Key TermsKey TermsUse the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.Use the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.

2.2Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

microgravity

gravity

2.3Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Satellites

CCHAPTERHAPTER 2 – T 2 – TECHNOLOGICALECHNOLOGICAL D DEVELOPMENTSEVELOPMENTS AREARE M MAKINGAKING S SPACEPACE E EXPLORATIONXPLORATION P POSSIBLEOSSIBLE ANDAND O OFFERFFER BBENEFITSENEFITS ONON E EARTHARTH

2.1– G2.1– GETTINGETTING THERETHERE: T: TECHNOLOGIESECHNOLOGIES FORFOR S SPACEPACE T TRANSPORTRANSPORT

Challenges

The greatest challenges in space travel have been:

1. Achieving escape velocity to break free of Earth’s gravitational force2. Designing materials and equipment able to withstand the extreme environment of space3. Transporting people out and back safely

Satellite technology is used for many Earth-based applications, including

1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________4. ______________________

____________________, unmanned ____________________, and manned ______________ need a velocity of about 28 000 km/h (11 km/s) to escape Earth’s gravity!

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The Achievements of Rocket Science

The early experiments in rocket propulsion included:

Archytas’ steam powered pigeon (Ancient Greece) Gunpowder arrows for warfare (China 1st C AD) Robert Goddard’s liquid fuel rockets (1920’s) Wernher von Braun’s V2 rockets (1940’s) Sputnik I, first artificial satellite (Oct. 4th, 1957) Sputnik II, with Laika, first space traveler (1957)

Rocket Basics

There are three main parts

1. _____________________ (currently about 3% of the rocket mass)a. Rocket, engines, storage tanks, fins

2. _______________ ( currently about 6% of the rocket mass)a. Crew cabins, crew, food, water, air, etc.

3. ______________ (currently about 91% of rocket mass)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwaGW-x7hS0

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The Future of Space Transport Technology

Finding Alternatives to _________ or ______ burning fuels would ___________ our reliance on inefficient fossil fuels and the mass problems associated with _________ and ______________ all that fuel.

Possible alternatives for the future include:

1. ____________2. ____________

Ion Drives: Are engines that use ______ ______ instead of chemical fuels. In the space craft engine, the xenon is ________________ charged, ________________, and then ____________as gas. This action pushes the spacecraft in the direction opposite to the emission

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ozKUXiAs1Q

Solar Sails: Instead of using air currents, solar sails use the ________________, The Sun emits electromagnetic energy in the form of ___________. The photons hit the sail and the energy transmitted causes the spacecraft to move.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADNpCcKo_jw

Shuttles, Space Probes, and Space Stations

The International Space Station (ISS) is a modularized permanent laboratory that will also serve as a base for building and launching rockets for interplanetary travel. There are three main types of spacecraft in use. _____________ transport personnel and equipment to orbiting spacecraft. _______ ________contain instrumentation for carrying out robotic exploration of space. ________________ are orbiting spacecraft that have living quarters, work areas, and all the support system needed to allow people to live and work in space for extended periods.

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Check and Reflect p. 417 (#1-9)

1. Archyta’s model pigeon is the first rocket ever recorded. What method did he use to propel his pigeon.

2. Who were the first people to use gunpowder to propel arrows with the aid of rockets, and when?

3. Which was the first country to launch an artificial satellite?

4. Describe the three basic parts of a rocket, and draw and label a sketch showing the parts.

5. Name two alternatives to rocket engines that scientists are studying as a means of propelling spacecraft on long journeys.

6. Explain what would happen if a rocket’s payload were greater than the allowed percentage.

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7. What is the main attraction for using an ion drive for powering spacecraft?

8. Besides savings in fuel costs, what is the other main advantage to using a solar sail?

9. The force of gravity on the moon is 1/6th of that on Earth. Imagine you had a summer job as a chef’s assistant at a hotel on the Moon. Describe the challenges you would face doing each of the following activities inside the hotel, and how would you overcome those challenges.

a. Washing dishesb. Cooking pancakesc. Climbing Stairsd. Having a swim in a pool

2.2– S2.2– SURVIVINGURVIVING T THEREHERE: T: TECHNOLOGIESECHNOLOGIES FORFOR L LIVINGIVING ININ S SPACEPACE

The hazards of space consist of:

_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Debris and objects in space Temperature extremes Psychological stress due to confinement

and isolation Physical stress due to lack of gravity and

exercise combined with extended time in space

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Gravity is the _______________________between masses. On Earth, gravity gives us our feeling of weight. ___________ is the condition in which the gravitational forces that act on mass are greatly reduced. For example, a person would weigh only 1/3 on Mars then what they would weigh on Earth. This is because on Mars, the force of gravity is weaker than on Earth. In space, the person is almost completely weightless.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yyb_RNJWUM

The Space Suit

Space suits bust be designed to mimic an Earth environment capable of sustaining human life for periods long enough to work outside a spacecraft or space station

What features must be built into a space suit?

1. ___________________________________2. ___________________________________3. Water for drinking and a system for waste4. Helmet with visor to protect your eyes from

radiation5. ___________________________________6. Backup systems for all supporting life

functions

A Home in Space

In space, there are several important features to support life in space. These include:

1. ________________2. ________________3. ____________________________________4. ________________

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Recycling Water

Recycling is ___________in the day-to-day life in the space station. Since there is little room for space, as much as the materials carried as possible must be ________________ or _______________. On the International Space Station, life support systems are designed to ensure life. The functions of the life support system include

Recycling wastewater to produce drinking water Using recycled water to produce oxygen Removing carbon dioxide from the air Filtering micro-organisms and dust from the air Keeping air pressure, temperature and humidity stable

Producing Oxygen

The process of _______________ uses electricity to ________ water molecules into their component elements: hydrogen and oxygen. In a spacecraft, this process can supply most of the oxygen the crew needs. The hydrogen is vented into space.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgRMAVoHRbk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ip2ZGND1I9Q

Check and Reflect p. 425

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1. Briefly describe how working on the International Space Station might affect a person psychologically.

2. How does living in a microgravity environment for a long period of time affect the human body?

3. Why must a space suit be flexible?

4. Name four necessities of an astronaut, in order to work outside a spacecraft.

5.5. Explain why a regular ballpoint pen will not work in space

2.3– M2.3– MEETINGEETING H HUMANUMAN N NEEDSEEDS ONON E EARTHARTH

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How do satellites transmit and receive information from the ground?

Data is relayed using radio waves

Some satellites, such as those used in weather forecasting, are placed in geosynchronous orbit, which means the satellite moves so it is over the same Earth location at all times.

Other satellites, such as RADARSAT and LANDSAT, monitor global activities such as shipping, soil, fires and potential resources. They are not placed in geosynchronous orbits for these reasons.

Satellites

Satellites are sometimes referred to as “artificial satellites” – these are objects that are built and sent into Earth’s orbit by humans. A Natural satellite refers to any small body that orbits a larger body such as a moon orbiting a planet. Satellites help us communicate, observe and forecast weather, predict magnetic storms, and even find our location on the planet.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfSaztUiw5s

Remote Sensing

Satellites can monitor changes in:

Global temperature Soil and vegetation patterns The atmosphere Industry and urbanization

In addition, remote sensing can locate mineral and fuel resources hidden undersea and underground

Global Position Systems (GPS)

GPS was designed to give people, wherever they are, their location on the ground at any time. 24 GPS satellites are in orbit around Earth, which means that at least three are above any given location in the world at any given moment. Radio signals from the satellites are picked up by a hand-held receiver. The signals are translated by a computer in the receiver, which then shows on a digital display the operator’s position in relation to the satellites.

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Space Age Systems and Materials

Many items, materials, and systems originally designed for a space application have been put to practical use on Earth

Examples:

Computer : virtual reality software Consumer: Improved bike helmets Medicine: digital imaging for detecting cancers Industrial: micro-lasers for cutting and melting Transportation: Improved traction on winter tires Public Safety: Emergency response robots

Check and Reflect P. 432

1. List three uses for satellites.

2. What does the abbreviation GPS stand for?

3. Name the satellite that Canada first launched to provide communications across the country. In what year was it launched?

4. What is remote sensing?

5. Some materials are referred to as “spin-offs” from the space technology. What does that mean?

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6. With GPS technology, why do you require at least three satellites to determine your position?

7. Do you agree or disagree with the statement “There is no location on Earth where GPS does not work”? Explain your answer

Section Review

1. What is the only planet in our solar system that has noe been visted by a space probe? Why is that?

2. List the three main types of spacecraft currently being used.

3. In a rocket, what does “payload: usually refer to?

4. What limits how long an astronaut can stay out in space in his or her suit??

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5. Why were animals used in the first test flights of vehicles launched to orbit Earth?

6. Place the events listed below in the order in which they occurred:a. First rocket in spaceb. Rockets used in World War IIc. Chinese use rockets to launch arrowsd. Rockets send mobile probe to Mars as part of Pathfinder missione. Rockets send humans to Moon and backf. First Satellite launched

7. Explain why a space suit must have both a heating unit and a cooling unit

8. Why is it necessary to recycle almost all of the water used on a spacecraft such as the International Space Station?

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