8/8/2019 sp123

1/9

8/8/2019 sp123

2/9

Part A

Q 1. System software is different from operating system. How?

Solu-System software is computer software designed to operate the computer

hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running application

software.

System software helps use the operating system and computer system. It includes

diagnostic tools, compilers, servers, windowing systems, utilities, language

translator, data communication programs, data management programs and more.

The purpose of system software is to insulate the applications programmer as

much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used,

especially memory and other hardware features, and such accessory devices as

communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.

operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user, which is

responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of

the resources of a computer, that acts as a host forcomputing applications run on

the machine. One of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the resource

allocation and access protection of the hardware. This relieves the application

programmers from having to manage these details. Operating systems offer a

number of services to application programs and users. Applications access theseservices through application programming interfaces (APIs) orsystem calls.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_calls

8/8/2019 sp123

3/9

Q 2. Operating system rules the system give your comments? Give its

architectural details?

Solu-

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and

users. Applications access these services through application programming

interfaces (APIs) orsystem calls. By invoking these interfaces, the

application can request a service from the operating system, pass

parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact

with the operating system with some kind of software user interface like

typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a

graphical user interface. For hand-held and desktop computers, the userinterface is generally considered part of the operating system.

Operating system architecture

The computer architecture of a computing system defines itsattributes as seen by the programs that are executed in thatsystem, that is, the conceptual structure and functional behaviorof the machine hardware. Then, the computer architect definesthe functions to be executed in the hardware and the protocol tobe used by the software in order to exploit such functions. Notethat the architecture has nothing to do with the organization ofthe data flow, the logical design, the physical design, and theperformance of any particular implementation in the hardware.

By Architecture we mean the order in which certain hardwareProcesses are carried out by the OS and has nothing to do withthe logical software flow of the Computer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface

8/8/2019 sp123

4/9

An Operating System is the layer between the hardware andsoftware, as in

Q 3. Assemblers, compilers, linker and loader are termed as programming

systems? Giveexamples?

Solu-

Assemblers-assembler is used to translate assembly language statements

into the target computer's machine code. The assembler performs a more or

less isomorphic translation (a one-to-one mapping) from mnemonic

statements into machine instructions and data. This is in contrast with high-

level languages, in which a single statement generally results in many

machine instructions.

There are two types of assemblers based on how many passes through the

source are needed to produce the executable program.

Assemblers are generally simpler to write than compilers forhigh-level

languages, and have been available since the 1950s. Modern assemblers,

especially forRISC based architectures, such as MIPS, Sun SPARC, and HP

PA-RISC, as well as x86(-64), optimize instruction scheduling to exploit the

CPU pipeline efficiently.

Compiler-A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that

transforms source code written in a computer language (thesource language)

into another computer language (the target language, often having a binaryform known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to

transform source code is to create an executable program. Eg are c,c++ vb ,c#

complers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_languagehttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_scheduling&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_pipeline&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_languagehttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_scheduling&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://wap.google.com/gwt/x?ei=zNmBS_TxBqTU6gOzvoHzDQ&expid=ctrl&source=m&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_pipeline&wsc=tc&wsi=41769a25d4efd90ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable

8/8/2019 sp123

5/9

Loader-A loader is a routine that loadsan object program and prepars it for

exeqution.there are various loading schemes: absolute,relocating,and direct

linking.in general,the loader must load,relocate,and link the object program.

Example-if a user wished to employee a squqre root subroutine, he woule have

to right his main program so that it would transfer to the loacation assigned tothe square root routine (sqrt).his program and subroutine would be assembled

together.if a second user wished to use the same subroutine ,he also would

assemble it along with his qwn program,and yhe complete machine language

translation would be loaded into memory.

Linker-linkeris the part of an operating system (OS) that loads and links the

shared libraries for an executable when it is executed. The specific operating

system and executable format determine how the dynamic linker functions and

how it is implemented. Linking is often referred to as a process that is

performed at compile time of the executable while a dynamic linker is inactuality a special loader that loads external shared libraries into a running

process and then binds those shared libraries dynamically to the running

process.

Part B

Q 4. Give application areas of various types of operating system with

examples?Solu- operating system is a software component of a computer system that is

responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the

sharing of computer resources. It hosts the several applications that run on a

computer and handles the operations of computer hardware

Types of Operating Systems

Within the broad family of operating systems, there are generally four types,

categorized based on the types of computers they control and the sort of

applications they support. The categories are:

Real-time operating systems:

They are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial

systems. An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability, and no

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compile_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compile_time

8/8/2019 sp123

6/9

end-user utilities, since the system will be a sealed box when delivered for use..

In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system

resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all

because the system is busy.

Single-user, single-tasking operating system:

As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer

so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm O.S. for Palm

handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task

operating system.

Embedded System:

The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer systems

are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to operate on

small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operatewith a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely

efficient by design. Windows CE, FreeBSD and Minix 3 are some examples

of embedded operating systems.

Single-user, multi-tasking operating system:

This is the type of operating system most people use on there desktop and

laptop computers today. Windows 98 and the Mac O.S. are both examples

of an operating system that will let a single user has several programs in

operation at the same time. For example, it's entirely possible for a Windows

user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file fromthe Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message.

Multi-user operating systems:

A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of

the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure

that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the

programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem

with one user doesn't affect the entire community of users. Windows 2000 and

Novell Netware can each support hundreds or thousands of networked users,but the operating systems themselves aren't true multi-user operating systems.

The system administrator is the only user for Windows 2000 or Netware. The

network support and the entire remote user logins the network enables are, in

the overall plan of the operating system, a program being run by the

administrative user

8/8/2019 sp123

7/9

Q 5. Operating system can be divided into how many parts give details of

each?

Solu-

A UNIX operating system consists of a kerneland somesystem programs. There

are also some application programs for doing work.

Kernel-The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It keeps track of files on

the disk, starts programs and runs them concurrently, assigns memory and other

resources to various processes, receives packets from and sends packets to the

network, and so on. The kernel does very little by itself, but it provides tools with

which all services can be built. It also prevents anyone from accessing the

hardware directly, forcing everyone to use the tools it provides. This way the

kernel provides some protection for users from each other. The tools provided by

the kernel are used viasystem calls.

System programs- The system programs use the tools provided by the kernel to

implement the various services required from an operating system. System

programs, and all other programs, run `on top of the kernel', in what is called the

user mode. The difference between system and application programs is one ofintent: applications are intended for getting useful things done (or for playing, if it

happens to be a game), whereas system programs are needed to get the system

working. A word processor is an application; mount is a system program. The

difference is often somewhat blurry, however, and is important only to compulsive

categorisers.

shell -A shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users to an

operating system shell which provides access to the services of a kernel. However,

the term is also applied very loosely to applications and may include any software

that is "built around" a particular component, such as web browsers and email

clients that are "shells" for HTML rendering engines

.

Q 6. Machine language differs from assembly language give examples?Write a program to

display your name using any of machine languages?

Solu-

Machine language-Machine code or machine language is a system of

instructions and data executed directly by a computer's central processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

8/8/2019 sp123

8/9

unit. Machine code may be regarded as a primitive (and cumbersome)

programming language or as the lowest-level representation of a compiled

and/orassembledcomputer program.. Machine code is sometimes called

native code when referring to platform-dependent parts of language features

or libraries. Machine code should not be confused with so called "bytecode",which is executed by an interpreter.

Example-

The MIPS architecture provides a specific example for a machine code whose

instructions are always 32 bits long. The general type of instruction is given by

the op (operation) field, the highest 6 bits. J-type (jump) and I-type (immediate)

instructions are fully specified by op. R-type (register) instructions include an

additional field funct to determine the exact operation. The fields used in these

types are:

6 5 5 5 5 6 bits

[ op | rs | rt | rd |shamt| funct] R-type

[ op | rs | rt | address/immediate] I-type

[ op | target address ] J-type

rs, rt, and rd indicate register operands; shamt gives a shift amount; and the

address or immediate fields contain an operand directly.

For example adding the registers 1 and 2 and placing the result in register 6 is

encoded:

[ op | rs | rt | rd |shamt| funct]

0 1 2 6 0 32 decimal

000000 00001 00010 00110 00000 100000 binary

Load a value into register 8, taken from the memory cell 68 cells after the

location listed in register 3:

[ op | rs | rt | address/immediate]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode

8/8/2019 sp123

9/9

35 3 8 68 decimal

100011 00011 01000 00000 00001 000100 binary

Jumping to the address 1024:

[ op | target address ]

2 1024 decimal

000010 00000 00000 00000 10000 000000 binary

Assembly language-A program written in assembly language consists of a

series of instructions--mnemonics that correspond to a stream of executable

instructions, when translated by an assembler, that can be loaded into memory

and executed.

For example- an x86/IA-32 processor can execute the following binary

instruction ('MOV') as expressed in machine language (see x86 assembly

language):

Hexadecimal: B0 61 (Binary: 10110000 01100001)

The equivalent assembly language representation is easier to remember

(example in Intel syntax, more mnemonic):

MOV AL, 61h

This instruction means:

Move (really a copy) the hexadecimal value '61' into the processor register

known as "AL". (The h-suffix means hexadecimal or = 97 in decimal)