Space RaceSpace Race

Exploring the solar systemExploring the solar system

NASANASA

Founded in 1958Founded in 1958

1 year after the Soviets 1 year after the Soviets launched Sputnik 1 launched Sputnik 1

NASA stands for National NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAdministration

Since NASA’s inception, Since NASA’s inception, there have been seven there have been seven major manned space major manned space programsprograms

Sputnik ISputnik I

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the world’s first manmade artificial satellite.

Weighing 184 pounds, it circled the earth every 90 minutes.

Sputnik IILater in 1957, Sputnik II was launched carrying Laika, a dog which became the first Earth creature to orbit the earth.

SpeedSpeedChuck Yeager was the first Chuck Yeager was the first man to break the sound man to break the sound barrier in 1947barrier in 1947Mach I – 750 mph is the Mach I – 750 mph is the speed of soundspeed of soundMach II 1500 mphMach II 1500 mphIn order to orbit Earth one In order to orbit Earth one must travel at least 17,500 must travel at least 17,500 mphmphTo get away from Earth’s To get away from Earth’s gravity one must travel gravity one must travel 25,000 mph25,000 mph

Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin

The Soviet The Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became became the first human in the first human in space when he entered space when he entered orbit in Russia's in Russia's Vostok 1 on on April 12, , 1961, a day now , a day now celebrated as a holiday celebrated as a holiday in Russia and in many in Russia and in many other countries. other countries.

U.S. Manned Space ProgramsU.S. Manned Space Programs

MercuryMercury

1961-19631961-1963

The first U.S. programs The first U.S. programs for human spaceflightfor human spaceflight

1 astronaut at a time1 astronaut at a time

Redstone and Atlas Redstone and Atlas rocketsrockets

Goal: Send 1 man into Goal: Send 1 man into space and return safely.space and return safely.

Mercury AstronautsMercury Astronauts

Alan Shepard – 1Alan Shepard – 1stst American in spaceAmerican in space

(May 5(May 5thth 1961) 1961)

Gus Grissom- 2Gus Grissom- 2ndnd into spaceinto space

John Glenn- 1John Glenn- 1stst American to orbit EarthAmerican to orbit Earth

Scott Carpenter- 4Scott Carpenter- 4thth American in spaceAmerican in space

Wally Schirra- 5Wally Schirra- 5thth American in SpaceAmerican in Space

Gordon Cooper- Gordon Cooper- last man to go into last man to go into space alonespace alone

Deke Slayton- did not Deke Slayton- did not go (health reasons)go (health reasons)

Gemini ProgramGemini Program

1965-19661965-1966

2 astronauts at a 2 astronauts at a timetime

SpacewalkingSpacewalking

Docked with Docked with another vehicle in another vehicle in spacespace

Titan rocketTitan rocket

Gemini MissionsGemini Missions

Gemini 3; Grissom, Young; March 23, 1965 (04:52:30)Gemini 3; Grissom, Young; March 23, 1965 (04:52:30)

  Gemini 4; McDivitt, White; June 3 - 7, 1965 (97:56:12)  Gemini 4; McDivitt, White; June 3 - 7, 1965 (97:56:12)

 Gemini 5; Cooper, Conrad; Aug. 21 - 29, 1965 (190:55:140) Gemini 5; Cooper, Conrad; Aug. 21 - 29, 1965 (190:55:140)

 Gemini 7; Borman, Lovell;. Dec. 4 - 18, 1965 (330:35:01) Gemini 7; Borman, Lovell;. Dec. 4 - 18, 1965 (330:35:01)

 Gemini 6A; Schirra, Stafford; Dec. 15 - 16, 1965 (25:51:24) Gemini 6A; Schirra, Stafford; Dec. 15 - 16, 1965 (25:51:24)

 Gemini 8; Armstrong, Scott; March 16, 1966 (10:41:26) Gemini 8; Armstrong, Scott; March 16, 1966 (10:41:26)

 Gemini 9A; Stafford, Cernan; June 3 - 6, 1966 (72:20:50) Gemini 9A; Stafford, Cernan; June 3 - 6, 1966 (72:20:50)

 Gemini 10; Young, Collins; July 18 - 21, 1966 (70:46:39) Gemini 10; Young, Collins; July 18 - 21, 1966 (70:46:39)

 Gemini 11; Conrad, Gordon; Sept. 12 - 15, 1966 (71:17:08) Gemini 11; Conrad, Gordon; Sept. 12 - 15, 1966 (71:17:08)

 Gemini 12; Lovell, Aldrin; Nov. 11 - 15, 1966 (94:34:31) Gemini 12; Lovell, Aldrin; Nov. 11 - 15, 1966 (94:34:31)

Gemini 8

Gemini 9A

Gemini 4Gemini 4

James McDivitt Ed White

First Space Walk

Apollo ProgramApollo Program

1968-19721968-1972

11stst spaceflights to the spaceflights to the moonmoon

3 astronauts at a time3 astronauts at a time

Saturn V rocket -363 ft. Saturn V rocket -363 ft. talltall

Apollo 1 – Fire during training killed all three Apollo 1 – Fire during training killed all three crew members 1967crew members 1967

Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffe

Apollo 8 – 1Apollo 8 – 1stst men to see the backside of the men to see the backside of the moon 1968moon 1968

Apollo 11- landed on the moon July 20, Apollo 11- landed on the moon July 20, 19691969

* Neil Armstrong- 1* Neil Armstrong- 1stst man on moon man on moon

* Buzz Aldrin – 2* Buzz Aldrin – 2ndnd man on moon man on moon

* Michael Collins – pilot* Michael Collins – pilot

• Apollo 11 AstronautsApollo 11 Astronauts• Neil Armstrong- 1Neil Armstrong- 1stst

man on moonman on moon

* Buzz Aldrin – 2* Buzz Aldrin – 2ndnd man on moonman on moon

* Michael Collins – * Michael Collins – pilotpilot

Earth RiseEarth Rise

Apollo 13 AstronautsApollo 13 AstronautsJames A. Lovell James A. Lovell Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.John L. Swigert, Jr John L. Swigert, Jr

Apollo 13 – accident on the way to moon Apollo 13 – accident on the way to moon 19701970

Apollo 17- last mission to the moon 1972Apollo 17- last mission to the moon 1972

Harrison SchmittEugene A. Cernan Ronald E. Evans

Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt standing next to boulder at Taurus-Littrow during third EVA

One of three Saturnrockets remaining fromthe Apollo program waskept flight ready.Its third stage wasmodified into the Skylabspace station byconverting the fuel tankinto cabins.Skylab was launchedinto orbit in May 1973.The 75-ton spacestation hosted 3 crewsof 3 astronauts, each for171 days.

Skylab

Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle

1984-20111984-2011

11stst reusable low- reusable low-cost spacecraftcost spacecraft

ShuttlesShuttles

Discovery, Atlantis, Columbia, Endeavor, Discovery, Atlantis, Columbia, Endeavor, Challenger, EnterpriseChallenger, Enterprise

DiscoveryDiscovery

Space Shuttle Space Shuttle DiscoveryDiscovery is one of three is one of three remaining spacecraft in the remaining spacecraft in the Space Shuttle fleet. First flown in 1984, fleet. First flown in 1984, DiscoveryDiscovery is the is the third operational Space Shuttle and the third operational Space Shuttle and the oldest shuttle in service. oldest shuttle in service. DiscoveryDiscovery has has performed both research and International performed both research and International Space Station (Space Station (ISS) assembly missions. ) assembly missions.

AtlantisAtlantis

AtlantisAtlantis was the last shuttle retired from was the last shuttle retired from the fleet the fleet

EndeavorEndeavor

The The United States Congress authorized authorized the construction of the construction of EndeavourEndeavour in 1987 to in 1987 to replace replace Challenger, which was lost in an , which was lost in an accident in 1986. in 1986. In 1993, it made the first service mission to In 1993, it made the first service mission to the the Hubble Space Telescope. . EndeavourEndeavour was withdrawn from service for eight was withdrawn from service for eight months in 1997 for a retrofit, including months in 1997 for a retrofit, including installation of a new airlock installation of a new airlock

ChallengerChallenger

Space Shuttle Space Shuttle ChallengerChallenger was was NASA's second NASA's second Space Shuttle orbiter orbiter to be put into service, to be put into service, after after Columbia. Its . Its maiden voyage was maiden voyage was on on April 4, , 1983

The The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle ChallengerChallenger disaster disaster occurred occurred in the in the United States, above the state of , above the state of Florida, at , at 11:39 a.m. 11:39 a.m. EST (16:39 (16:39 GMT) on ) on January 28, , 1986, when the , when the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated disintegrated 73 seconds into its flight after an 73 seconds into its flight after an O-ring seal in its seal in its right right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed. The seal (SRB) failed. The seal failure caused a flame leak from the solid rocket failure caused a flame leak from the solid rocket booster, which impinged upon the adjacent booster, which impinged upon the adjacent external fuel tank. Within seconds, the flame . Within seconds, the flame caused caused structural failure of the external tank, and of the external tank, and aerodynamic forces promptly broke up the orbiter. promptly broke up the orbiter. The shuttle was destroyed and all seven crew The shuttle was destroyed and all seven crew members were killed. The crew compartment and members were killed. The crew compartment and many other vehicle fragments were eventually many other vehicle fragments were eventually recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy search and recovery operation. search and recovery operation.

ColumbiaColumbia

Space Shuttle Space Shuttle ColumbiaColumbia was the first spaceworthy was the first spaceworthy space shuttle in in NASA's 's orbital fleet. Its first orbital fleet. Its first mission, mission, STS-1, lasted , lasted from from April 12 to to April 14, , 1981. On . On February 1, , 2003, 2003, ColumbiaColumbia disintegrated during re-disintegrated during re-entry over Texas, on its entry over Texas, on its 28th mission; all seven 28th mission; all seven crew members aboard crew members aboard

perishedperished. .

EnterpriseEnterprise

The The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle EnterpriseEnterprise was the first was the first Space Shuttle built for NASA. It was constructed Space Shuttle built for NASA. It was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield, and without engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of space operations; was therefore not capable of space operations; its purpose was to perform test flights in the its purpose was to perform test flights in the atmosphere. atmosphere. The first Orbiter was originally planned to be The first Orbiter was originally planned to be named named ConstitutionConstitution. However, a write-in . However, a write-in campaign caused it to be renamed after the campaign caused it to be renamed after the Starship Starship EnterpriseEnterprise, featured on the television , featured on the television show show Star TrekStar Trek

International Space StationInternational Space Station

First module launched Nov. 20, 1998, in 10 years it has traveled 1.7 billion miles and made 68,519 orbits of Earth

Expedition 1Expedition 1

ISS Commander Bill ShepherdSoyuz Commander Yuri GidzenkoFlight Engineer Serqei Krikalev

Launch 10/31/00Returned 3/21/01

Expedition 29Expedition 29

Sergei Volkov, Mike Fossum, Satoshi Furukawa

Launch 6/7/11Return: 11/21/11

Expedition 30Expedition 30

Pictured on the front row are NASA astronaut Dan Burbank, commander; and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, flight engineer. Pictured from the left (back row) are Russian cosmonauts Anton Shkaplerov and Anatoly Ivanishin; along with European Space Agency astronaut Andre Kuipers and NASA astronaut Don Pettit, all flight engineers.

Constellation ProgramConstellation ProgramPossible future vehicle 2015Possible future vehicle 2015Ares I – Crew Launch VehicleAres I – Crew Launch Vehicle

* carries 4 astronauts to and from the * carries 4 astronauts to and from the moonmoon

* support up to six crewmembers on * support up to six crewmembers on future missions to Marsfuture missions to Mars

* deliver crew and supplies to * deliver crew and supplies to International Space StationInternational Space Station

* 1* 1stst crew module is the Orion crew module is the OrionWill send men back to the moon by 2020Will send men back to the moon by 2020