath, ME National Steel & Shipbuilding, San Diego, National Steel & Shipbuilding, San Diego,
CACA Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, MSIngalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, MS Avondale Shipbuilding, New Orleans, LAAvondale Shipbuilding, New Orleans, LA
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Advanced Ship Repair Cost Advanced Ship Repair Cost Estimating SystemEstimating System
“14-01-2005 - Ship Repair Cost EstimatingIn conjunction with the Curacao Drydock Company, Inc (CDM), Netherlands Antilles, SPAR developed a cost estimating format specifically oriented for ship repair and implemented within the PERCEPTION ESTI-MATE system. This module, called “QuoteEasy” is based on a price catalog using an Excel-like interface. However, its features preserve the connectivity with all other PERCEPTION functions, including automated generation of production work orders and material requisitions that set the stage for managing production operations.”
Quoted from CDM’s web page: www.cdmnv.com.
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Support to RAND Europe Project on "Long Term Issues for the United Kingdom's Shipbuilding Industrial Base"
1. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the relative labor productivity when performing outfitting work at different stages of the production process (block, grand block, on ship, etc.).
2. The relative costs under different conditions for outsourcing of various functions and tasks as compared to performing those functions or tasks with shipyard resources.
3. A comparison of the business and management characteristics of shipyards that have orders from exclusively commercial customers versus those whose projects are exclusively for naval/government customers.
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Established Established Cost Estimating LibrariesCost Estimating Libraries
““Commercial Shipbuilding New Construction Cost Commercial Shipbuilding New Construction Cost Estimating Relationships”Estimating Relationships”
““U.S. Navy Shipbuilding New Construction Cost Estimating U.S. Navy Shipbuilding New Construction Cost Estimating Relationships”Relationships”
““Commercial & Government Ship Repair Cost Estimating Commercial & Government Ship Repair Cost Estimating Relationships”Relationships”
SPAR continues to develop and maintain large databases of ship construction and ship repair cost data:
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Basis for Basis for Cost Estimating LibrariesCost Estimating Libraries
The libraries of cost data used for estimating reside on SPAR’s estimating system called PERCEPTION ESTI-MATE and represents a wide cross-section of current and historical shipyard construction costs at many levels of detail.
These libraries of cost estimating relationships (CERs) are based upon a comprehensive analysis of U.S. shipbuilding costs gathered from SPAR’s working experience with a variety of shipyards, large and small, commercial and naval contractors.
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Generic Cost Estimating Generic Cost Estimating RelationshipsRelationships
The libraries of cost estimating relationships (CERs) apply to a generic mid-size commercial U.S. shipyard having reasonably productive manufacturing and assembly facilities, and technical and management competence.
This generic yard employs efficient methods of work organization and has competent worker and management skills comparable with internationally competitive shipyards.
The approach to ship design and construction is partially based on insights obtained in a comprehensive evaluation of northern European shipyards.
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Shipyard Productivity FactorsShipyard Productivity Factors
1. Shipyards that specialize in building combatants generally operate in a much less competitive environment. As such, they have not had the same incentives to reduce costs, as do shipyards that focus on commercial work.
2. Contracts for building combatants have more stringent documentation and quality control requirements imposed upon production processes. These requirements add considerable cost to the shipbuilding operations, even when the yard occasionally builds commercial vessels.
3. The higher costs for combatant construction may be due, to some degree, to differences in materials and complexity of design from what is generally expected for commercial ship designs.
Productivity factors may be applied to the generic commercial shipbuilding CERs. They are based upon a cross-industry analysis of cost performance data collected from various sources.
The higher costs measured from combatant builders may be identified with the following:
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Steel Work Labor Hour Factor(By Type Shipyard)
5.00
2.50
1.701.90
0.90 1.000.76 0.71
-
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Combat
ants
(Ver
y Lar
ge)
Combat
ants
(Lar
ge)
Dual-U
se Non-c
ombata
nts (L
arge)
Dual-U
se Non-c
ombata
nts (M
id-S
ize)
US Moder
n Com
mer
cial
(Lar
ge)
US Moder
n Com
mer
cial
(Mid
-Siz
e)
Norther
n Euro
pean (L
arge)
Korean
(Lar
ge)
Co
st
Fa
cto
r
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 1919
Non-Steel Work Labor Hour Factor(By Type Shipyard)
1.00
1.24
1.56
0.52
0.34
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
US CommercialShipyard General
Productivity
US Dual-UseShipyard General
Productivity
US Naval CombatantYard GeneralProductivity
Northern European(Large)
Korean (Large)
La
bo
r C
os
t F
ac
tor
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 2020
Material costs are summarized and escalated to a common, current year set of values.
Costs assume commercial-grade shipbuilding materials and management methods.
Variations due to specific materials, equipment modules and configurations, and vendor pricing methods should be expected.
Foreign acquired equipment is subject to changes in exchange rates, which are often different from general price changes of domestic goods.
New technology also should be considered as it can affect prices significantly.
Generic Material Cost FactorsGeneric Material Cost Factors
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Material costs also can vary, depending on the type of shipyard. Mil-Spec materials are generally regarded as being of higher standards, such as for added shock protection.
More significantly, vendors and suppliers will increase their prices to cover their added costs to provide the usually required significant military Mil-Spec documentation on their products.
Adjusting for Material Cost Adjusting for Material Cost Above Normal EscalationAbove Normal Escalation
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 2222
Shipyard Material Cost Factors
1.00
1.14
1.21
0.85
0.72
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
US CommercialShipyard Material
Cost Factor
US Dual-UseShipyard Material
Cost Factor
US Naval CombatantYard Material Cost
Northern European(Large)
Korean (Large)
Co
st
Fa
cto
r
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 2323
Impact of Build Strategy on CostImpact of Build Strategy on Cost
The methods and organization of work by stage of construction has a very large impact upon cost.
Other cost implications can be recognized by out-sourcing selected work to specialty vendors and subcontractors that can offer better cost than using the shipyard’s own in-house resources.
Other cost-saving strategies include exploiting repeatable interim products in the ship design.
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The cost estimates developed are expected to be realistic for the circumstances and environment under which the construction program would be expected to be executed. However, SPAR’s cost models provide functions for identifying cost risk.
Risk factors can be applied at any level of detail and can represent either potential cost benefits or penalties.
Cost Risk EvaluationsCost Risk Evaluations
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SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 2727
One area of risk that always must be addressed is whether or not the shipyard will be able to fully exploit the cost savings potential of performing work at the most efficient stages of construction.
If quality and complete technical information cannot be made available at the time of pre-outfitting on unit or on block, there will always be a cost penalty paid to perform the work later on board. On board work is typically more expensive to perform than at earlier stages of construction: on unit and on block.
Impact of Engineering on Impact of Engineering on Cost RiskCost Risk
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 2828
Rework Cost Risk
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent Engineering/Production Schedule Overlap
Per
cen
t E
stim
ated
To
tal C
ost
of
Rew
ork
Significant Overlapping of Engineering Significant Overlapping of Engineering and Production Schedules Increases the and Production Schedules Increases the
Risk of ReworkRisk of ReworkIn addition, working with incomplete and/or erroneous technical information significantly increases the potential for rework. Rework can consume both labor and material resources as well as set back planned schedules.
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 2929
The cost estimate is broken down into three major cost categories:
Level of Cost Estimate DetailLevel of Cost Estimate Detail
1. Non-Recurring Design, Production Engineering & Detail Planning Costs
2. Recurring Construction Costs3. Annual Operating & Maintenance Costs
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 3030
The non-recurring costs include detail design, engineering and planning
1. Preliminary Design & Design Validation2. Detail Functional Engineering3. Detail Transitional (Production) Engineering & Construction
Drawings/Shipyard Instructions, Including Lofting4. Detail Production Planning5. Integrated Logistics Support Planning
Non-Recurring Design, Production Engineering & Detail
Planning Costs
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Recurring costs include all basic construction costs for each ship. For series ship construction programs, costs are estimated for follow-on ships using estimated learning curves for labor and potential material cost savings for multiple ship projects.
The recurring cost estimate is broken down into cost categories similar to the Navy’s Ship Work Breakdown Structure (SWBS). Differences lie primarily in SWBS 200 which carries only propulsion machinery items. Piping systems for propulsion are cataloged under SWBS 500 for auxiliary systems along with all other piping systems for the ship. SWBS 300 carries all electric generation equipment for ship services, as well as all electrical distributed systems, lighting, etc.
SWBS 800, Technical Services, includes only technical support for change orders, etc. after non-recurring activities are complete as well as production engineering development.
Recurring Construction Costs
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An additional SWBS 1000 is used for external fees (ABS, financing fees and MARAD Title XI when applicable, etc. and for various shipbuilding risk insurance costs, warranty bonds, etc..
100 Hull & Superstructure
200 Propulsion
300 Electrical
400 Electronics & Navigation
500 Auxiliary Systems
600 Outfit & Furnishings
700 Armament
800 Technical Support
900 Shipyard Services
1000 External Fees & Insurance
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 3333
Sample Cost Estimate Detail Report
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SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 3535
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Estimating Operating & Maintenance Costs
For the specified operations/trade route and business plan, the model summarizes the annual operating costs per ship.
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 3737
Operations/Trade Route Specifications
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SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 3939
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 4040
Cost Trade-Off StudiesCost Trade-Off Studies
Annual costs are sensitive to a number of different cost variables. They includes both capital and operating costs to carry variable payloads over variable distance and speed of transit.
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 4141
Technical PublicationsTechnical Publications
““Shipyard Cost Estimating”Shipyard Cost Estimating” ““Planning New Construction & Major Ship Planning New Construction & Major Ship
Conversions”Conversions” ““Guide For Shipyard Material Control”Guide For Shipyard Material Control” ““Northern European Shipbuilding Business Northern European Shipbuilding Business
Practices”Practices” ““Shipyard Cost Model using Activity-Based Costing Shipyard Cost Model using Activity-Based Costing
Methods”Methods” ““Productivity in Shipbuilding”Productivity in Shipbuilding”
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 4242
•Cost Estimating
•Planning & Scheduling
•Labor Work Order & Time Charge Management
•Material Purchasing & Inventory Control
•Job Costing, Tracking & Forecasting
•Activity-Based Accounting - Direct & Indirect Costs
•Earned Value Management Reporting
•Government Cost/Schedule Control Systems Reporting
•Contract Change Order Management
Integrated Software SolutionsIntegrated Software Solutions
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 4343
Support ServicesSupport Services
TrainingTraining Customized Software DevelopmentCustomized Software Development Systems IntegrationSystems Integration Data ConversionData Conversion Software MaintenanceSoftware Maintenance Management ConsultingManagement Consulting Independent Cost EstimatingIndependent Cost Estimating
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 4444
SPAR Associates, Inc.
A Full Service Company
• Systems Development
• Systems Sales, Training & Support
• Independent Cost Estimating
• Planning & Scheduling Services
• Contract Cost/Schedule Tracking & Performance Analysis
SPAR Cost EstimatingSPAR Cost Estimating 4545
Over 30 Years Serving the Over 30 Years Serving the Shipbuilding & Repair Shipbuilding & Repair
IndustryIndustry
SPAR Associates, Inc.927 West Street
Annapolis, Maryland USA 21401
Phone: +(410) 263-8593
Fax: +(410) 267-0503
Email: [email protected]
URL: www.sparusa.com