SPACE TIME PLAY

COMPUTER GAMES, ARCHITECTURE ANDURBANISM: THE NEXT LEVEL

Edited by

Friedrich von Borries, Steffen P. Walz, Matthias Böttger

In collaboration with

Drew Davidson, Heather Kelley, Julian Kücklich

Birkhäuser Basel _ Boston _ Berlin

Table of Contents

6 Table of Contents: Essays, Statements, Interviews

8 Table of Contents: Game Reviews

9 Table of Contents: Project Descriptions

10 Introduction Friedrich von Borries. Steffen P. Walz, Matthias Böttger

14 THE ARCHITECTUREOF COMPUTER AND VIDEO GAMES A SHORT SPACE-TIME HISTORY OF NTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT

Level 2 138 MAKEBELIEVEURBANISM THE LUDIC CONSTRUCTION OF THE DIGITAL METROPOLIS

Level 3 216 UBI0UIT0US GAMES ENCHANTING PLACES, BUILDINGS, CITIES AND LANDSCAPES

Level 4 320 SERIOUS FUN UTILIZING GAME ELEMENTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND URBAN PLANNING

Level 5 410 FAITESVOSJEUX GAMES BETWEEN UTOPIA AND DYSTOPIA

488 Author biographies

495 Image Copyrights

Table of Contents Essays, Statements, Interviews

Level 1 16 P L A C E S T O PLAY WhatGame Settings CanTell Us about Garnes

Andreas Lange 26 A S H O R T H I S T O R Y OF DIGITAL

GAMESPACE Dariusz Jacob Boron

44 ALLEGORIES OF SPACE The Question of Spatiality in Computer Games

Espen Aarseth 56 N A R R A T I V E SPACES

Henry Jenkins 61 GAME P H Y S I C S

The Look & Feel Challengesof SpectacularWorlds Ronald Vuillemin

74 L A B Y R I N T H A N D MAZE Video Game Navigation Challenges

Clara Fernändez-Vara 88 S T E E R I N G T H R O U G H T H E MICROWORLD

A Short History andTerrninology of Video Game Controllers

Winnie Forster 100 V A R I A T I O N O V E R T I M E

TheTransforrnation of Space in Single-screen Action Games

Jesper Juul 110 L I S T E N T O T H E B U L K O F T H E ICEBERG

On the Impactof Sound in Digital Games Axel Stockburger

118 W A L L H A C K S A N D A I M B O T S

How Cheating Changes the Perception of Gamespace Julian Kücklich

132 FORM FOLLOWS FUN Working as a Space Gameplay Architect

Olivier Azemar 134 LOAD A N D S U P P O R T

Architectural Realism in Video Games Ulrich Götz

Level 2 146 USEYOUR ILLUSION Immersion in Parallel Worlds

Florian Schmidt 158 M A K I N G P L A C E S

Richard A. Bartle 164 A C T I V I T Y FLOW A R C H I T E C T U R E

Environment Design in Active Worlds and EverQuest Mikael Jakobsson

174 W H A T IS A S Y N T H E T I C WORLD? Edward Castronova, James J. Curnmings, Will Ernigh, Michael Fatten, Nathan Mishler, Travis Ross, Will Ryan

182 COMPETING IN METAGAME GAMESPACE eSports as the First Professionalized Computer Metagames

Michael Wagner 186 PLAYING W I T H FRIENDS A N D FAMILIES

Current Scene of Reality-based Games in Beijing ZhaoChen Ding

200 N A R R A T I V E E N V I R O N M E N T S From Disneyland to World of Warcraft

Celia Pearce 206 PLAYING W I T H U R B A N LIFE

How SimCity Influences Planning Culture Daniel G. Lobo

214 NEW PUBLIC SPHERE The Return of the Salon and the End of Mass Media

Peter Ludlow

Level 3 218 NEW B A B Y L O N RELOADED Learning from the Ludic City

Lukas Feireiss 230 PLAY AS CREATIVE MISUSE

Barcode Battier and the Charm of the Real Claus Pias

233 U B I Q U I T O U S GAMING A Vision for the Future of Enchanted Spaces

Jane McGonigal 238 CREATING ALTERNATE REALITIES

A Quick Primer Christy Dena

248 PERVASIVE GAMES Bridging the Gaps between the Virtual and the Physical

Steve Benford, Carsten Magerkurth, Peter Ljungstrand

251 THE P O E T I C S OF AUGMENTED SPACE The Art of OurTime

Lev Manovich 266 U R B A N ROLE-PLAY

The Next Generation of Role-Playing in Urban Space Markus Montola

276 C H A N G I N G U R B A N P E R S P E C T I V E S llluminating Cracks and Drawing lllusionary Lines

Staffan Björk 290 PERVASIVE GAMESPACES

Gameplay Out in the Open Bo Kampmann Walther

304 PERSUASION A N D GAMESPACE

lan Bogost 312 LIFE IS N O T COMPLETELY A GAME

Urban Space and Virtual Environments Howard Rheingold

Level 4 328 P L A Y S T A T I O N S Neil Leach

332 T A C T I C S FOR A PLAYFUL C I T Y lain Borden

335 W H Y GAMES FOR ARCHITECTURE? Ludger Hovestadt

340 GAME OF LIFE On Architecture, Complexity and the Concept of Nature as a Game

Georg Vrachliotis 351 DESIGN P A T T E R N S ARE DEAD

Long Live Design Patterns Jussi Holopainen, Staffan Björk

352 THE U N I N H I B I T E D FREEDOM O F P L A Y F U L N E S S

Marc Maurer, Nicole Maurer 354 V I V A P I N A T A

Architecture of the Everyday Tor Lindstrand

358 798 MUTIPLAYER DESIGN GAME A NewTool for Parametric Design

Kas Oosterhuis,Tomasz Jaskiewicz 372 RULE-BASED U R B A N P L A N N I N G

TheWijnhaven Project, KCAP (Rotterdam) Kees Christiaanse

376 T I T FOR T A T A N D U R B A N RULES

Alexander Lehnerer 380 L IGHTLY AUGMENTING REALITY

Learning through Authentic Augmented Reality Games Eric Klopfer

384 SCENARIO GAMES Vital Techniques for Interactive City Planning

Raoul Bunschoten

6 SPACE T IME PLAY

Table of Contents Essays, Statements, Interviews

398 THE NEW MENTAL LANDSCAPE Why Games are mportantfor Architecture

Antonino Saggio 401 " C A N I T E L E P O R T A R O U N D ? "

Jesse Schel 404 T O W A R D S A G A M E T H E O R Y O F

A R C H I T E C T U R E Bart Lootsma

407 A C T I O N I N T H E H A N D S O F T H E U S E R William J. Mitchel

Level 5 416 WAR/GAMES AFTER 9/11 James Der Derian

420 WAR PLAY Practicing Urban Annibilation

Stephen Graham 425 E N D E R ' S G A M E

Towardsa Synthetic View otthe World James H. Korris

430 FORBIDDEN GAMES Eyal Danon, Galit Eilat

438 O U T D O O R A U G M E N T E D R E A L I T Y Technology and the Military

Wayne Piekarski, Bruce H.Thomas 441 AFTER NET ART, WE MAKE MONEY

Artists and Locative Media Marc Tuters

444 "EASTERN EUROPE, 2008" Maps and Geopolitics in Video Games

Stephan Günze 450 THE GAME OF I N T E R A C T I O N

Gerhard M. Buurman 452 A T O P I A ( O N VICE C I T Y )

McKenzie Wark 456 P L A Y I N G W I T H A R T

Hans-Peter Schwarz 462 CHINESE GOLD FARMERS

mmigrant Workers in the Game Land Ge Jin

466 A D V E R T I S E M E N T IN V IDEO GAMES "Seil MyTears," Says the Game Pubiisher

Christian Gaca 480 RE-PUBLIC PLAYSCAPE

A Concrete Urban Utopia Alberto lacovoni

484 GAMESPACE MarkWigley

7

Table of Contents Game Reviews

Level 1 20

24

32

34

36

38

40

42

48

50

52

54

64

82

84

86

94

96

98

104

106

108

114

116

122

124

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128

DANCE DANCE R E V O L U T I O N Gillian Andrews

WM S P O R T S Heather Kelley

T E N N I S F O R T W O / P O N G Cindy Poremba

A S T E R O I D S JesperJuu

BATTLEZONE Andreas Schiffler

DEFENDER JesperJuul

WOLFENSTEIN 3D Alex de Jong

C O U N T E R - S T R I K E Alex de Jong

M Y S T Drew Davidson

SUPER MARIO BROS. Martin Nerurkar

T E T R I S Katie Sälen

ICO Drew Davidson

ZORK Nick Montfort

LEMMINGS Martin Nerurkar

W O R M S Clara Fernändez-Vara

MAX PAYNE Paolo Rufflno

PAC-MAN Chaim Gingolö

DIABLO Stephen Jacobs

S I L E N T H I L L 2 Frank Degler

SPLINTER CELL The Chinh Ngo

S A M & MAX H I T T H E ROAD Julian Kücklich

KIRBY: C A N V A S CURSE

ThieryAdam KATAMARI DAMACY

Julian Kücklich EYETOY PLAY

Heather Kelley ELITE

Ed Byrne P R I N C E O F P E R S I A

Drew Davidson SUPER MARIO 64

Troy Whitlock REZ

Julian Kücklich DESCENT

James Everett SUPER MONKEY BALL

Troels Degn Johansson T O N Y H A W K ' S AMERICAN W A S T E L A N D

Dörte Küttler LEGACY OF K A I N : SOUL REAVER

Phil Fish RESCUE ON FRACTALUS

Noah Falstein

130 QUAKE Patrick Curry

Level 2 140

144

152

154

156

172

180

192

212

Level 3 242

316

T R O N Rolf F. Nohr

NEUROMANCER Espen Aarseth

S N O W C R A S H Neil Alphonso

THE S I M S Mary Flanagan

THERE Florian Schmidt

E N T R O P I A UNIVERSE Florian Schmidt

S E C O N D L I F E Florian Schmidt

LINEAGE Sungah Kim

K I N G D O M H E A R T S Troy Whitlock

W O R L D OF W A R C R A F T Diane Carr

S I D M E I E R S C I V I L I Z A T I O N Jochen Hamma

A N I M A L CROSSING Heather Kelley

D A R K C H R O N I C L E Dean Chan

THE GETAWAY Gregory More

G R A N D T H E F T A U T O : S A N A N D R E A S Gregory More

G R I M F A N D A N G O Julian Kücklich

P S Y C H O N A U T S Drew Davidson

S I M C I T Y David Thomas

M A J E S T I C Kurt Squire

I LOVE BEES Sean Stewart

PERPLEX C I T Y Steve Peters

eXistenZ Adriana de Souza e Silva

Level 4 368 P A S S P O R T T O ... Ragna Körby, Tobias Kurtz

Level 5 414

458

460

472

WARGAMES Rolf F. Nohr

K U M A \ W A R Stefan Werning

A M E R I C A ' S A R M Y Stefan Werning

S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: S H A D O W OF C H E R N O B Y L ErnestW. Adams

S H A D O W O F T H E C O L O S S U S David Thomas

T H E T R U M A N S H O W Rolf F. Nohr

MONOPOLY Marie Huber, Achim Nelke

SPACE TIME PLAY

Table ot Contents Project Descriptions

22 B R E A K O U T F O R T W O Florian "Floyd" Müller

72 C H A R B I T A T Michael Nitsche

Level 3 222

224

226

228

246

256

258

260

262

264

270

272

274

280

282

284

286

288

294

296

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300

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308

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318

GEOCACHING JackW. Peters

MOGI Benjamin Joffe

BOTFIGHTERS Mirjam Struppek, Katharine S.Willis

T H E B E A S T Dave Szulborsk

THE A R T O F T H E HEIST Dave Szulborski

PIRATES! Staffan Björk, Peter Ljungstrand

C A N Y O U SEE ME NOW Steve Benford

M.A.D. C O U N T D O W N Steffen R Walz

P A C M A N H A T T A N Frank Lantz

T Y C O O N Gregor Brol

P R O S O P O P E I A 1 Staffan Jonsson

RELIV INGTHE REVOLUTION Karen Schrier

EPIDEMICMENACE Irma Lindt

URBAN FREE FLOW Lukas Feireiss

ARQUAKE Bruce H.Thomas, Wayne Piekarsk

C O N Q W E S T Frank Lantz

W H A V S M ? Martin Budzinski, Henrik Isermann

DEMOR Claus Pias

I N S E C T O P I A Johan Peitz, Staffan Björk

E R E B E D R A G O N S Stephen Boyd Davis, Rachel Jacobs, Magnus Moar, Matt Watkins

F A U S T - A C O U S T I C A D V E N T U R E KP Ludwig John

C A T C H B O B ! Nicolas Nova, Fabien Girardin

GEOGAMES Christoph Schlieder, Sebastian Matyas, Peter Kiefer

.WALK a watchful passer-by

M A N H A T T A N S T O R Y M A S H U P Jürgen Scheible, VilleTuulos

F IRST PERSON S H O O T E R Aram Barthol

344 SAUERBRATEN Andreas Dieckmann, Peter Rüssel

346 T I N M I T H Wayne Piekarski, Bruce H.Thomas

348 I M P L A N T Wayne Ashley

350 GAMEGAME Aki Järvinen

362 SPACEFIGHTER Winy Maas

364 K A I S E R S R O T Alexander Lehnerer

366 REXPLORER Rafael Ballagas, Steffen R Walz

370 P L A S T I C I T Y Mathias Fuchs

388 THE H A R B O U R GAME Tobias Lossing, Rune Nielsen Andreas Lykke-Olesen,Thomas Fabian Deiman

390 BIG U R B A N GAME Frank Lantz

392 S U B C I T Y Elizabeth Sikiaridi, Frans Vogelaar

394 S U P E R C I T Y Troels Degn Johansson

396 B L I N K E N L I G H T S Rahel Willhardt

412 O P S R O O M Sabine Himmelsbach

474 C H A N G I N G T H E G U A R D Stephan Trüby, Stephan Henrich, lassen Markov

476 T H E SCALABLE C I T Y Sheldon Brown

478 T H E M I N I S T R Y O F R E S H E L V I N G Jane McGonigal

Level 4 322

324

ARCHITECTURE_ENGINE 1.0 Jochen Hoog

NOZZLE ENGINE Wolfgang Fiel, Margarete Jahrmann

GAMESCAPE Beat Suter, Rene Bauer