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SPACELABTable o| ContentsA LABORATORY IN SPACE . .1SPACELAB 1:SCIENCE IN ORBIT .......... 2Goals ....................... 2Disciplines ................... 3Astronomy and Solar Physics.. 3Space Plasma Physics ........ 4Atmospheric Physicsand Earth Observations ...... 6 _ ,Life .Sciences ............... 7Materials Science ........... 7Science Crew ................. 8 ,._MISSION DEVELOPMENT ,_AND MANAGEMENT ....... 10 _Experiment Selection ......... 10Scientific Guidance .......... 11Mission Planning ............. 11Experiment HardwareDevelopment ................ 11Payload Integration .......... 12Science Crew Training ........ 12 "On-Orbit Operations .......... 13 ",Data Return ................. 13Refurbishment and Reuse ..... 13 _:SPACELAB 1INVESTIGATIONS .......... 14Astronomy and Solar Physics . .15Space Plasma Physics ......... 17 !_Atmospheric Physics ,__-_and Earth Observations ....... 19 "__._Life Sciences ................ 21Materials Science ............ 26 _Index of Experiments ......... 30

L BRI1YCDPYMAY2 6

LIBRARY, NASA

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Spacelab,a multidisciDlinaryfacilitydeveloped by the European Space Agency foruse in NASA's Space Shuttle Orbiter, includesexposed instrument palletsand apressurizedlaboratorymodulewhere scientistscan work in a shirtsleeveenvironment.

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ALABORATO'/NsPACESoon the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agencies, and research institutes in many nations will(NASA) Space Shuttle will carry the European Space conduct investigations in Spacelab. Never before haveAgency (ESA) Spacelab on its first mission. Thus a dream scientists who are not trained astronauts worked in space,will be realized: scientists no longer will be earthbound but, actively conducting research in collaboration with investi-like astronauts, will be able to go into space to perform gators on the ground. In the shirtsleeve environment of theresearch that cannot be done on Earth. The important first well-equipped laboratory module, these scientists will enjoyflight of Spacelab will demonstrate the many capabilities of many of the comforts of a ground-based lab. They canthis orbiting research center and will open exciting new handle the equipment, react to unexpected experimentalopportunities for research in all the sciences, conditions and results, change their plans, and gainSpacelab is a cooperative venture of ESA and NASA. the greatest scientific yield from the mission. The involve-ESA is responsible for funding, developing, and building ment of users in all phases of the mission from planningSpacelab; some fifty industrial firms in ten European through post-flight review, including their presencenations are participating in construction of the flight onboard the flight, is a distinct advantage for space-agehardware. NASA is responsible for the launch and scientific research.operational use of Spacelab. The agencies are jointly Spacelab offers a new way of doing science in thesponsoring the Spacelab 1 mission and contributing unique environment of space. Because very low gravity,investigations for the flight. The Marshall Space Flight high vacuum, high-energy radiation, and large volumes ofCenter in Huntsville, Alabama, is NASA's lead center for ionized gases are difficult or impossible to achieve inmonitoring the development of Spacelab and managing the laboratories on the ground, some important researchfirst missions, problems can be solved only in space, where these condi-

Spacelab is a versatile modular facility installed in the tions occur naturally. Likewise impossible, except above theSpace Shuttle Orbiter and exposed to space when the cargo atmosphere, is an unobscured view of the sun, planets, andbay doors are opened. It consists of an enclosed, pressur- stars, and a global view of the Earth itself. In Spacelab,ized laboratory containing utilities, computers, work scientists have both a picture-window view of the universebenches, and instrument racks for the conduct of experi- and a laboratory for investigations that are expected toments, as well as outside platforms (pallets) where such yield many benefits for mankind on Earth.equipment as telescopes, antennas, and sensors are In many ways, Spacelab encourages advanced scientificmounted for direct exposure to space. These units may research in space. By sharing accommodations andbe used in various combinations, returned to Earth, and instruments, users may conduct a variety of investigationsreused on other flights. Spacelab can be outfitted with simultaneously and less expensively than on independentseveral tons of laboratory instruments for studies inastronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, andengineering.The Spacelab facility is designed for use by scien-tists who are not necessarily astronauts; men andwomen from universities, industries, government

The laboratorymoduleandonepalletwillbeusedfortheSpacelab1 mission.Otherconfigurationsf Spacelabunitscanbe usedfor futuremissions.

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Z , lgtlM I"issions. With slight modification, existing laboratoryequipment canbeflownonSpacelabandreturnedfor Zl[Ng[ IN R_reuse. Valuable data can be returned physically as well astransmitted electronically; photographic film, magnetictapes, test tubes, lab cultures, and material samples will behanded to scientists on the ground for analysis after theflight. Experiments and instruments may be modified forreflight on subsequent Spacelab missions. These practicaladvantages and economies encourage the accelerated 4i_growth of scientific knowledge.With relatively frequent access to the promisingenvironment of space, scientists can conduct a broad )_range of studies that will expand our knowledge and resultin technical applications for use on Earth. As an observa- _ ttory platform, Spacelab allows us to view the Earth as aglobal entity and to peer deeply into space. As a laboratory,Spacelab enables us to mix chemicals, grow cells, andexamine behavior in an essentially gravity-free setting andalso to experiment directly in the surrounding spaceenvironment. As we use this space-age research center, wewill surely gain new understanding of the complex physicalprocesses that govern our universe and our lives.

Spacelab 1, the first mission of the S _acelab facility, will belaunched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flightwilllast a week at an orbital altitude of 250 km (155miles).The payload for the joint ESA/NASA mission will beinstalled in the two-section laboratory module and on onepallet. Scientists from eleven European nations, Canada,Japan, and the United States are providing instruments andexperimental procedures for over seventy different investi-gations in five research areas or disciplines: astronomy andsolar physics, space plasma physics, atmospheric physicsand Earth observations, life sciences, and materials science.GOALSThe overall goal of the first mission is to verify Spacelabperformance through a variety of scientific experiments.The investigations selected for the mission will test or"exercise" the Spacelab hardware, flight and groundsystems, and crew to demonstrate their capabilities foradvanced research in space. However, Spacelab 1 is notmerely a checkout flight or a trial run. Important researchproblems that require a laboratory in space are scheduledfor the mission. From the first moments of the flight, wecan expect increased knowledge of space, the sun, theInstruments requiringdirect exposureto space are mounted Earth's environment, biological systems, and chemical andonU-shapedallets.Severalusersshareaccommodationsnthe physicalprocesses.compactlatforms. Spacelab1will demonstratenew instrumentsandmethodsfor conductingexperimentshataredifficult orimpossible in ground-based laboratories, rockets, ororbiting satellites. It will carry more equipment than aconventional satellite, and many of the instruments will bethe largest, most powerful, or most sensitive of their kindever to be placed in orbit. This mission is expected toproduce a high yield of new knowledge and to establish apool of resources for reuse on future missions. Furthermore,Spacelab 1will demonstrate the feasibility of cooperative

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_ AninternationalscientificcommunitysinvolvedindevelopingtheSpacelab1mission.nvestigatorsome fromvariousEuropeannations,Canada,Japan,andseveralstatesinthe UnitedStates.

research projects in space by scientitsts from differentdisciplines and nations.DISCIPLINESSpacelab 1 is a multidisciplinarymission; that is, investiga-tions will be performed inseveral different fields of scientificresearch. While futuremissions may be dedicated to asingle discipline, Spacelab 1will demonstrate the broadversatilityof the space laboratory.Researchers in manydisciplines face importantquestions that can be answeredonly by experimentation in low gravity outside the Earth'satmosphere. On this firstmission, they have an opportunityto sample the capabilities of an orbiting facility and tobegin to fill the gaps in our knowledge. The followingsurvey shows how Spacelab 1willbe used fornovelresearch in each of these five disciplines.

One group of investigationswillfocus on distantstarsandgalaxies,Astronomyand Solar Physics seen here through an optical telescope. X-ray imageswill revealvenmoredetailsoftheseastronomicalbjects.While it protects and sustains life on Earth, the atmosphereis a veil that obscures our vision of the sun and stars, cameras, and other detectors can see the sun and stars withElectromagnetic radiation in the gamma ray, X-ray, greater clarity than normally possible. With them, weultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths is largely absorbed in expect to learn more about the life history of our universethe atmosphere before it can reach the ground. These and our sun.invisible forms of radiation carry a great deal of informa- Several investigations are designed to observe fainttion about the sources from which they originate. Only by sources (stars and galaxies) of radiation in the ultravioletusing special instruments that can see what the human eye and X-ray wavelengths. Both general surveys and detailedcannot, and by operating them above the atmosphere, can studies of specific astronomical objects will be performed.we see the universe clearly.Spacelab 1will carry a group of instruments for investi-gations developed byscientists in Belgium, France, theNetherlands, and the United States. These telescopes,

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k.The Earth'smagneticenvironment is filledwithelectrified gas(plasma).Themagnetosphere extends far beyondthe VanAllenradiationbelts.

Ultraviolet measurements will reveal details of the Space Plasma Physicscomposition and chemical processes of stars in the Milky Interplanetary space is not empty. Instead, it is anetworkWay and more remote galaxies, as well as the character- of changing magnetic and electric fields, electromagneticistics of quasars and the interstellarmedium. A new study radiation, and charged particles whose complex inter-of cosmic X-rayswill be conducted on Spacelab 1; X-ray actions link the sun and the Earth. In addition to heat andemissions carry information about the temperatures, light, the sun emits an electrified gas or plasma -- the solarenergy, and magnetic fields of their sources, wind -- that flows along magnetic paths in space at aAnother group of experiments will measure the sun's million miles per hour. The Earth is protected from the fulloutput of energy with state-of-the-art precision. Though the force of solar wind bombardment by the magnetosphere, asun's total irradiance is steady enough to be called the buffer zone of plasma stretching from the atmosphere to"solar constant," there is intriguing evidence of _light the distant reaches of the planet's magnetic field.variations. Because the sun's radiation is the major source In near-Earth space, the magnetosphere is highlyof heat for the Earth and its atmosphere, it drives atmo- responsive to changes in the solar wind caused by events onspheric circulation and affects the weather. Therefore, it is the sun. Magnetic storms in the magnetosphere trigger theimportant to determine the range and variability of the auroras that sometimes disrupt radio, radar, telecommuni-solar constant. It has been estimated that a tiny variation in cations, power transmission lines, and spacecraft electron-the sun's total radiation (1/2of 1%) would cause dramaticchanges in the Earth's ocean levels, ice caps, and climate.On Spacelab l, the solar constant will be measuredsimultaneously by several different techniques for greatestaccuracy.With increased access to information in all wavelengths,we can better understand the nature of our universe, themysteries of its creation and evolution, and the productionof energy in the sun. From Spacelab 1we can look deepinto space.

Another group of instrumentswillbe aimed at the sun, seenhere inan X-rayimage.

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5better picture of the structure of our space environment.Passive experiments using special television cameras,sensors, and optical instruments monitor natural processesas well as the effects of active experiments.Space plasma investigations are relevant to our under-standing of solar-terrestrial linkage and, furthermore, tomany of our earthly concerns. Our weather, climate, andagriculture, as well as communications, navigation, powerdistribution, geological exploration, and spacecraft tech-nologies are influenced to some degree by the sun. If wecan determine how solar energy physically affects theEarth's environment, we may be able to predict andprepare for the practical consequences of solar fluctua-tions. We may also learn how human activities alter orpollute our space environment, disrupting such delicatechemical balances as the ozone layer. Plasma experimentsnear Earth may even give insight into the behavior ofmagnetic environments around other planets and stars.Spacelab 1 introduces many new capabilities for the studyAuroras,heghostlyNorthernndSouthernights,redramatic of Earth'stotal spaceenvironment.visibleevidencef thetremendousnergyhatisstoredndreleasedntheEarth'sspaceenvironment.

ics.Through themagnetosphere,hesunmay exertasubtleinfluenceon terrestrialweatherand climate.The physicalprocesseshat link thesunandEarth arenotyet fully understood.Spacelab1offersan extraordinarychancetostudytheEarth'splasmaenvelopeatcloserange,fromwithin,fortheShuttle'sorbitalaltitudeis in theionosphere,the transitionzonebetweenthemagnetosphereaboveand theatmospherebelow.A varietyofcoordinatedinvestigationsdevelopedby scientistsn Austria,France,Germany,Japan,andtheUnitedStateswill beperformedonSpacelab1.

Cluesto thesun-Earthrelationshipcanbediscoveredbyclose study of physical processes in the nearby plasmaenvironment. Spacelab 1 scientists willconduct two classesof plasma experiments -- active and passive -- that usespace itself as a laboratory. Some active experiments firebeams of charged particles into space and measure theresultant changes in the environment. Some experimentscreate artificial auroras that help to explain how naturalparticle beams in the auroras carry energy from the solarwind and the magnetosphere into the Earth's atmosphere.Particles injected by active experiments can also be used totrace patterns of magnetic and electric fields, giving us a

Anelectron beam emitted froman accelerator gun spiralsaroundan invisiblemagneticfield line ina NASA plasmachamber.Testsinlaboratorieson the groundwill prepare the way forbeam injectionexperiments on Spacelab 1.

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$plasma studies, but their main purpose is to examine indetailthecomposition,emperature,andmotion(dynamics) of atmospheric gases. A related set of instru-ments takes advantage of Spacelab's flight altitude forglobal-scale observations of the Earth's land and watersurfaces.

Many chemical and physical processes in the atmo-sphere are accompanied by tell-tale emissions of light orheat, concentrations of certain atoms or molecules, andfluctuating patterns of wind and electric currents. Thetelescopes, scanners, and cameras on Spacelab 1 can surveythese environmental conditions with unprecedented easeand accuracy, and with practical applications for monitor-ing pollution and atmospheric changes. Spacelab 1 investi-gations use the atmosphere as a natural "television screen"for watching chemical and physical "programs" that areinvisible on the ground.Used as an Earth-viewing platform for innovativeremote sensing and imaging instruments, Spacelab l canprovide a rich harvest of high-quality photographs of theEarth's surface. A large-film metric camera will producehigh-resolution photographs for possible use in makingbetter maps, and a microwave remote sensing facility onSpacelab 1will provide all-weather radar viewing of theAtmospheric Physics Earth's surface, regardless of cloud cover. Among the manyand EarthObservations practical benefits of these observations from space areimproved surveys of natural resources (timber, minerals,The atmosphere contains a wealth of information about the water) for inventory and management; measurements andchemistry and physics of the Earth's environment, forecasts of snowmelt run-off, ice floes, and ocean waves

Unfortunately, some of these data are inaccessible with and temperatures; and large-scale land use data for regionalground-based and suborbital research techniques because planning.the atmosphere itself absorbs the evidence at high altitudes. Spacelab 1enables scientists to see and measureSpacelab, however, offers a vantage point above the features of the atmosphere that cannot be studied byfiltering region, and scientists from ESA, Belgium, France, conventional methods, and it allows expanded coverage forand the United States have developed a group of Earth observations. The expected result of these investiga-atmospheric investigations for the first mission. Some of tions is greater knowledge of the Earth's global environ-these will be coordinated with astrophysical and space ment, well-documented by transmitted data and a returncargo of photographic film.

Soacelab 1 scientistswill useordinary labsuooliesto draw andprocess bloodsamples for severallife science investigations.

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7Life Sciences on fundamental life processes. The knowledge gained fromlife science investigations will contribute to the safe andThe broad goals of the medical and biological experiments efficient use of space as a work environment for humans onon Spacelab 1are to gain knowledge of basic life processes Spacelab and on future missions to retrieve and serviceand to ensure the health, safety, and capable performance satellites, assemble large space structures, or populateof humans in space. Various biomedical investigations on space stations. Moreover, these investigations into basic lifeSpacelab 1 examine the body's responses and adaptations functions may lead to solutions of biological and medicalto the stress of prolonged weightlessness. Other problems on Earth. Certainly, research in space will giveexperiments in the life sciences discipline use the space us a greater appreciation for the significant influence ofenvironment to study the normal nature of living organisms gravity on the anatomy and physiology of living things.under conditions that cannot be simulated in laboratorieson the ground. Materials ScienceHow does the absence of gravity affect human physio-logy and behavior? Previous space missions produced On Earth, gravity influences the processing (mixing,evidence of motion sickness, cardiovascular and metabolic separating, heating, cooling, welding) of materials (glass,changes, altered muscle tone, and other effects that may ceramics, metals, fluids, cells) and mayhave undesirablepersist for some time after flight. Further understanding of effects on the quality of the products. For example, somethe causes and effects of such changes may lead to pre- elements do not combine uniformly because heavierventive measures that protect the health and proficiency of molecules settle to the bottom of a mixture or lightworkers in space. Investigation of these physiological molecules float toward the top. Sedimentation, buoyancy,changes may also give new insights into the diagnosis, and convection or circulation do not occur naturally in thetreatment, and prevention of diseases on Earth. low-gravity environment of space. Therefore, a number ofBiomedical investigations developed by American, investigations on Spacelab 1 will test low-gravity techniquesBritish, German, Italian, and Swiss scientists willevaluate for processing materials. Scientists expect that highervarious effects of weightlessness on human physiology and quality and purer substances can be produced in space andbehavior. Sensors (attached to crewmembers' bodies) and that new knowledge of materials processing can be appliedtelevision cameras will be used to monitor sensation, to industrial problems on Earth.orientation, and body motions that may provide clues to Spacelab 1 will be outfitted with an integrated set ofthe causes of space motion sickness. A small tape recorder furnaces and other equipment -- the Materials Scienceworn on a belt willcollect data on heart (EKG), brain Facility -- that will be shared by investigators from ten(EEG), and eye (EOG) functions. Blood samples taken European nations. Most of the scheduled materials sciencefrom the crew before, during, and after flight will be experiments involve this multiuser facility in pilot studies ofanalyzed for changes in red and white blood cell count, crystal growth, fluid physics, chemistry, and metallurgy.Infection-fighting white blood cells will be grown in a The advantages of a weightless processing facility areculture medium to assess the influence of weightlessness on myriad: solutions mix more uniformly; containers thattheir activity. The crew's ability to distinguish between restrain or contaminate their contents are unnecessary;objects of different mass without the sensory cue of weight crystals form more perfectly in containerless processing;will be tested. The aim of all these investigations is tounderstand the mechanisms of tolerance and adaptation.

Another set of experiments will assess the effects ofradiation and weightlessness on other organisms. Inparticular, scientists are interested in possible disturbancesof cell growth, development, and organization. New"mapping" techniques will be used to measure the level ofspace radiation that penetrates the walls of Spacelab. CRYSTALGROWTHBacteria and other microbes on Spacelab 1will be exam-ined after the flight to determine the biological hazards ofexposure to ambient ultraviolet and cosmic ray radiation.Observations of sunflower seedlings and fungi growing inSpacelab will yield new information on plant growthpatterns normally influenced by gravity and 24-hourcircadian rhythms. We can expect new answers to suchquestions as, how do plants know which way is up, and docircadian rhythms persist in space? CONTAINERLESSAs humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms inhabit PROCESSESthe biologically hostile space environment, it is crucial thatwe understand the effects of weightlessness and radiation

Spacelab1willcarryaMaterialscienceFacilityorthestudyofvariousrocesseshatarenormallyonstrainedytheEarth'sgra

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11SCIENCECREWThe Spacelab 1missionmarks the entry of non-astronautpersonnel, called Payload Specialists, into space, not merelyas passengers but as working members of the crew. Thesescientists represent dozens of investigators whose instru-CHEMICAL ments and experiments are onboard. Because they can

PROCESSES handle the apparatus, intervene in the experiments ifnecessary,andbringto bear theirown expertise,amuch-enhancedscientificreturnisexpectedfrom themission.The activeparticipationof careerscientistsasmembersofthecrew holdsgreatpromisefor the conduct of researchin space.Spacelab 1 will carry a four-member science crew --two Mission Specialists and two Payload Specialists.Mission Specialists are NASA astronauts who have broadscientific training. They operate various Orbiter-Spacelabsystems, perform any required activity outside the space-craft, and support the investigations as needed. PayloadSpecialists are fellow scientists representing the inter-SOLIDIFICATIONASTING national group of investigators using the mission. Theyconduct the bulk of the mission's scientific activities. The

Space Shuttle Orbiter that carries Spacelab 1will beoperated by two other NASA astronauts serving aslubricants spread over surfaces more evenly; biological commander and pilot.specimens such as blood cells and hormones can be The Spacelab 1 science crew is in training for theseparated for analysis more easily; chemicals can be mission. Dr. Owen Garriott and Dr. Robert Parker arecombined into drugs with greater purity. NASA's Mission Specialists for this first flight. From theTerrestrial applications of improved materials pro- hundreds of scientists who were considered for the positioncessing techniques are equally numerous. The electronics of Payload Specialist, two Americans and two Europeansindustry, for example, requires high-quality crystals for use were chosen:as semiconductors in microprocessor chips. Glasses ofgreater strength and clarity are needed by the opticsindustry for uses ranging from camera lenses to lasers. Dr. Michael L. LamptonIndustrial applications for better alloys and welds are (University of California, Berkeley), whosecountless, research interests include space physics, X-ray

Many needs for materials of highly uniform composi- and ultraviolet astronomy, and optical andtion, free of structural defects and impurities, can be electronics engineering.satisified only by the production of rnaterials in the low-gravity, high-vacuum environment of space. These mater- Dr. Byron K. Lichtenbergials either cannot be produced on Earth or they are of (Massachusetts Institute of Technology),inferior quality. Spacelab 1 provides an opportunity to test who specializes in biomedical engineering.some methods of weightless processing. If these investi- Dr. Ulf Merboldgations produce improved materials, as expected, weprobably willlearn how to improve materials processing on (Max-Planck Institute, Stuttgart, Federal RepublicEarth. Eventually, we may be able to manufacture materials of Germany), a specialist in crystal lattice defectsin space for commercial use on Earth. and low-temperature physics.

Dr. Wubbo Ockels(University of Groningen, The Netherlands),who specializes in nuclear physics.

All Specialists collaborate closely with investigators duringtraining and throughout the mission. Before launch, withthe recommendation of the investigators, one Americanand one European Payload Specialist will be chosen toaccompany the experiments into space. The other twoPayload Specialists will support the mission from a payloadcontrol center on the ground.

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DR. MICHAEL L. LAMPTON DR. BYRON K. LICHTENBERG

DR. ULF MERBOLD DR.WUBBO OCKELS

DR. OWEN GARRIOTT DR. ROBERT PARKER

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MISSIONEVELOPMENTANDMANA6EMENTThe MarshallSpaceFlightCenterinHuntsville,Alabama, EXPERIMENTSELECTIONis responsibleforplanninganddirectingthe entireSpacelab 1 mission.The center'sMissionManagerand its Spacelab1 investigationswere selected in a competitionSpacelab PayloadProjectOffice coordinateall activities judgedon the basesof intrinsicscientificmeritand suita-pertinent to the payloadof scientificinstruments,after bilityforflighton the Shuttle.NASAand ESA issuedAnnouncementsofOpportunityinvitingthe worldwideinitial selection throughthe developmentofSpacelab 1 scientificcommunity to proposeinvestigations.Interestedexperimenthardwareand supportequipment, and it scientistsrespondedwithover400proposals,whichwereconductscrewtrainingforthe whole payload.The MissionManager'sprimegoal is to ensure that the payloadsatisfies evaluatedbyan independentgroupof experts.NASAandthe researchneedsof the userscientists,utilizestheShuttle-Spacelabcapabilitiesefficiently,andoperates wellduringflight.A prime contributor to the missionmanagement team isthe European organizationSPICE (SpacelabPayloadIntegration and CoordinationEurope), whichmanagestheESA-sponsoredportion of the payload. The MissionManager alsoworks closelywithother NASAorganizationsinvolvedinShuttle-Spacelabpreparationsand flightoperations. F'_

Preparation for the Spacelab 1 missionhas beenaccomplishedthrough several yearsof technicalteamworkand administrative coordination. The following synopsisshowsthe variousphasesofmissiondevelopmentandmanagement.

Above: Investigatorsmeetperiodicallyoguide thescientificactivitiesof themission.

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IIESA then selected some 70 investigations that are compat-ble with one another and with Spacelab's capabilities. -; m !!"SCIENTIFICGUIDANCEAfter experiment selection, an Investigator Working Group 3-_ _3.-__was formed to guide the scientific planning of the Spacelab 1mission. This committee includes the Principal Investigator,or chief scientist, for each experiment chosen for flight.The Mission Scientist from NASA's Marshall Space FlightCenter is chairman of the group and issupported by aProject Scientist from ESA. The Investigator WorkingGroup guides the incorporation of the many experimentsinto a single payload and helps to select the PayloadSpecialists for the mission. Through the efforts of thiscommittee, the needs of user scientists are coordinated andcommunicated to the Mission Manager.MISSION PLANNINGAs the mission develops, Spacelab 1 planners devise themission timeline, an around-the-clock schedule of events Scientistsand technicians around the world participate inthe designduring the flight. Each experiment is assigned time slots andtestingofSloacelab1 experimenthardware.during which it is "turned on;' receiving the necessarypower, crew time, and computer support for operation, fulfill its research purpose but also to "fit" with otherAppropriate periods for simultaneous experiments are experiments into the size, weight, and power supplyidentified, as well as times when such targets as a particular capabilities of Spacelab. For the sake of economy, existingstar or land feature are available for observation. Mission equipment is used as much as possible, and much of theplanning produces a precisely coordinated sequence for the hardware is designed for reuse on future missions. Themany events that make up the Spacelab 1 investigations. Principal Investigators and the Mission Manager stay inDuring flight, these operations are monitored and managed close touch to ensure that experiment and supportby the Marshall Center's mission management team from a hardware are well coordinated and are designed in accordpayload control center at the Johnson Space Center in with the expected environmental conditions of the mission.Houston, Texas.EXPERIMENTHARDWARE DEVELOPMENTConstruction of the experiment apparatus occurs simul-taneously in many different places around the world.Experiment hardware isdeveloped by investigators them-selves in collaboration with ESA, NASA, and privateindustry. Their apparatus must be designed not only to

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ItPAYLOAD INTEGRATION

I_a_mmnt For a successful mission, all Spacelab 1 systems and allIndividual pieces of experi-ment hardwareare checked experimentsmust beassembledproperly sotheywork

thoroughlyeforehipment properly. Payload integration is the assembly of all com-teKennedypaceenter. ponentsinto awell-organizedand functionalpayload.

Integration or "fitting together" occurs in several phasesuring the life of the mission.Initially, the requirements (such as space, electricity,p=,/Io=nntqrm_n computer time, crew time) of each experiment areEquipmentsinstallednto evaluated and a layout is designed. This blueprint assuresracksnd/orpallet(s)and that all "occupants" can share Spacelab's accommodationscheckedorcompatibilityo compatibly.CablesconnectingnstrumentstoSpacelab'snsure that the instrumentswork together asan power supply,computer,anddatasystemarealsolaid out.assembledayload. Later, instrumentsare shippedtothelaunchsiteatKennedySpaceCenterforassemblyof thetotalpayloadand installationintoSpacelab.Componentsare attachedtoracksand thepallet,andall circuitsandconnectionsS_==e_bnt=cr=_ are tested.

Thentegratedayloadex- Shortly before launch, Spacelab is placed inside theperiment racks and pallets)is installednSpace/abnd Shuttle Orbiter and all links are checked. Then the loadedcheckedforcompatibility Orbiter is moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building to bewithheSpace/abystems, attachedto the External Tanks and SolidRocket Boosters.Finally,thefully assembledShuttle-Spacelabsmovedtothe launchpad.SCIENCECREWTRAININGSpacelab is installed in theShuttleOrbiterndchecked MissionSpecialistsandPayloadSpecialistsforSpacelab1for overall systems corr&oati-bilitytoverifyhathe areprofessionalswith provenscientifictalentand creden-Spacelabithtspayload tials.Nevertheless,heymusttrain for themission,honingworksarmoniouslyi th the theirskillsto ensurethesuccessof eachinvestigation.rbiter. Part of thecrew'straininginvolvesthebasicskillsnecessary for livingand working safely onboard theShuttle-Spacelab. Medical, emergency, and survivalskills as

Payload Specialists undergo extensive training inthe Spacelab 1 simulatorat MarshallSpaceFlight Center.

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well as the normal routines of living in a spacecraft areracticed in training programs at the Johnson and Kennedy ,..._Space Centers.The major part of training, however, is associated withthe Spacelab 1 investigations and is performed inlaboratories around the world. Detailed operation ofindividual experiments is defined by the Principal Invest-igators, who coach the crewmembers in their ownlaboratories. Training in experiment operations is coordin-ated by NASA and ESA.Training for the integrated payload occurs at theMarshall Space Flight Center under the supervision of the o',l-a,,,l_Mission Manager. In-flight operations are realisticallysimulated in the Spacelab 1 mockup there. By the time themission actually flies, the Specialists onboard havethoroughly practiced all operations. If necessary, they arecapable of trouble-shooting and responding to unexpectedopportunities to enhance the research yield of the mission.ON-ORBIT OPERATIONS Scientists and members of the ground support teamwill monitortheDuring a Spacelabflight,thehubof activityforscientists SpacelabmissionromconsolesnthePayloadO0erationsonthe groundis thePayloadOperationsControlCenter ControlCenter.(POCC).Thisfacility islocatedatJohnsonSpaceCenter inHouston.The MissionScientist,ESAProjectScientist, video tapesthatcontaininformationonly abouttheirownMissionManager,twoPayloadSpecialists,and all Principal experiments.Furthermore,afterthe Shuttlelands,allInvestigators, with their research teams, gather here to experiment equipment and samples will be returned to theoversee the operation of their experiments. Flight Principal Investigators. Full analysis of all returned dataOperations teams from NASA and ESA support these may take several years. Information gleaned from theactivities. Spacelab 1 mission undoubtedly will provide the basis for

From the payload control center, scientists can many future experiments.communicate with the Spacelab crew by voice and video;command and data links enable them to follow the progress REFURBISHMENT AND REUSEof their experiments. If necessary, they may intervene in the Spacelab andmany of the experiment instrumentsareoperations by verbally instructingthe crew or by sending designed to be reused on other missions. After Spacelab 1automated commands to the onboard computer that is dismantled, all hardware will be inspected and, ifcontrols their instruments. Investigators may install their necessary, repaired or modified. Some pieces may beown special equipment for experiment data processing and required immediately for other Spacelab missions; othersanalysis in the center so they can monitor and modify will remain available as part of an equipment pool thatoperations, scientists may draw upon to assemble new experimentsAll information pertinent to the Spacelab investigations quickly and economically.is received through the payload control center's data The final phase of the Spacelab 1 mission is thus themanagement system, which provides scientists on the initial phase of later missions. Spacelab is a reusableground with more data than are generally available to the resource, ready for other crews and other investigations.Payload Specialists. Thus, investigators can assess and Before Spacelab 1,opportunities for the independentrespond to up-to-the-minute information and can be scientist to perform research in space were few and faractively involved in experiment operations hundreds of between; payload development and flight were long andmiles away in space, prohibitively expensive processes. Now a new era in thehistory of science is beginning: scientists can work in spaceDATARETURN or send their investigations aloft with relative ease andDuring the flight, data are also transmitted to the Spacelab economy. The Spacelab 1mission invites the world to joinData Processing Facility at Goddard Space Flight Center in the continuing adventure of science in space.Greenbelt, Maryland. This facility separates and organizesthe mass of incoming data by experiment. Thus, investi-gators may obtain computer tapes, voice recordings, and

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14

SPACELABINVESTI6ASpacelab 1 is a laboratory and observatory for over seventyinvestigations in five research disciplines. Such an ambi-tious program of multidisciplinary research is appropriatefor the inauguration of this facility. The first missiondemonstrates the versatility of Spacelab.What discoveries and results can be expected from theSpacelab 1 mission? This research opportunity isso novelthat we can hardly predict the full impact of the mission.Certainly, we will add to our fund of basic scientificknowledge; some of the investigations will stretch thefrontiers of science with major advances in theory andmeasurements. Others willyield a favorable return-on-investment through major technical advances and practicalapplications. Many of the investigations will be modifiedand reflown on later missions to capitalize on the achieve-ments of Spacelab 1.As we conduct science in space, weexpect keener insight into the universe, the Earth,materials, and life itself.

Various specific results are expected from individualinvestigations. The following summaries include thepurpose, importance, and method of each major Spacelab 1investigation (some of which involve several experiments).The identification number, sponsor, and PrincipalInvestigator's name and affiliation are given for eachinvestigation. Dozens of co-investigators also are parti-cipating in the science activities of this mission. Allexperiments on the pallet are controlled from the moduleby the crew or by computers. No extra-vehicular activity isscheduled for this mission.

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J

//FAR ULTRAVIOLET VERY WIDE FIELD CAMERA SPECTROSCOPY INASTRONOMY USING THE 1ES022 (ESA) X-RAY ASTRONOMYFAUST TELESCOPE G. Court6s, 1ES023 (ESA)INS005 (NASA) Laboratoired'Astroflomle R. Andresen,C.S. Bowyer, Spatlale, France ESA/European Space ResearchUniversityof California Purpose:Tomakea general and TechnologyCentre,at Berkeley, UnitedStates ultravioletsurveyof thecelestial The NetherlandsPurpose:Toobserve,withhigher sphereinastudyof iarge-scale Purpose:Tostudydetailedfeaturessensitivityhanpreviouslypossible, phenomena, ofcosmicX-raysourcesand theirfaintultravioletemissionsrom Importance:Astronomicalbserv- variationsntime.vadousastronomicalources, ationwithwidefield-of-viewnstru- Importance: Rockets,balloons,andImportance:Muchremainstobe mentsis relativelynew.This satelliteshaveopenednewlearnedaboutthestagesinthe lifeof techniquesfasterandeasierto "windows"orobservinghe universe.a star.It isthoughtthatagingstars interprethanscanningofmany Observationsromabovethereachveryhightemperaturesand pointsovera largearea,and itallows atmosphere,whichabsorbsmostemit intensear-ultravioletadiation, constantcomparisonwith thesky wavelengthsnd limitsourviewofTheseemissionsannotbe detected backgroundand referencestars, thecosmos,havecauseda revolutionbyground-basedstronomers,but Wide-anglephotographyswell- inas_n0my in the lastfewyears.Wetheycanbe detectedbyanultraviolet suitedforstudiesoflarge-scale cannowseethatviolent,high-energysensorplacedoutsideheEarth's ultravioletadiationnzodiacalight, processesrethe normratherthanatmosphere.Betterknowledgeof diffusegalacticight,interstellar theexceptioninthe lifecycleofstarsultTavioletourceswillleadto clouds,andothersources.Ultraviolet andgalaxies.Theseexplosiveeventsimprovedunderstandingof the life radiationsa signatureof high- emitX-rays.nordertounderstandcycleof starsand galaxieshroughout temperaturestars-- beth very young, theprocesseshatdominatestellarthe universe, massivestarsand agingstarsnearthe evolution,wemustleamtoobserveMethod: TheFarUltravioletSpace end of theirevolution, and interprettheseX-rayemissions.Telescope(FAUST)isacompact, Method: A camera-telescope CosmicX-rayspectroscopysawidefieid-of-vlewnstrumenthathas mountedn the Spsceiabscientific promisingnewfieldofastronomicalalreadybeenusedonrocketsforbrief airlockbythecrewwilltakewide- research.astronomicalobservations.AUST anglepicturesof theskyinultraviolet Method: Thedetectorsystemor thiswillbemountedon the palletand wavelengths.The instrumentwillbe experimentsa gasscintillationoperatedbythecrewfromthe usedtostudyhe large-scale proportionalcounter.X-raysfromanmodule.It issensitiveenoughto structureof the MilkyWayandthe astrophysicalarget(e.g.,a pulsar,detectvery faintultravioletemissions remnantsof largeexplosionshat supernovaemnant,orclustero fthatarepredictedtoexistjustpriorto occurredeonsagonearthesun. galaxies)arereceivedandtheirthe deathof astar.Observationsof Thesefeaturesshouldbeespecially characteristicsecordedby thewaygalaxiesand quasarsandjoint noticeablethroughwide-angle theyexciteXenongaswithintheobservationswithotherSpacelab1 photography, instrument.Thesedatacanbe analyzedexperiments will also be conducted, to determine the energy of each X-rayThisinvestigationwilldemonstrate event.Resultsare expectedtoprovidetheeffectiveuseonSpaceiabof newinsightsntoveryhighenergyexistinghardwareat lowcostandthe eventsinourgalaxyandelsewhereinsuitabilityof Spacelabasa platform the universe.nstrumentationslocatedforastronomicaltudies.Itwill also onthe pallet,anddataarestoredonprovideawealthofphotographicdata magnetictapeafter transmissiono theunavailablebeforethismission, ground.Thecrewstarts,stops,andchecksoperations.

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I

j_! jt

ACTIVE CAVITY RADIOMETER SOLAR SPECTRUM FROM MEASUREMENT OF THE1NA008 (NASA) 170-3200 NANOMETERS SOLAR CONSTANTR.C. Willson, (170032,000 Angstroms) 1ES021 (ESA)Jet PropulsionLaboratory, 1ES016 (ESA) D. Crommelynck,United States G. Thuilller, InstitutRoyal M6t_mrologiquePurpo_: Tomeasurethetotalsolar Service d'A_wonomledu Centre de Belgique, Belgiumirradiance"solarconstant")andits National de la Recherche Purpose:Tomeasuretheabsolutevariationhroughtimewithstate-of- Sdentiflque, France valueof the solarconstantwiththe-artaccuracyandprecision. Purpose:Tomeasurehe energy improvedaccuracyandtodetectandImportance: Thesun'soptical outputin the ultravioleto infrared measureshort-termvariations.radiationsthe primarydrivingforce rangeof thesolarspectrum. Importance:Thesolarconstantsfor thecirculationofthe Earth's Importance: It isimportanto know thetotalradiantenergyof the sunatmosphereandthe formationof whichwavelengthrangesof thesolar receivedat theEarth.Theabsoluteweathersystems.Smellvariationsn spectrumare involvedn the valueof the solarconstantsacriticalthesun'stotal radiantoutputwould variabilityof the solarconstant, term indeterminationsoftheEarth'shavesignificanteffectsonthe Variabilitybelow300 nm(3000_) absorptionnd reflectionof radiationweatherandclimateof theEarth.It is influencesheozonelayerand (our"radiationbudget")andinthethereforeimportanto determinethe equilibriumf the Earth'supper energybalanceequationgovamingmagnitudeof possiblevariationsn atmosphere,w_ilevariabilityabove atmosphericirculationthus,weatherthesun'sotal outputof energy. 700 nm(7000_ ) affectswatervapor andclimate).Moreaccuratemeasure-Method: The totalsolarirmdiance andcarbondioxideabsorptionat mentsofthevalueof the solarfromtar ultraviolethroughtar loweraltitudes.Accuratemeasure- constant,whichcanbemadeonlyinfraredwavelengthswillbe mentsofthe spectraldistributionnd fromoutsidetheatmosphere,aremeasuredwiththreeheatdetectors variationof thesolarconstantare needed.(pyrheliometera)mountedon the importantothestudyof solar Method: Ahigh-resolutionbsolutepelletandcontrolledautomatically, physics,planetaryatmospheres,and pyrheliometerradiancesensor)willTheheatingeffectof solarirradlance climatology, measurethesolarconstantdirectlywillbedeterminedbycomparisonoa Method: Threepallet-mounted fromthepallet.Datawillbecomparedknownheatingvalueto obtainan doublemonochromatorsfor withmeasurementsromthe otheraccuratemeasurementofthe solar ultraviolet,isible,andinfrared twoSpacelab1solarexperimentsasconstant, spectralranges)willbeusedasa wellaswith datagatheredsince1960detectingandcountingsystem, to resolvediscrepancies.ReflightsofInflightcalibrationbythecrewwill the instrumentareproposedodetectcontributeothe accuracyand andmeasurelong-termvariations.Thisprecisionof the measurements, investigationslargelycontrolledbyPeriodicreflightswillpermitmeasure- theonboardcomputer.mentsovera longertime scalethana

singlemissionandwillbeessentialfordetectionof long-termvariations.Spacelab1marksthefirsttime thatspectraland totalirradiancehavebeenmeasuredsimultaneouslyromthe samespacecraft.

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17

Jj //SPACE EXPERIMENTS WITH ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION PHENOMENA INDUCED BYPARTICLE ACCELERATORS PHOTOMETRIC IMAGING CHARGED PARTICLE BEAMS(SEPAC) 1NS003 (NASA) 1ES020 (ESA)1NS002 (NASA) S.B. Mende, C. Beghin,T. Obayashi, Lockheed PaloAlto Research Centre National de laInstitute of Space and Laboratories,United States Recherche Sr,lentiflque, FranceAslxonauticalSciences, Japan Purpose:Toobservefaintoptical Purpose:TostudytheeffectsofPurpose:Toperformactiveand emissionsssociatedwithnaturaland chargedparticlebeaminjectionsntointeractiveperturbationxbefimentsin artificiallynducedphenomenan the theEarth'supperatmosphere.theEarth'sionospherend upperatmosphere. Importance: Whenabeamof fast,magnetosphere. Importance: Manyatmospheric electricallychargedparticlespassesImportance:TheEarth'senvelopeof processesnd constituentsroduce throughan ionizedgas(plasma),magneticfieldsandchargedparticles faintopticalemissionshatcanbe used severalphysicalprocessesreactsasa giganticelectricalgenerator, as"tracers"orelectricfields,high - triggeredinthegas.Naturalbeam-producingand depositingnergyinthe altitudewinds,andotherdynamic plasmanteractionsccurintheauroralatmosphere,whereit isreleasedin the phenomena.V'mwedromabove,the zoneof the ionosphere,n themag-auroras.Tounderstandhesecomplex atmospheresnature'selevision netosphere,andelsewhereinthephysicalprocesses,t isnecessaryo screen;patternsof lightemittedthere universe.Beam-plasmanteractionsdisturbhespaceenvironment carryinformationboutnaturaland alsocanbe createdartif iciallybyartificiallyandwatchtheresultant artificiallynducedactivitynthe exbedmentshatusetheEarth'seffectsandinteractions.t ispossibleo environment, plasmaenvironmenttselfasa lsbom-usespaceitselfasavastlaboratoryor Method: A low-light-levelelevision tory.Theseactiveexberimentsmayactiveexperimentsonrnagnatospheric and photometermountedonthepallet leadtoa betterunderstandingof theprocessesnd solar-terrestrialinkage, willbe usedtoproduceimagesof faint Earth'senvironmentndbasicplasmaTheseexperimentsalsogive insight atmosphericemissions.heshapeand physics.intosimilarphysicalprocessesoccurring sizeofthe imagescanbe analyzedo Method: Moderate-intensityparticleinothermagneticenvironments "diagnose"heeffectsofactive beamswillbe firedintothespaceelsewhereintheuniverse(pulssrs, experimentstoidentifybeaminter- plasmaaroundtheC)rbiter.The "activeX-raystars,radiogalaxies,planetary actionswith theionosphere,for package"of instrumentson thepalletenvironments,ndsolarflares), example).Theseinstrumentsalsowill containselectronandionacceleratorsMethod: High-intensityelectronand be usedto investigatenatural and somediagnosticnstruments.Theionbeamsandneutralgascloudswill phenomena,suchasionmotionn the "passivepackage"willbe deployedinbe firedfromacceleratorsntothe ionosphere.Thisinvestigationslargely the scientificaidockbythecrewforspaceenvironmento illuminatehe controlledby theonboardcomputer, measurementsofthe surroundinginvisiblestructureand dynamicsof the plasma.Coordinationof thisexperi-Earth'senvelopeof magnetized mentandseveralotherinvestigationssplasma.Particlebeaminjectionscreate plannedinordertoevaluatevarioussmall-scaleartificialaurorasorstudies beaminjectioninstrumentsandof the natural auroral process. These techniques for continued use onbeamsalsotracemagneticieldlines Spaceiabmissions.Thecrewassistsnalongwhichenergytravelsintothe theoperationof thisinvestigation.atmosphere.Avarietyofdetectingandmeasuringnstrumen tsromSEPACandothercomplementarynvestiga-tionswillmonitorthebeaminjectionexperiments.MostoftheSEPACequipmentslocatedonthepalletandcontrolledby scientistsn thelaboratorymodule.

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LOW ENERGY ELECTRON FLUX DC MAGNETIC FIELD ISOTOPIC STACK --AND ITS REACTION TO ACTIVE VECTOR MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF HEAVYEXPERIMENTATION ON 1ESOIgB (ESA) COSMIC RAY ISOTOPESSPACELAB R. 8chmklt, 1E8024 (ESA)1ES019A (ESA) Space Research Instituteof the R. Beaujean,K. Wilhelm, AustrianAcademy of 8olenoes, InstitutfOrReine und AngewandteMax PlanokInstitut for Aeronomle, Austria Kemphysic der UnivmitM_ Kiei,Federal Republic of Germany Purpose: Todeterminethemagnetic Federal Republio of GermanyPurpose:Touseartificiallyaccelerated fieldaroundthe Orbiterduringthe Purpo6e: Tomeasureheavycosmicelectronsastracerparticlesorelectric Spaceiab1mission, raynucleiwitha nuclearchargeof3fieldsparalieltotheEarth'smagnetic Importal1_): IntheEarth'smagnetic ormore.field, field,themotionofelectricallycharged Importance: Thereismuchto ieamImportance: Aurorasoccurwhen particles,suchasthosefiredoutby abouttheacceiemtion,energy,andparticleschieflyelectrons),guided beamaccelerators,hasthreecompo- chemicalcompositionfcosmicraysalongmagneticfield lines,collidewith nents:gyrationaroundthemagnetic thatpenetratetheEarth'smagneto-theupperatmosphere.Theseparticles field line,bouncebetweennorthand spherefromsolarandgalacticsources.maybe influencedbyelectricfields southmirrorpoints,anddriftaround Ofspecialinterestforunderstandingparallelo themagneticield.Improved the Earth.SeveralSpecelab1 investi- particlemovementnthesolarsystemunderstandingof thestructureand gationsof particlesrequireaccurate areheaw (partiallyionized)nuclei.electricalfeaturesof theEarth's measurementsofthestrengthand Theselowenergyparticlescanbeenvironmentsessentialora better directionof the localmagneticield, detectedonlyoutsidetheatmosphere.understandingof thecomplex Method: The instru}nentsa magnetic Theymaycarrysignificantnformationprocesseshatoccurthere, fieldsensoron the pallet;,t includes abouttheir originsandtheirtransporta-Method: Inconjunctionwiththe threemagnetometers,achmeasuring tionthroughspace.electronbeamexperiments,his onecomponentof particlemotionin Method: Thedetector,a stackofinvestigationwilldetectthe presence the magneticield.Theexperimentwill plasticsheetsbehinda thinshield,willof electron"echoes"producedwhen functionthroughouthemissionor beexposedonthepallet.Heavyionselectronsfiredupwardalonga field line longduration,argeareamappingof stoppingnorpassinghroughthearereflectedbya parallelelectricfield, magneticfieldstrength.Calculated sheetsleavelatenttrackshatcanbeMeasurementsofthe energyand magneticfielddatawillbeavailableor revealedbychemicalprocessingontransittimeoftheechoesgiveinforma- otherexperiments, thegroundafterthemission.Analysistionaboutthe fieldstrengthand ofthetrackswillyieldinformationlocationOftheelectricpotentialbarrier, aboutthenuclearchargeandmassofThepallet-mountedetectoralsowill the ions,andthusabouttheirchemicalbe usedtomonitorspacecraftcharging composition,energyspectrum,ource,relatedtooperationofthe electron andacceleration.Thedetectorswillacceiemtors.Thecrewwillactivatethe remainsensitivethroughoutheinvestigationndmakeadjustmentsas mission.required.

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AtmosphericPhysicsandEarthObservations:.../

,m

AN IMAGING SPECTROMETRIC GRILLE SPECTROMETER WAVE8 IN THEOBSERVATORY 1E8013 (ESA) OH EMI881VE LAYER1N8001 (NASA) M. Ackerman, 1E8014 (ESA)M.R. Torr, Institut D'Aeronomle M. Hers6,Utah State University, Spatiale de Belgique, Belgium S_ d_A(m)nomieduCentreUnited States A. Girard, Netionalde la RecherchePurpose:Tomeesuretheairglow Office National d'Etudes et de $clentiflque, Francespectrumnwavelengthsangingfrom R_ Aerospatlales, France Purpose:Tophotographa layerof theextremeultravioleto infrared. Purpose:Tostudy,ona globalscale, highatmospherenordertoexamineImportmtce: Ultraviolet,isiblelight, theatmospherebetween15and cloud-likestructureshathavebeenand infraredemissionsareassociated 150km(gand93 miles)altitude, observedhere.withmanyprocesseshatoccurin the Importance:Atmosphericatafrom Importance: Near-infraredphoto-Earth'senvironment.Theseemissions balloon,aimraft,and rocketstudiesare graphsof thenightskyshowlargeconstituteheatmosphericirglow, verylocalized.High-altitudeatellite cloud-likestructurest the85-krnwhichcontains8wealthof information observationsovera largerviewing (53-mile)level.Theoriginof theseaboutthecompositionndstateof the areabutproducelow-resolution formsandthedynamicsof thisregionatmosphereandionosphere.These spectraldata.FromSpacelab,t is arenotyet understood;heymaybedata are largelyinaccessibleromthe possibleo makehigh-reaolution relatedto gravitywavesorwinds intheground,buttheShuttle'sorbitalaltitude observationsoverwideareasandto upperatmosphere.Theonlyisidealfor theacquisitionofcomplete obtainameredetailed,morecompre- atmosphericonstituentt thisaltitudespectralmeasurementsftheairglow, hensivepictureof theEarth's8tmo- thatemitslightinthenear-infraredThisinvestigationwillgivenewinsight sphere.Ofspecialinterestaretrace wavelengthsisanoxygen-hydrogenintothevariedreactionsandenergy gases(carbondioxide,watervapor, compound,OH. Studyof OHemissionstransferprocesseshatoccurinthe ozone,and ahostofotherminor mayrevealthe size,movement,Earth'senvironment, constituents)hatare involvedn evolution,andotherfeaturesof theseMethod: TheImagingSpectrometric atmosphericphotochemicalprocesses, mysterioustructures.FromSpacelab,Observatory,ocatedonthepallet, Wedonotcurrentlyhaveaccurate it ispossibleoview largerareasoftheconsistsoffive spectrometersor measurementsf theirdensityat these OH layerforlongertimesandwithimagingtheopticalsignaturesof altitudes, greaterclaritythanbyrocketorground-basedmethods.processesnthemagnetosphere, Method: Thetechniqueof infraredionosphere,andatmosphere.The spectroscopywillbe usedto examine Method: Thesimplestwaytogatherinstrumentanbe usedtostudythe' the atmospherelongtheEarth's datahereistotakepicturesandreturneffectsoftheSpacePlasmaPhysics horizonorlimb.Lightcomingfromthe thefilmto Earthforprocessing.AactiveexperimentsnearSpacelabor sunthroughthe limbor fromthe modified16millimetermoviecamerathefeaturQsof remoterregions.Itcan atmospheretselfwillbe receivedbya onthe palletwilltakeapproximatelylookhighaboveorbitalaltitudeo telescopeand transmittedntothe 2000 photographs.Fromtheseimages,regionsof incomingsolarandmagneto- spectrometer,wherethecharacteristic thestructures,ndpossiblechangesinsphericenergy,and itcanlookdown spectralsignatureofeachatmospheric them,canbemeasuredandmapped.intotheatmosphereowardauroras constituentwillbeproduced.The Dataalsowillbe comparedwithinfor-andthefeetofmagneticieldlines.The instruments locatedonthe palletand mationobtainedinotherexperimentsinstrumentsa high-speed,broad- isprogrammedhroughamicro- fora betterunderstandingf mixingrangesensorof naturalandartificial processorhatallowsinteraction andmovingprocessesn theopticaleffects,whichcanbe usedasan betweenthescientistsnbeardandthe atmosphere.observatoryorstudiesnotonlyofthe ground-basednvestigators.histerrestrialenvironmentbutalsoof investigationsexpectedtocollectvariousastronomicalourcesof merehigh-qualitydata,inamuchemissions, shortertime,thancanbecollectedby20high-altitudealloonflights.

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AtmosphericPhysicsandEarthObservations

INVESTIGATION ON METRIC CAMERA EXPERIMENT MICROWAVE REMOTEATMOSPHERIC H & DTHROUGH 1EA033 (ESA) SENSING EXPERIMENTMEASUREMENT OF THEIR M. Reynolds, 1EA034 (ESA)LYMAN

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LifeSciences

tl: : : ....RADIATIONENVIRONMENT ADVANCEDBIOSTACK MICROORGANISMSANDMAPPING EXPERIMENT BIOMOLECULES IN HARD1N8006 (NASA) 1ES027(ESA) SPACEENVIRONMENTE.V. Benton, H. BiJcker, 1E8029 (ESA)Universityof San Francisco, Inst itut fOr Flugmedizin/Abteilung G.Homeck,United States fOr Biophysik, Institut fOr FIugmedizin/AbteilungPurpose: To measure the cosmic Federal Republic of Germany fOr Biophysik,radiationinsideSpaceisb. Puq)ose: Todetermine the radiobio- Federal Republic of GermanyImportance: Some radiationfrom the logicalimportance of cosmic radiation Purpose: To rneasumthe influence ofspace environment penetrates the particlesof highcharge and high the space environment on variousprotective shielding on spacecraft, energy, biologicalspecimens.Informationabout thenature ofcosmic Importance: Further information is Importance: Exposureto the vacuumradiation insideSpeceiab isvital to the needed toassessthe hazardof cosmic and high-energy radiationin space mayprotection of people working them. radiation to humansand experiments in influence livingmatter at thecellular,Such data are also necessaryfor space and to establishguidelines for subcelluiar,and molecular levels.protectingexperiments thatmay be their protection.We also need to Growth disturbances,membraneaffected byexposure to radiation, understand the effects of single damage,and structuralchanges inMethod: Dosimeters (radiationdetect- particleson biological matter, enzymesand proteinsare possibleors) and stacksof plasticdetector film Method: The experimental packages consequences of prolonged exposurewill be mounted in varioos places are biostacks,layers of different in space. Precise information about theinsideSpacelab. Thesampling sites will biological matter sandwiched between effects of space on livingmatter isrepresent a wide range of spacecraft different types ofdetectors. Biostacks expectad to hastenthe solutionofshielding. Penetrating neutrons, will be exposed tocosmic radiation at several problemsin space biology andprotons,and particles with highcharge several locationsinsidethe moduleand basic research.and energy leave tracks in the detector on the pallet.Characteristictracks of Method: More than300 samplesofmaterials thatcan be developed by particles in the detector material will be test materials (microorganismsandprocessingafter the flight.These tracks correlated with injury of the biological biomolecules, packed in fourca.rw information about the nature of matter. Improvedmethods of Iocaliza- containers) located on the pallet will beradiation inside the Spaceiab module; tion and biologicalevaluation will be exposed to the space vacuumand tothe measurementswill be used to usedto interpret these data. variouswavelengths and intensities ofdetermine the potential radiationrisk to solar ultraviolet radiation.The speci-humansand expedmenta. The crew will menswill be evaluated after the flighthave no dutiesin this investigation, and compared with findings fromsimulationexperiments on the ground.

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LifeSciences

VESTIBULAR EXPERIMENT8 VESTIBULO-SPINAL EFFECTS OF RECTILINEAR1N8102 (NASA) REFLEX MECHANISMS ACCELERATIONS,L.R. Young, 1N8104 (NASA) OPTOKINETIC, AND CALORICMassachusettsInstitute of M.F. Reschke, STIMULATIONS IN SPACETechnology,United States NASA/Johnson Space Center, 1E8201 (ESA)Purpose:Tostudythecausesofspace United States R. yonBaumgarten,motionsicknessandto studysensory- Purpose: Toobservechangesnspinal Johannes Gutenberg Universit_t,motoradaptationo weightlessness, reflexesandpostureduringsustained Federal Republic of GermanyImportance:Thegravity-sensitive weightlessness. Purpose:Toinvestigatehevestibularvestibularorganintheinnerear is Importance:Thevestibularnd otolith functionsoftheidnerear,particularlyresponsibleorourabilitytosense organsofthe innerear areassociated theotolithorganswhichnormallyhelpchangesinthespetFIanddirectionof withnervesandmuscleshatgovern tomaintainuprightposture.bodilymovement,evenwhenoureyes thebody'sposture.Changesnpostural Importance: Manyastronautshaveareclosed.Weuseinformationrom reflexesthatsuggestadaptationo experiencedmotionsicknessduringthevestibularapparatusowalk, weightlessnessavebeenobserved theirfirstfewdaysinspace.Recentmaintainan uprightposture,andseeas duringandafterspaceflight.Obeerva- studiessuggesthatspacesicknesswemove.Thevestibularsystemalso tionsof theseresponseshrough maybe causedbyamalfunctionof thecausesthe symptomsf motion longerperiodsofweightlessnessre innerear'sgravity-sensitivetolithsickness.nspace,thisorganwillnot necessaryorassessingheabilityofa organsntheabsenceof gravity.givethe usualinformationo thebrain crewto functioneffectivelynspace. Improvedunderstandingofthevesti-aboutthebody'sorientationand Method: Thecrewwillparticipaten bularfunctionswouldbenefitbothmovement.Thebrainmustadaptto severalexperimentso recordneuro- medicalscienceandthespaceweightlessnessygreaterrelianceon muscularreflexesassociatedwith the program.othersensorycues. vestibular-otolithystem.nthevirtual Method: ThevestibularsystemwillbeMethod: Severalexperimentswill absenceofgravity,accelerationorces stimulatedbyveryweaklinearacceler-investigateheeffectsofweightless- (whichstimulatethevestibular-otolith ationsappliedto a"floating"crew-heSSonthevestibularpparatus,man's organs)willbe simulatedwithelastic member.A specialbodyrestraintsensitivityomovement,vestibular cordsina "hopand drop"technique, systemwill preventhimfromtouchingcontrolofeye movements,ndman's Thesubject'sphysiologicalesponses thewallsofSpacelab.Foropticalsusceptibilityo motionsickness, to thisstimulationwillbemonitored, stimulation,hesubjectwillwearaEquipmentncludesa bodyrestraint recorded,andanalyzed, helmetcontainingvisualstimulationsystem,cameras,tape recorders,and andrecordingdevices.Alleye move-otherdevicesforvisualstimulationnd mentsand postureswillbe transmittedrecording.Thecrewwill serveas to the payloadcontrolcenter.subjectsnseveraltestsofeyemove-mentsandbodilysensations.Expectedresultsare improvedunderstandingofvestibularunction,motionsickness,andadaptationothe lossofamajorchannelof sensorynformation.

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EFFECTS OF PROLONGED THE INFLUENCE OF SPACE MEASUREMENT OF CENTRALWEIGHTLESSNESS ON THE FLIGHT ON ERYTHROKINETICS VENOUS PRESSURE ANDHUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MAN DETERMINATION OFOF HUMANS 1NS103 (NASA) HORMONES IN BLOOD SERUM1N8105 (NASA) C. Leach, DURING WEIGHTLESSNESSE.W.Vou, Jr., NASA/Johnson Space Center, 1E8026 and 1E8032 (ESA)Universityof Illinois, United States United States K. Kirsch,Purpose:Todeterminetheeffectof Purpose:Tomeasurechangesn Physiologile_es Institut derweightlessnessnthebody'simmune thecirculatingredbloodcellmass Frelen Universit_,responseorabilityto resistdisease. (erythrokinetics)fpeopleexposedo Federal Republic of GermanyImpertanc_: Practically,t isimportant weightlessness. Purpose:Tocollectdataonchangesintoestablishheimmunologicalapabil- Importance:A consistentindingfrom thedistributionofbodyfluidsendintheityofhumansnspaceto protecttheir recentspaceflightsisa reductionn balanceofwaterandminerals.healthand productivityduringa thecirculatingredbloodcellmassthat Importance:Astronautsonpreviousmission.Forbasicscience,t is beginsearlyina mission.Theexact missionshaveexperienceda shiftofdesirableounderstandhe interrela- mechanismandprogressof this bodyfluidsfromthe legsintothechesttionshipsofvariouscomponentsnthe changeinbloodcountisnotyet and head.Theyhavealsoundergoneimmuneresponse.Underthe stressof understood.Furtherinformations somechangesnfluidandmineralweightlessness,hesecomponentsmay necessaryorassessmentsf human metabolism.Thecausesand physio-not respondequally, capabilityforshortand longspace logicalmechanismsf thesechangesMethod: Bloodsampleswillbe missions, arenotwell understood.Dataonobtainedfromcrewmemberstdesig- Method: Bloodsampleswillbe centralvenouspressureandhormoneshatedtimesbefore,dudng,andafter collectedromcmwmembersbefore, inthebloodserumshouldbe usefulforflight.Thesespecimenswillbe during,andafter flight.Sampleswillbe understandingluidcirculationandanalyzedforchangesinantibody analyzedo determinewhetherthereis metabolismnweightlessness,ndlevels.Severaltestshavebeen asignificantchangeinredbloodcell perhapsalsoin healthanddiseaseondevelopedtoanalyzethetotalantibody massand plasmavolumeduringinitial Earth.con_entof thesamples,aswellas exposuretoweightlessnessnd Method: The PayloadSpecialistswillspecificantibodyactivities,oreveal whetherredbloodcell productions take turnsmeesudngcentralvenouswhetherweightlessnesssastress inhibitednspace.Thesedatawill aid pressurenanarmvein,usingsterilefactoron theimmuneresponse, thesearchforthe mechanismhat needle-strainaugeassemblies.heycausesemporary"spaceflightanemia" willalsodrawbloodsamplesorhormoneanalysisonthe ground.Theseprocedureswillbe performedoneachmannearthebeginning,middle,andendofthe mission.

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LifeSciences \ !/'i ) '

MASSDISCRIMINATION THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERSONALMINIATUREDURING WEIGHTLESSNESS BALLISTOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL1ES025(ESA) WEIGHTLESSNESS TAPERECORDERH. Ross, 1ES028 (ESA) 1ES030 (ESA)University of SUding, A. Sceno, H. Green,United Kingdom University of Rome, Italy Clinical Research Centre,Purpose: Tocompare the perception Purpose: To record a three-dimen- United Kingdomof massin spacewith the perception of sionalbalUstocardiogramunder a Purpose: To collect physiologicaldataweight on Earth. unique condition (the test subject is on normal man in an abnormal environ-Importance: Thisexperiment floating in weightlessness)and to ment as a basisfor future studies.concerns the nature of information compare it with tracings recorded on Importance: In the past, personnel(both physicaland sensorycues) that the same subject onthe ground, exposed to prolonged weightlessnesswe use tojudge massand weight. It Importance: Just as a pistolrecoils were a select groupof astronauts.Nowalsoconcerns the rate of human when it fires, the human body reacts to the people who will go intospace inadaptation to changes ingravity, each heartbeat with little movements. Spacelab are morerepresentative ofMethod: The apparatus for a mess Ballistocardiography isa method of the general populationin age, physicaldiscrimination test includes 24 smell recording these periodic motionsas a fitness, and previousstress exposure.steel balls (of equal size but variable seriesof waves. Ballistocardiograms Nothing isknown yet about themess) and some test cards. Each are useful indicators ofcardiovascular physiological reactionof this"normal"Specialistwillfollowa set procedure of performance,which isof interest in population to the stressof space flight.selecting pairsof balls,judging which cardiac surgery, sports medicine, and Such informationmight influence crewball inthe pair feels heavier, and aerospacemedicine. Three-dirnen- selectionandactivitiesplanned for arecording his answer.The 20-minute sionalrecordings are very difficult mission.test will be conducted before and after under the influence ofgravity on Earth. Method: A standard battery-poweredthe flight(when allobjects have their Method: For the experiment, a medical recorder will be wornonthenormalweight) as well asduring the crewmember willwear a backpack Specialist'sbelt and connected toflight.Performance inweightlessness fittedwith mini-accelerometers and an electrodes attached to other parts ofand on the ground willbe compared to EKG (electrocardiogram) lead connect- his body. Brain (EEG), heart (EKG), anddetermine the difference in massthat ed toa miniaturetape recorder. He will eye (EOG) functions will he recordedcan be discriminated correctly and to perform a sedes of breathing and continuously.Of specialinterest ismeasure the ratesof adaptation to physicalexercises while the instru- physiological activity duringsleep andweightlessnessand readaptation to ments record bodily accelerations and during ascent into and descent fromgravity, vibrationsassociatedwith heart orbit. Important informationaboutactivity, respiratorymovements,and physiological changes and adaptationvoluntarymotions of his limbs.Compar- to weightlessnesswill be gleaned fromison of these datawith tests of the the tapes.samesubject onthe ground may beuseful forassessingcardiovascularadaptation toweightlessness.

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O " ' e_

_.-:. _ 4 #

EFFECT OF WEIGHTLESSNESS PRELIMINARY CHARACTIERIZA- NUTATION OF HELIANTHUSON LYMPHOCYTE TION OF PERSISTING ANNUUS IN A MICROGRAVITYPROMFERATION CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS DURING ENVIRONMENT1ES031 (ESA) SPACEFLIGHT: NEUROSPORA 1NS101 (NASA)A. Cogoli, AS A MODEL SYSTEM A.H. Brown,EidgenSssischeTechnische 1NS007 (NASA) University of Pennsylvania,Hochschule, 8witzedmKI F.M. SuIzman, United StatesPurpose:Tostudytheeffectofweight- State Universityof New York Purpose:Toobservehegrowthlessnesson lymphocyteactivation, at Blnghamton,United States movementsofplantsinverylowgravity.Importance: Lymphocytesonstitute Purpose:Tocomparethegrowthof Importance:OnEarth,growingplantabout30%ofthewhitecellsinhuman plantsculturednSpacelabandonthe partsmove intinyspiralpattemsbloodandare importantnmaintaining groundto testwhethercircadian (nutations)hatcan be influencedbyimmunityagainstinfection.Lympho- rhythmspersistnspace, gravity.The natureandcauseof thesecytesreactto foreignsubstances Importance: Manyphysiological growthmovementsarenotyetunder-(antigens)bymultiplyingndproducing functionsarenotconstantdudnga stoodfully,buttheymaybea keytotheantibodies.Spaceflightapparently 24-hourdaybutvary inregularcycles puzzlingquestion,Howdoplantsaffectsthiscellularreactivity,butthe (circadianhythms)asiftimedbya knowwhichwayisup?"Thatis,howdodetailsare notyet understood, biologicalclock.Thistimekeeping plantssensegravityandaccelerationChangesin the body'simmune mechanismmaybe internaland force,processhe information,ndresponsewouldbe importantona long unaffectedbychangesn theenviron- translateit intoagrowthresponse?missionnspace, ment,oritmayrespondto subtle ResearchntheabsenceofgravityisMethod: Humanlymphocytesna environmentalues,suchaschanges necessaryor a betterunderstandingofculturemediumwillbestoredinan inatmosphericpressureorelectro- plantgrowthand physiology.incubatornthe labmodule.Crew- magneticradiation.Spacelab1offers Method: Thenutationof dwarfsun-memberswilladdvarioussubstances anexcellentopportunityfora pilot flowerseedlingsndifferentstagesofbysyringesosomeofthe culturesand studytotestthe latterhypothesisand developmentwillbemeasuredhroughthenwillstowthesamplesna freezer, determinewhethercircadianhythms timelapsevideotaperecordings.ToPostflightanalysiswilldeterminethe persistoutsidehe Earth's avoidcomplicationsausedbytheresponseofeachcultureto theadded environment, plants'responseo light,infraredsubstanceandwill evaluatetheeffect Method: A funguswith acharacteristic illuminationnd an infraredsensitiveofweightlessnessnlymphocyte circadianhythmof growthwillbe camerawillbe used.Thecrewwilltendstimulation.The transitionromresting growninculturesnSpacelabandon theplantsandselecttheseedlingsorstatustostimulatedlymphocytesa theground.Thecrewwillinjectthe eachphotosession.Afterthemission,goodindicatorof immuneresponse fungusntoa nutrient-filledrowthtube thetapeswillbeanalyzedto identifyandcelldifferentiation, to starttheexperiment.Bothsamples andmeasurenutation.Resultswillhelpwillbekeptinconstantdarkness,and toexplainwhethernutationsgravity-theirgrowthpatternswillbe compared drivenmovementoran independent

afterthemission.Thisexperimentsa behavioralproperty.precursorofcircadianrhythmstudiesplannedforfutureSpacelabmissions,and itwill contributeoourunder-standingof themysteriousbiologicalclockthatgovemslivingthingsonEarth.

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......... MATERIALS SCIENCE_;.-'E--"_ "_.... DOUBLE RACK FACILITY_ 3oo.so, .... 1E8300 (ESA)V.Huth

"--'- _ e : "' Y.Maim_ac,' m Centre d Energle Atomique, France

l, t l ',_. .;_i i i LNapolitano,Unlvendtyof Naples, Italy

, _# i Purpose:Toperformnextremelyowgravityawidevadetyofpilotmaterials1 ' _ i' fluidphysics,andmetallurgy.,,,, ,,,,, ,, Importance:Materialsprocessings! bothanartandascience.Progressnmanyfieldsdependsuponthe avail-L abilityofbettermaterials.mprovedmaterialsere requiredtomeetnewneedssuchasminiatudzstionruse _ _ 41]rb underextremetemperaturesend_IP'* 4_...... J_b pressures.Threeenvironmental: = - _ _ -- conditions- temperature,pressure,........ _ andgravity-- controlmaterialsproc-

- - essingonEarth;onlygravity,whichisoftenadisturbance,annotbe reduced. / I Spaceleboffersan excellentopportun-...... _ ity to investigateheadvantagesofI. 'i a microgravityenvironmentor _ _ materialsprocessing.Method: TheSpacelabI sciencecrewwillperformmorethan30differentexperimentsor29 investigatorsrom8Europeancountries.Mostoftheseexpedmentawillbe performedinsharedfacilitiescalledthe"Materials[ ....C) _ ScienceDoubleReck."A fewexped--' mentsrequirespecialequipmenthatwillnotbe integratedntothemultiuserfacility.TheMaterialsScienceDoubleJ Rackincludesseveralfurnacesandprocesschamberso be usedina"---- varietyof studies:,dr._,,:, _ Isothermal Heating Facility:

_ii_ _F. Ji Solidificationtudies,diffusion,astingfmetalsandcomposites,nd prepara- _ " tionof neworimprovedglassesandceramics. Gradient Heating Facility: Crystal"*" growth,unidirectionalsolidificationfalloys.Mirror Heating Fadlity: Crystalgrowthusingthemeltzoneortraveling

=J,aj_ej_l_,lllF _ solventmethods.Fluid PhysicsModule: Fluidphenomenaandfluidphysics.=i AdiverseprogramofmaterialsL processingsscheduledorthe! SPacelab1mission.TheseexperimentswilltestequipmentandtechniquesorIi '":

_- , .......... i.__., ........

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27METALLIC EMULSIONS AiPbExperiments Using 1ES309 ExperimentsUsingP.D.Caton,the Isothermal F.Imeresearchnstitutetd., the LowTemperature

HeatingFumace U.itedKingdom GradientFurnaceBUBBLE REINFORCEDMATERIALSSOLIDIFICATION OF 1ES311 UNIDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATION OF AI-ZnIMMISCIBLE ALLOYS P.Gondi, EMULSIONS1E8301 Institutode Fisicadella Universit_l, 1ES316H. Ahlbom, ItalyUniversitM Hamburg, C. PotardGermany Centre d'Energle AtomiqueNUCLEATION BEHAVIOR Centre d'Etudes Nucl_mlres,OF Ag-Ge FranceSOLIDIFICATION OF 1ES312TECHNICAL ALLOYS Y.Malm6Jac,1ES302 Centre d'Energle Atumklue UNIDIRECTIONALD.Poofschke, Centre d'Etudes NucJ_dres, SOLIDIFICATION OFF.KruppGmbH, France AI-AI2Cu,Ag-Ge EUTECTICSGermany 1E8317Y. Malm6JacSOLIDIFICATION OF NEAR Centre d'Energle AtomiqueSKIN TECHNOLOGY MONOTECTIC ZnPbALLOYS Centre d'Etudes Nuch[mlres,1E8303 1E8313 FranceH. Swenger, H. Fischmeister,Maschinenfabdk MontanuniversitM Leoben,AugslxJrg-NOmbergAG, Austria GROWTH OF LEAD TELLURIDEGermany 1E8318H.Rodot,DENDRITE GROWTH CNRS LaboratoireVACUUM BRAZING AND MICROSEGREGATION d'mMolhermklue,1E8304 1ES314 FranceW. Sch6nherr, H. Freddksson,Bundesanst_ for MatedalprWung, The Royal Institute ofTechnology,Germany Sweden UNIDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTICS(InSb-NISb)VACUUM BRAZING COMPOSITES WITH SHORT 1E83191ES305 FIBERS AND PARTICLES K.L. MWler,R. 8Uckler, 1E8315 Universitiit Edangen,UniversityofVienna, A. Deruyttere, GermanyAustria Universit6Catholklue de Leuven,

Belgium THERMODIFFUSIONEMULSIONS AND IN TIN ALLOYSDISPERSION ALLOYS UNIDIRECTIONAL 1ES3201ES306 SOLIDIFICATION OF CAST IRON Y.Maln_Jac,1ES325 Centre d'Energle Atumique. AMbom,for Battelle-lnsUtut e.V., T. Luyandljk, Centre d'Etudes Nuclqlalres,Laboratodumvoor Metaalkunde, FranceGermany The NetherlandsREACTION KINETICS IN GLASS1E8307H.G. Frischat,Teclmische Hochschule,Germany

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FLOATING ZONE STABILITYIN ZERO GRAVITYExperiments Using ExperimentsUsing 1ES331the MirrorFurnace the FluidPhysics i.DaRiva,Module Ciud,_ Universitarla,Spain

INTERFACIAL INSTABILITYZONE CRYSTALLIZATION O6CILLATION DAMPING AND CAPILLARY HYSTERESISOF SILICON OF A LIQUID 1ES3391ES321 IN NATURAL LEVITATION J.M. Haynes,R. Nitsche, 1ES326 University of Bristol,KristallographischesInstitut H. Rodot, United Kingdomder UniversitlitFrolburg, CNRS LaboratoireGermany d'a_rothermique,FranceTRAVELLING SOLVENT Single ExperimentsROWTH OF CdTe KINETICS OF SPREADING1ES322 OFLIQUIDSNSOLIDS UsingSpecialH. J_ger, 1ES327Battelle Institut e.V., J,M. ,aynes, EquipmentGermany University of Bristol,United KingdomTRAVELLING HEATER METHOD CRYSTALGROWTHOF III--V COMPOUNDS (InSb) FREE CONVECTION OF PROTEINS1ES323 IN LOWGRAVITY 1ES334K.W. Benz, 1ES328 W. Littke,Universit_t Stuttgart, L.G. Napolitano, Chemisches LaboratorlumGermany Universit_degli Studi, der Universitiit Frolburg,Italy GermanyCRYSTALLIZATION OFSILICON SPHERES CAPILLARY SURFACES SELF-DIFFUSION1ES324 IN LOWGRAVITY AND INTERDIFFUSIONDr. K61ker, 1ES329 IN LIQUID METALSConsortium_r Elektrochemische J.F. Padday, 1ES335Industrie GmbH, KodakUmited, Dr. Kraalz,Germany United Kingdom Technische Universit_t,Germany

COUPLED MOTION OFLIQUID-SOLID SYSTEMS ADHESION OF METALSIN NEAR ZERO GRAVITY UHV CHAMBER1ES330 1ES340J.P.B. Vreeburg, G. Ghersini,National Aerospace Centro InformazioniLaboratory NLR, Studi Esperienze,The Netherlands Italy

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.1.._-19,

TRIBOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM CRYSTAL GROWTH OFIN ZERO-GRAVITY SOLUTION UNDER MERCURY IODIDE BY PHYSICAL1NT011(NASA) MICROGRAVITYCONDITIONS VAPORTRANSPORTC.H.T.Pan, 1ES322/333(ESA) 1ES338 (ESA)Columbia University, United States K.F. Nielsen, C. Belouet,A.F. Whitaker and R.L Gause, Technical University of Denmark, Laboratoire d'Eiectronique et deNASA/Marshall Space Right Denmark Physique Applklude, FranceCenter, United States A. Authler, Purpose: Togrow crystalsby severalPurpose: To observe wetting and Universit_ Pierre et Marie Curie, proceduresand to analyze the effectsspreading phenomena and fluid France of weightlessnesson crystalgrowth.distributionpattems withoutthe inter- Purpose: Togrow crystalsby several Importance: There are manytechnicalference of gravity, proceduresand to analyze the effects applications,particularlyin electronics,Importance: Tribology,the study of ofweightlessness oncrystalgrowth, for improved crystals.Crystal formationon Earth isadverselyaffected byinteractingsurfacesinmotion, Importance: There are many technical gravity-induced convection intheconcerns friction, wear, and their applications,particularly inelectronics, chemical solutionsor melts;resultantcontrol by lubrication.Spreading and for improved crystals.Crystalformation crystalsare often flawed in structurewetting ofan oilover surfacesoccurin on Earth isadversely affected byall lubricationsystems.Often the long- gravity-induced convection inthe and compostion. It isexpected thatcrystalsof higher perfection can beterm distributionandmovement of the chemical solutionsormelts; resultant grown inthe virtually gravity-freelubricantdetermine the useful life of a crystalsare often flawed instructure environment of Spacelab, wheremachine. Lubrication phenomena and composition. It is expected that convection isminimized.cannot be observed accurately on crystalsof high perfection can beEarthbecause gravity overwhelms the grown in the virtually gravity-free Method: Crystalsof variouschemicalother forces involved. Data collected in environment of Spacelab,where compoundswill begrownin thespace willhave both scientific and convection isminimized. Spacelsb module. Several crystalgrowthprocesseswill be tried. Distor-engineering significance, advancing Method: Crystalsof variouschemical tion of crystallinestructure byconvec-our knowledgeof fluid behaviorand, compounds will be grown intheperhaps, leading tonew designsfor Spacelab module.Several crystal tion isexpected to be negligible.fluid handling hardwareand bearings, growth processeswill be tried. Distor-Method: Two types ofexperiments will tion of crystalline structure byconvec-beconducted bythe crew and their tion is expected to be negligible.progresswill be photographed:wettingand spreading of lubricantson station-ary surfaces,and movement of fluidfilms in a'bearing mechanism.Allequipment will be located in a drawerinsidethe Spacelab module.

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ASTRONOMY ATMOSPHERICPHYSIC8 MicroorganismsndBiomoleculesAND SOLARPHYSICS ANDEARTHOBSERVATIONS in Hard$paneEnvironment1E8029ActiveCavityRadiometer Gdh Spectrometer1NA008 1E8013 Nutationof HeUanthusAnnuusinaMicrogravityEnvironmentFarUltravioletAslronmny ImagingSpectrometricObservatory 1N$101Usingthe FAUSTTelescope 1NS0011N8005 PersonalMiniatureElectro-Investigatk_onAbnospher_H&D physiologk:alapeRecorderMeasurement throughMeasurementof their 1E8030of theSolarConstant Lyman-_Emission1E8021 1E8017 PreliminaryCharactodzationof PendstingCiroMianflhythnmSolarSpectrum MetricCameraExperiment dudngSpaceflight:Neurosporafrom170-3200Nanometors 1EA033 asaModelSystem(1700-32,000Angstroms) 1N80071E$016 MicrowaveRemoteSensingExperiment RadiationEnvironmentMappingSpectroscopynX-RayAstronomy 1EA034 1N80061E8023 WavesintheOH EmissiveLayer Three-DimensionalBallisto-VeryWideI=ieklCamera 1E8014 cai_liographynWeightlessness1E8022 1E8028LIFESCIENCESSPACEPI.ASMAPHYSICS VeslibularExperimentsAdvancedBicstackExperiment 1NS102Emission 1ES027Photomeidcmaging Veslibulo-Spinsi1N8003 Effectsof Prolonged ReflexMechanismsWeightlessnessn theHumorsi 1NS104DCMngnelicField ImmuneResponseof HumansVectorMeamJrement 1NS105 MATERIALSSCIENCE1ESOI9B

Effectsof Rectilinear CrystalGrowthof MercuryIodideIsotopicStack-- Measurement AooolerslionLOptokine_:,and byPhysicalVaporTransportofHeavyCosmicRay Isotopes Csioric $timulationsnSpace 1E$3381ES024 1ES201 CrystalGrowthhornSolutionLowEnergyElectronFluxandits EffectsofWeighUasaneas underMicrogravityConditionsReactiontoActive on LymphocyteProliferation 1ES332/333Experimentationn 8pacolab 1E80311ES019A MaterialsScienceThe Influenceof SpaceFlight DoubleRackFacilityPhenomenanducedby on ErythrokineticsnMan (29experiments)ChargedParticleBeams 1N8103 1ES3001E8020 MassDiasrimination TribologicaiExperimentsSpaceExperiments DudngWeightlessness inZero-GravitywithParticleAcceleratorsSEPAC) 1E8025 1NT0111NS002 MeasurementofCentralVenousPressureandDeterminationofHormonesn BloodSerumDuringW_ghtleasneas1E8026 & 1E8032

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