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.8 ! .,<I.,.<. ,\,(>\<.,<<>.,>\,:\.<,,<,<,,,,,,>,<,.,.,,,,.,., ,.,)
1.1 Background to the survey
This was the ninth n>ttionai survey of smokins
among secondary schc><~lchildren and wascarried
out in England and Scotlandat the request ofthe
Department of Health and the Scottish Office
Department of Health. The results of the surwy
in Scotland are discussed in a separate repOI-t.l
The first of this series of surveys was carried out in
1982, to provide estirtmtes of the proportion of
pupils who smoked, and to describe the smokkg
behaviour of those who did smoke. Similar surveys
have been carried out every two years since then
to provide further estimates from which trends in
the prevalence of cigarette smoking among
secondary schoolchildren can be monitored.
Recent surveys, including an additional survey
conducted only in England in 1993, h~ve also
been used tomeasure progress towards the 1994
Health ofthe Nhtzon~ target for children’s smoking
in Ert@md. The target set oucin the White Paper
ptlhlishcdin 1992 tvastoreduce smtJking
prevalence among 11-15 ycarolds l>yotleast:13%
by 1994 from J 1988 baseline figure of S%. The
1994 survey in this series found that [he tar~et
had not been reached anti that the prewdence of
smoking in this age Xroup hitd risen to 12Y0.
Theaim ofthe 1996 survey,base don independent
saIIIples fol- England and Scodandwm to continue
[he se[ies of estimates of prewdence of cigmette
srnoki”g among secondary schoolchildrenand to
draw at.tent ion to any changes in behaviour.
Thecon[entof[he 1996surve ywassimilartothat
ofprevious years with dteaddltion of some
questions asking pupils about consumer durahles in
Lheir home. the number ofcars their Family had
anrlwllether their h<>rnew~s ome(ic>rren[ed, to be
usedas indic.tt(]rs (~ftheirf~nl ily’ss[~cimcf]nc] nlic
position. Questiom shout educational expec~ltions
were also ;~sked tor dw first time, As in previous
survey s,saliv clspec.imenswere collectecifmm hall
the sample. These were amdysed fo[ the presence of
cotinine, zinwtcifu>lite l]f nicotine, which isa
measure otcxptMuI-c to t(>ty.icc[]slllc>kc.Tllc m:lill
purpose l>fdlis w.ls t(I enable some vulidati<m [.0 Ix
I~l;lcte (~ltllc selI:rcp(]rtc(l srll()king [lilkl. Asir1 1994
the suIm’ey included s,lrn? quesli<>lls :Itx>tlt
childrvu’s diiukin~ Ixhavk)ur. l-IIV ICSLIIL7lii)m dlis
part 0[’ [IIC sIIrvcy will bc published SCpaI-:[l[:ly.”{ ‘
1.2 Sample coverage
Estinmtes {Jt smokinx prevalence were required
Ibr the population 01 secondary school pupils in
England.
The population covered by the survey in Engkmcl
was pupils in years 7 to 1I (previously called first
tofifthformers); th;it is, mainly pupils who were
aged 11 to 15 at the start of the school year in
September 1996.
The survey covered pupils attending all types of
maintained secondwy schcmls, including middle
schools with pupils ~ged 11 or over, md non-
maintained sccond>wy schools, except special
scbm>ls.
1.3 Design of the survey
A two-stage sample design was used. AL the first
stage a sample of schools was drawn, and :it the
second stage a sample of pupils was selected
within each school. A list of seconds!-y schtmls
was extracted lrom the 1996 school database
supplied by the School’s Register for the
Deptirtment for Education and Employment.
The list ofschook was stratified by type of.schoo],
whether single sex or mixed, and region.
A sample of 128 schools was selected with
probability proportional to the number of pupils
tiged 11-15. This type of sample design enabled
equal numbers of pupils to he selected for
intervitxv from each school. Further details of the
sample are given in Appendix A.
Saliva specimens were collected from all pupils in
half the sample of schools, Afthough it is not ideal
m have all the pupils in one school allocated (.o
either Lhe saliva or’ non-saliva sample, because of
the effect of clustering in the sample desi,qn, this is
rmxc practicxblc than c[~llecting specimens from
half the selected pupils in each school.
All dIe schools selected wme approached (with
lbc pcrmissi(>t) <)1’tbcir cxlum[ ion aud]ori tics itl
th, cxsc <)1’I .fL\ lmain!ain<,[l SCI1O(IIS) Jnd asked if
IIICVW[>IIIII lx willir]~ to [;tkc par~ it] the surwy.
Each <)1’tile co-(]peratin~ schools” W<ISt.bcn visite(l
.
., IOI.IW ,WI.G.W <).II\ILi .( IIIK)I , II II IIKI. I. IPI,I,I I..L.L.II i“9
Each school was $iven copies of a letter from
ONS to be sent to parents of the selected
children, tellinS them about the sur~,ey, and
askin~ them m reply only it’ Lhey wished their
child not LOtake p~rt.
The smnplecl p[tpils were broLlght together in a
classroom under the supervision of m
interviewer but with no teacher present. They
were each asked to complete two documents :
1 a qLtestionnaire about current smoking
behaviour and other topics.
2 a diary in which they were asked to record all
cigarettes smoked during the previoLLs seven days.
In those schools where saliva specimens were to
be obtained, pupils were asked to put a small
dental roll in their mouth, between the cheek
md the lower Sum, and keep it there for about
twenty minLltes while they completed the
qLlestionnaire. Pupils were fully ware of the
purpose of tbe procedure and were told [bat
both smokers znd non-smokers would have
nicotine in Lbeir saliva.
Care was taken m protect the confidentiality of
pupils’ answers and to make them awme that
their mswers would not be identified with Lhem
personally, nor with the school. Questionnaires,
diaries, and saliva specimens were linked by
means of a serial number only; names were not
used on any of the documents.
If four or more pupils were absent at tbe main
visit, the interviewer made a follow-up visit to tbe
school several days later, if possible checking
beforehand that pLLpils who were absent at the
main visit were back in school,
1.4 Response
information W.ISoht.ained from 2854 pL!pils in
the 111 c[)-{)peratir]~sclloc>ls, 87% ofthme
selected for inte!-view. Takin S into :tccount non-
response :mIons eli~ihle schools m WCIIx WIIOIIS
pupils in c[]-ope[aling schools, the I)vemll
Ircsp<)rlsc ram was 7X%.
“Hlcsaliv:i test did tlotappc:mtl) bavcun cfk,cl
(,11school” R’sponse: CCIIIJ1n{IInbcrs <11’%tliwl>In(l
[ Fig”rel.1 Respon se in England: 1982 to 1996
100
95
90
g
~ 85
:
80
75
70
I 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
survey. The most common reasons given by head
teachers fornottaking partin the survey were
that they had recently participated in other
surveys, ortbat their school was going to be
inspected.
Table 1.I
The response rate for schools was sligbdy higher
than in 1994 but the pupil response rate was at its
lowest level in this series of surveys.
Fi,q=I.I
References1. Bart(,r, JarlclJanisL. .Smc)ki.x amwn,q Jeconclay.schorll
,:hikhn in 199 fxScollmu, 1997 (Lundon: The Stationery
otFice)
2. TtLe Healltt,~”l)Le !Valivn, lY92(London:IiMSO)
:3. Goddard E. Ywngtem<Lgc~ r~n,L,~lcoh,,lin 1996
Volww l: Kn#ul(i.press)
4. GoddardE. Y<,tLnglem,Lp.r,Ln<I,Llcoholin /996
VA,.< 2: .S,dfznft (in press)
10 I .,,<,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<<,,,,,,,,.,,,C><,,<,,,,,,,,,.,.,’<,.<, !.,)
Table 1.1 .SUMITMIY Of response r.SteSEngland 1996
saliva Nonsallva Total
SchoolssamoludInelielblaschools.
Eligibleschoolsco-operatingschools
IWmkerofpupilssnlec!sd
PUQIISIntewlew,d
TotalROW18SPOPS0absent,sickabsent,truantabsent,unknownrefusalbypupilrelusalbyparentother
overallroxponserate(allowingfornOn-mpmsaofschoolsaadpupils]
N,.64
6456
1620
1434
186481340331438
% No,64
1
6388 55
100 1578
69 1420
11 156451145166
35
77%
onewool Maclosed F,?
—~% No. ~%
128
87127111 87
100 3198 100
90 2854 69
10 344 11932485492073
79% 780A
6 I , .,,, \\<.,,.\,<<,,<, ,\ , <),.,,,,,,.,,,.,.,)
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
This report presents the analysis of questions on
drinking that were included in the 1996 survey of
smoking among secondary schoolchildren in
England. A companion publication presents
similar information for Scotlandl. Since drinking
is not the main topic of the survey, the number of
questions that can be included is limited. The
current survey is the latest in the biennial series
which began in 1982, butdrinking was not
covered until 1988, when only avery few general
questions were included. In 1990, the section was
expanded to provide estimates of consumption of
different types ofdrink. [n 1996, the questions
were modified further tocollectalitde more
information about the circumstancesin which 11-
15 year olds drink, and to include alcoholic
lemonades and similar drinks for brevity,
referred to in this report asdcopops.
! 2 Methodology “
The survey was carried out in October 1996, A
full description of the methodology is given in
the report on smoking!, but a few key points are
repeated here.
1. An equal probability sample of secondary
school children aged 11-15 in England (all types
of school Grant Maintained and independent
as well as LEA schools) was obtained by first
selecting a sample of schools and then drawing
a sample of pupils from school registers.
2. In each school, the sampled pupils were
gathered together in a classroom. and they
filled in a self-complt?tion questionnaire under
the supervision of an ONS interviewer: no
t.eachcrs were present.
3. (;arc uus t.:tken to protect the cc,nlidentiali!.y of’
pupils’ :mswc:rs :md [o assure d~em that their
answers would at no stage be identified with
them personally, nor with their school.
4, Taking into account non-response both of
schools and of’ pupils, the response rate
was 77%.
1.3 Measuring self-reported alcoholconsumption
In recent years, the range of alcoholic drinks
available has grown but practical constrain ts
make it impossible to ask about every type 01
drink individually. Pupils who bad drunk alc,)l),,1
in the last seven days were asked how mucl] III<)
had drunk of each of the following six Lypcs (,1
drink:
. beer, lager and cider;
. shandy,
. wine;
● martini and shcrrfi
e spirits and liqueurs
● alcoholic lemonade, alcoholic cola or <)([1<!
alcoholic soft drinks.
The last category listed above was incl~[[lt[i l{,!
the first time in 1996.
Answers could be given in terms of’ pii,ts, 11:111
pints, large cans and small cans for hccI, I: Is{I.
cider and shandy, in glasses for wine, fimili~<l !, },!!
and spirit$, and in bottles or cans fhr ACOIXIIJ..
Pupils could also indicate if they had (hIIIIk 1(.s
than one of the standard measures, and III(A \VC’II“
asked not to count low alcohol drinks.
17
~mup: it has been shown consistently that in each
survey, only it handful of children out of’several
thousand say they don’t smoke when they do:~. It
seems remormble, therefore, to assume that they
are also unlikely to deny the fact that they do
drink, but there is still uncertainty about the
accuracy of reported levels of consumption. One
11 year old boy has been completely excluded
from tbe analysis he reported a total of almost
250 units in the last week, and inspection of his
answers to individual questions confirmed that he
was not taking the survey seriously. The next
highest reported consumption levels were from 3
pupils in the range 50 to 87 units, In each case
the pattern of answers to individual questions was
consistent and believable, and there was therefore
no justification for excluding these pupils from
the analysis.
Under-reporting of consumption is a more
serious problem than overstatement. All surveys
are known to underestimate how much people
drink for a variety of reasons, but mainly
because they forget. Another important factor is
that on most surveys, all beers, lagers and eiders
are assumed to be of the same alcoholic strength;
it is usually impractical to collect sufficient
information about what people drink to be able
to assess this accurately. The 1989 survey of adult
drinking carried out by OPCS was able to look at
this in detail, and found that if variation in
alcoholic strength was taken into account,
consumption of those aged l&24 increased by
about one fifth for young men and one tenth fory~UrIg women~. Although that age group drinks
more than those aged 11-15, the types of drink
drunk are probably similar, and the alcohol
consumption of those covered by this survey is
likely to be underestimated for the same ream”.
Since the data presented in this report were
obttained from a ~ample of school children, they
are subject to s~mpling error, and this must be
taken into account wklerl considering the results.
Any sample is only one of an dnlost infinite
number th:~t might have been selected, all
prmiucin~ sli~htly different estimates. Appcudix
A expk~ills how m calculate samplin~ errors Ii]r
th[: data SI1OWOin this rcp<)rt.
[n general, ~ttention is only drawn to differences
between ~roups and between survey years if they
are statistically significant at the 0.05 confidence
level: that is, there is less than a 5% probability
that the difference in question is due to random
sampling fluctuation and no difference occurred
in Lhe population from which the ~ample was
drawn.
It is important, however, to recognise that
sampling error is only one of the sources of error
which affect the accuracy of any survey results.
Other sources of inaccuracy include over- and
under-reporting (discussed in tbe previous
section) and non-response bias: both are difficult
to quantify. It can be assumed, however, that
since the results compared in this report are
from surveys conducted in the same way and
using the same methods of collecting
information, non-sampling errors will be similar
on each survey and so will not affect
comparisons.
F{l?t,?renc?s
I (held.rd E, Young kwzcgm, and alcohol in 1996: Volume 2
.YmtkLmi 1997 ( London, Statiomq Office)
Y l~~is L. sm[jhin~ flmwg ~~condw XCho.1~hi~dr~n in 1996:
E@<Lnd 1997 (Lmdon, Staliunery Office)
3 op. cit., Appendix B
4 (Ajddard E, ,!Mnkin{ in England and WA+ in [he 1,,1,
1980.$1991 (Lmdon, HMSO)
-cbr--.––
ANATIONAL199(j
“ STATISTICS.&
SURVEY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN SMOKING N1415
IN CONFIDENCE
n
STICK SERIAL
NO. LABEL
>Mowof [he qum[iuns can be an>wc red hy pu!ltng a (Ick In !he bux
next w the answer [hat applies [o you like [his
y CzJ
N. D
or somettmm you ha. ? IO wn!e a number in lht bux. for example
a
SOIIW qiestion, doit apply 10 everybody. 1[ always [ells
you by the box which ques[ion you should answer next.
D() NOT WRITE IN THESE BOXES
‘[oinriw m
m
.4 M Pkl
Time ofinlewiew ~
,,. ,1,,, {.)..,
F.!.
z
~, ,.,
1. Which year are you ina[sch,>ol’> ... ... ..... .......... ........ ... .. Go to Question 2
DO NOT \\ RITE 1S THIS BOX
2. How old are you now’? Tick one Box
10 years old
II year sold
,1
d
12 years old D
13 years OILI n
C2
Go to Question 3
14 years old
I 5 yc:lr> old n
16 years old n
17 years old
3 When wtre you born’!
Dale ...... .. .......... ........ ........... .
Mo”[h ..... ........... .......... ........ .. ...
1
Go to Question 4
Year., .. .. ..... ... ... ..... .. .“O X(Sr \vRITE IX THIS UOX
‘m !
‘m
Y
4 AC you a boy or a girl’?
a
Boy ,
Go to Question 5
Girl
5 Do you smukc cigaretws al all nowadays’?
a
Yes 1
Go to Question 6
No z
2.,,, ,,, ,,,!.”
6, N<I\v read all the following slatemen(s carefully and rick the box
next to the onc \vbicb bes[ describes you.
I bave never smoked ~ GO mQ.estion 7
I bave only ever tried >moking once n
d
GO to Question 8
1 ustdiosznoke sometimes butl inc!ver
smoke acigme[te now
I sometimes smoke cigarettes [now bu[
I don’t smoke m many as one 2 week ~ Go to Q.estion 14
I tlsudl Y s[)][>ke be[\vce[l <)lleands[x
~.igwctlc, J week
7’
Go 10 Question 9
[ usually smoke more than six cigarettes
a week n
They would try m persuade me
no[ to smoke
They would do nothing
They wo.ldmm.rag emem
smoke
I doll’! Lrl(m
3
(;o(oQuestion 19
. ,4,$,!,...,,
: .’ .-!,, ..,:
I
I
9. How long is il since you started smoking M Icast ont
clgarctte a week’!
Less than 3 mon[tw L_!.h
3-6 mon[hs Cl
m 1
Go to Question 10
6 monthsto I year
10. Howe asyordifficultw ouldyouf i[)di[togowith<)ut
smoking t-or as long as o week?
Very dit’tkult
Fdirly diffic.1[
7
ti
Cl
GO to Question 11
Ilirly easy
veryeasy n
Il. H“w easy ordiffic”lt w<]uld you find i! 10 give up
smokmg al[oge! her if you \vw>Icd IO’!
Very diftic”l[
Fairly difticul[
7
n
Cz
(h to Question 12
Fai[ly easy
12, Would you like ro give up smoking altuge[ her’?
Yes
No
#
~ GotoQ.estio. 13
I don’1 know
13. Have you ever [ried to give up smoking’!
Yes ElGo to Question 14
No
..:,
.,
, ,.,,
. .
}
1
1
1
I
I
I
i
I
I
I!
.
14. HOW duCS Y[~urfiJrT1llYfetl ab~”[ you mmking’?
They SIUP !IIC
TheY !ry m persuwie me rnul 10 smoke
3
b
They do lno[hing m
G1
co to Question 15
They encuumge me to smoke
TIICy don’! know I Smck Cl
I don’t know u
I huy lhelll (rum a supermarket .. ........ ... ....... ... ........ .......... ... .......u
I buy them frum a new>:tgen[, tobacconist m sweet shopEIJ
, huy, hery) frO[lI ~KJragc \hop .. ........ ....... ... ........ .. ........ ... ...... m
I buy them lmul vxne u(hcr type of>hop . .......... ... ........ .. ... ....... ..Czl
1 buy them from a machine ... .. ...... .. ........ .......... ... ........ .. .......... ... . a
c1 6
Co to @mstiOn
I buy (hcm trmn other people ..... ... ........ .......... ... ........ .. ......... .... .
Friends ~ive [htm m (me .... .......... ........ ........ . ............. ........ .........D
MY broIhtror ~ist~r gives [hem w [ne ‘m
tvly Imorherc>r l’o[her gi\es [hem to [me ...... .. ........... .... .... ... .......... .U
l[akethem ... ..... ... ..... ..... ... ..... ... .... .... ....... ... .......... ... ........ .. ...GI
I ge[ them in some other way . .. ...... .. ........ .. ..... ... ... .......... ........ ... ..
5.,,, . ,,<
,,,,,, 4 ;;
17. On dw whole, do you find it easy w dit’llcub (o buy cigare(ox irom a shop”!
Very difficult
Fttidy diificul[
1
Ca
Cl
GO to Question 18
Fairly easy
very easy D.
[ don’t usually buy cigmmes from a shop $
18. How old were you when you first [ried smoking a cigarette, even if
i! wa> WIIY x pull or IWO ‘?Write in &hc box your age ll,?en. In lnul,lb~r~.
nol words.
w. c1 ye~rsoid -::,,.”,,
Now, [hinking about your family, tbm is [he people you live with at horl>e:
19. Do you live widl your modwr’]( Y,m .rtwuld <IIw, umxwr “Y.s” i/”wm Iiw b,fllt YIIW .vlem(,fl,~r I,, <,J,W,[l :,),>f)j~r )
Yes ~ GotoQ”tistion 1%
No ~ GotoQ.estio” 20
19a. Dots she smoke’!
Yes
B
Go to Question 20
No
20. Do you live with your fwbcr’?f YOtt dwtAl IIIW WIXW+ “YP$” ifw I(w~~i(j,Y,JI1~.J@II/Wr ,,r l@>@~J({lh~rJ
Ycs ~ (;oloQ.estior)20u
No ~ (;otoQuestio”21
llw Dues be smoke”?
Yes
B
Go 10 Question 21
No
6.,, ,,,, ,,,. ,.
I
. .
“,.
. ...
,..,..
,,,,
.
21. How tmtmy brothers or sisters do you have living athome with you”?
( lj’~(m hurm ‘I mIy brolhrrs or .si.slen. wrilc i,) ‘O’i,!wch I>(M(UMIltjiss w{ Qt(rTriOn 22) \Vrile a number (0,1,2 ...) in eiacb box
Number of older brmbcrs Cl
Number of older sisters n
Cl
I
Go to Question 22
Number of younger brotbers
Number of younger sis[ers n
Number
who don’t
hrlloke
cd
L1
L1
c1
Number
1’[11,10[
SUK dbout
~
!D ::::,,.,,23
D’
23, I, [here imyone else living at home with yo” who smoke,’?
Yes 3 Go to Question 24
No
Go to Question 15
7.,, ,$ ,,, ,,,,,,,
I
\
I
,
,
.’
25. In [hc IJS1 ytm, has anyone in your family [alked m you about(IIC eifccts of smokirlg on your heal[h ‘?
Yes
B
Go to Question 26No
26. In the Iasr year, bas anyone in your family talked to you aboutthe effects of brea[ bins in other people’s snloke (called passivesmoking) on your heal[ b’!
Yes
B
(h to Question 17
N[>
27. Below arc t! few things people say abuut smoking. Some people think
thrnl. [hey are !rue WKI some people [bink they are not !rue. Wha[ do
you [hink’?
Against CJCII SCIIICIICC tick one box t“ show if youthink it is true or Mse
TICK ONE BOX
‘TRUK ,Nor‘Tnuk:
a. Smoking gives people coIItideIIce .. ........ ........ .. ............ Cln
b. Smoking [makes people worse x( bpon~. Dti
c. Smokers stay slimmer [ban tlc]r).>rn<,ker> ....... .. ........... . Czln
d. IF a woman srnokm wbm \tle i5 pregnanl il canbaunlher ~n[lborn baby ..... .. ..... ... ..... ... ..... ... ....... ... ......... Cln
e. S4noking tlelps p.wple relax it[bey feel nervous . Dn
f. Smoking can C2UW bcarldi 5ca5e ... ........ ... ....... ... ........ mm
g. Smoking is Not really danger[m~, i! imly harmspeople whosrn<)ke alu[, .... ..... ... ........ ........ .. ... ....... ....... an -GotoQuestio”28
b. Smokers get inure coughs imd colds [bannon-smokers LILI
). fiber ptuplc’x slm)ki))g can harm the hcidlb 0[
-lkr$n LI
j. Smoking helps pc!upk cope be[mr with life . LID
k. Smoking [makes your clothes smell . ...... .. ....... ... ........ .. . Cln
1. Smokers wc )mocc f“” than nor, -smokers ...... ........... .. .. mm
m. Smoking cm cause lung cancer
x ,,4,!,!, <,,.,4
:,.,
.:::,
7
,.
M In the past year, have you ever gone into a shop m buy
ci~arettcs”? This includes buying cigarettes tor wmebody
else.
Yes ~ GotoQuestio”29
. . ~ G~t.Qu@i~n3~
29. ,A[ any of [hese rimes when you went into a shop [o buy cigarettes.
did !he shopkeeper refuse [o ,ell them [o you”?
B
Yes I .
Co to Question 30
No :
30. ThL’ last time ycm WCII! in{<) J hb[,p 10 buy clgwetlm.
Wlml happened’!
I bougb[ smm cigarciles ~Coto Q“estio”3*
They refused 10 sell Ime any ~GotoQwstion 33
cigarettes
31. How many cigart[ccs did you b.y IWI lim~’~ write the nunlber in (he box
lbo”gh m cigmws - Got.Question 32
32. Did you buy [hem for youmeli or lor sommme else’!
For myself
For Imy nluthcr
1
Cl
For $my father n
n
GO to Question 33
For my brother or si,[tr
Fc]r :1 hiend m
For sumeone else 6
Y.!, ,$ ,!,, ,,<,,4
ii
,
1
35. How much money of your own do you lb~\e most weeks
[0 spend as you I,ke’!
Nwhing ~- GomQ.estion37
Less than f I a week
f I or more but less than 15
“1
ti
f5 or more but less !htm f I(3 D CotoQ.es(iou36
f’10 or [more but less thau L?() D:
:?() or lllUW a WA ,
36, Does [his money come from —
You may tick pocket money
more lhan one
box paid \vnrk <mlhidt wbuol buurs
3
CZl Go k) Questiot) 37
or sommvhere else’?
37. Ha\e you e\er had a proper dcuhulic drink a whole drink. no[
just a SIP’? Please dolt’t count drinks Iabelled low, alcohol.
Yes ~ CotoQ.estion38
NO ~ GotoQ.estionj~
38. How old were you when you bad your tirs[ proper alcohc>lic drink’!
Wri[e in the box your age the” in numbers, rno[ words.
[ ‘us u y~Jrl’J-~~toQuestion 39
II .,, ,$,! .!.,,
,. .,
. .
i
-1-1. During [he last 7 days, how ,much BEER, LAGER AND CIDER
have you drunk’! Please don’t count drirlks lobelled low alcohol.
I
Have rlo[ drunk beer, lager or
c]der in the lust 7 days
Less than tldf a pin{
Htdf a pint or mom
4&. Write in [he boxes below the number of pints, half pints,
large cans. small cam of BEER, LAGER AND CIDER
drunk i“ the lasl 7 cLJys.
{~
pints L!
Ih; di pint, w
-~
IWgt cd,,,
8
3 Co 10 Ques(ion .!5
~ Go to @stion 44.
70 Go to (@stion 45
c1
14 .,, ,!.,,,;..,
,
.
~
45. Durin~!he last 7 days, huwmuch SHANDYhave you drunk’?
Have not drunk shandy
in [he last7 days
8
Go to Question 46
Less [tlan hdf a pint
Half a pint or more ~ G“ to Qw@iod50
-15ii. Write in[heboxes below [renumber ofpints, half pints,
l~rgecarls, s[l)~ll cans of SHANDY drunk ir1thclast7 days..
pinls ~’~j c1
half pinls
i
~n
Go to Questi.n 46
large cans [n
small cans E
46. During thelast7 days, how much WINE have you drunk’?
Have not drunk wine
in the last 7 days
3
Go to Question 41
Less (hm a glass
One glims or more ~ GotoQ”estion.Kia
.i6a. Write inthebox below, thenumbmofglmses
of WINE drunk in [he I*s[ 7 days.
Y= Go to Question 47
15,.,, ,, .,.”.”,
.[
$
47. During [helast7ditys, howmuch MARTINI AND SHERRY
)Klvc you dnmK!
Have not drunk martini or
sherry in [he las17 days
a
Go to Question 48
Less [him a gliss
One glass or more ~ GO to Q.estion 47.
47a. Write in [he box below, [he number of glasses
of MARTINI OR SHERRY drunk in [he lm[ 7 days.
QnGo to Question 48
48. During the last7 days, how much SPIRITS (e.g. whisky, vodka, gin)
ANO LIQUEURS have you drunk’?
By a glass we mean a single pub measure
Have no[ dnmk spirils ur
liqueurs in [he Ias[ 7 days
a
Go to Question 49
Less thm i glws
One glus m more ~ fh to Question 48.
K%. Write in the box below, the number of glasses of SPIRITS
(e.g. whisky, vodka, gin) ANO LIQUEURS drunk in [he M 7 days.
m& U Go to Question -19
16. ,4,,.,,,,4,,.,
1’
,,
.
,.
19. During [he last 7 days, how Imuch ALCOHOLIC LEMONADE,
ALCOHOLIC COLA m OTHER ALCOHOLIC SOFT DRINKS
(e. gHooch. Two D[>zs. Lcrllonll~~d) l~~v~ YOu drunk”!
Have not drunk alcoholic lemonade,
alcoholic cola orothcr alcoholic sof[
drinks in the hlsl 7 dayS
!=3 Go to Question 50
Less than hdf a bottle u
OIIC bcmk or more~ GotoQ.estion.19u
.
-!%. Write in [he boxes below tllenu[nber of bottles andcarlsof
ALCOHOLIC LEMONADE, ALCOHOLIC COLA and OTHER
ALCOHOLIC SOIT DRINKS (e.g. Hooch, Two llo~s, Lammhead)
——
17.,, ,$ ,,,, !,
I
50. During the Ias[ year have you hxi any lessons, films ordiscussions in ckiss on [he Iollowing topics :
Yes Don’t
How 10 look d’wr your we[h”?
, ,1, N~,l ,“ow)
Information about ‘exercise and sporrs’! ~1 nl H
Risks of subtitling and sunburn’? Slmm
.Heidihy ealing’? Dmn
SmOking’? man
Alcohol’? Una
Sex educa[ionlsafc sex’! Uam
AIDS’? D r] r] ‘X~tio”51
Heruii? ===
Crock’? an=
Solvcm tib.stlgluc ,nbiling’! nmm
Ecstasy’? UDm
Drugs in gtneral’! nun -
51. Do you [hink you will ccmti)luc’ in f.ll. [ime educxu[]rl xher [he
cnd of ytw 1 I llhe iit’[h year)’!Ycs
No
2
~ G“toQ.estion52
Dun’! knuw
52. DiI you think you will [akc any GCSES helorc you
kilVC school”?Yes ~ G~t0C2u~s:i,)nj3
No
8
(20 to Question 54
Lh)ll’1 A,1OW
18.,, ,1 ,,, ,,.. ,
.
I
I
1
,,.
Social SLIrJq DivisionS1. Cattmr(n.s Ikmse10 Ki”gsw.yLondonWC2B 6JP
x) .,, ,, .,,<,.,.,,
‘
!
.
For each pti of the day: 1.) answer the question about whatyou did by ticking yes or no
THURSDAY”
and 2.) If you did not smoke during that part of the day write Oin the box.
If you smoked during that pan of the day write in thebox the number of cigarettes you smoked yourself.
Tick one box Number of cigarettes smoked
EarlyMorning I Did you get up
and go to school?
I
MorningWere you at schoolall morning? ❑n-- ‘Sm”kedrlci’”’’[e
I
Afternoon I Were you at schoolall afternoon?
1
Tea Time Did you have your
tea at home? EH31-’ Elci’are”es1 smoked
I
Evening I Did you stay at home
all evening? ❑☞ ‘Smokedrlci-e’
8 .;,<>,.,. ,,l!!. !., ! (,.1!),:, .,, ,( !!!, <,, ,,, ),+,.,.,’,,.,!,,, .!!
\ Nn ROQUC710K-J
1.1 Background to the survey
This was the ninth national survey of sm[)kirlS
among secondary schoolchildren and was carriedout in England md Scotland at the request ot’ theDepartment of Health and the Scottish Office
Department of Health. The results ot the survey inEngland are discussed in a separate repmt. )Prevalence figures for England and Scotland werepublished in an ONS First Release? prior m theSmoking Summit held in [.ondon injL![y 1997.
The first of this series of surveys was carried outin 1982, to provide estimates of the proportion of
pupils who smoked, and to describe the srnokin~behaviottr of those who did smoke. Similat-surveys have been carried out in Scotlarld everytwo years since, except 1988, to provide furtherestimates from which trends in the prevalence ofcigarette smoking among secondaryschoolchildren can be monitored.
One of tbe aims of recent surveys in this serieshas been m measure progress [owards dleScotland k Hedth$ target for the year 2000, wtlictl isto reduce the prevalence of regular andoccasional cigarette smoking among those aSed12-24 in Scotland by at least 30%, from the 1986baseline figure of 30’% (the General HouseholdSurvey is used to monitor ci~arette smoking
among those aged 16 and over).
The aim of the 1996 sul-vey, f&d onindependent samples for England and Scotlandwas [o continue the series of estimates ofprevalence of cigarette smoking among
secondary scboolcbildren and to draw attentionto any changes in bebaviour.
The content of the 1996 survey was similm to thatof previous years with the addition of somequestions asking pLtpils about consumer durablcsin their home, tbe number 01 cars their familyhad and whether their home was owned orrented, to be used as indicatom of their f~unily ’s
socio-econonlic position. Questions ;!b<]uteduc~tional expectations were Jlso xked for lhclirst lime. Salivas pecinlerls were collec[ccl Iron]halfthr %Ullpk!. Hall<)f these wert! :lll;L]VWd f<)r.[IIC prcscncc ofc[)tininc, a !netah(>litc olnicotine, which is a mtastirc <>1cxpmstlre I.11IOI): IC(I)smok{~. Tbr nlai!> IIIIq XNC<]1’[l]is W:ISL(Icn;lhl(, some v.[lid:~li, >n 1(, Ix. mx<iv <>1’111(s(,IL
I ~qb scotmcj-acxiumnd
note s(Sw-mmg
C@hms)ttpol-ttxl smokinx da[:i. As in 1994 tbc stlrveyincluded some qlwstiotls about ctlil[irer]’s
drinking hehavio L!r.The results from this part ofthe sLuwcy will be publishal separately. 15
1.2 Sample coverage
Estinla[es 01 smoking prevalence were requiredFbr Lhe pop(llation of secontk~ry school pupi]s in
Scotland.
The poplllation covered by the survey in Scotlandwas pL1pils in years I to 4; that is, mtainly pupilswho wet-e aged 12 to 1.5 at the start of the calendar
year in September 1996. Some pupils were I Iyears old at dle time of’ fieldwork, but have beencombined with the 12 yew olds in the tMes.
The s~uwey covered pupils attending all types ofschools including maintained and independentsecondary schools, hut not special schools.
1.3 Design of the survey
A twmstaKesampledesi$n was med. At [be firststage J sample of SCI1OOISwas cfrawn, and at theseconci scJge a sample of pupils was selectedwithin ~ach school. A list of secondary schoolswas extractecf from the 1996 school cfatahasesupplied by the Scottish Office Education ancfIndustry Department. The list of schools wasstrwified by type ot’ scflool, whether single sex ormixed, anti region.
A ~~mple of 1()() sctlools was selected withprobability proportional to the number of pupils
aged 12-15. This type of sample design e“ahlt!dcqu~l nurnhers of pupils to he selected forinterview from each school. F1lrther details of”Lflcsample are ~iven in Appencfix A.
Saliva specinlem were collected from :dl p[lpils inhall dle sample {)fschm) is. ,Althoush it is not idtal
to have dl the pL1pils in one school alloca(cd toeither ttle saliva or non-saliva sarT1plc, hec:ulse of
the effect of clllst.erit13 in the samp]e design, dlis islll~)re pl-;lcticitblc [ban Coilec[inx specimens fmlllh:ill’ [be setmtvct pupils in cxch school.”
All [I]v sct!(x)ls sclrc[cd WLI-C;~p,)t’{mctlc(l (wi[tl
ttlc, pvrlllissi<>ll <11’tllcit ed[lcati(ln a[ltlll~ri[ics illth[, (JSC <II’L<mtl .iulll<}tily (l./\) [Ilailll:iir]<<lSCII<MIIS) :~!>(t;Iskc,<t il”!llty w<,t!l(t Ix willi]]x I(J
.,,!,,.,,,. ,,,, ,,, , .,,,,,,,,,{,., ,,! !,,, ,,,, ,,, <,,,, ,! !,, .,4, ,, ‘, .,, 19
tdw pw-t in the survey. Each of the co-operatingschools ww then visite(i by m (>NS intel. viewerwho selected o systematic r:mtfom sample of
pupils mken from all [he school re~isters Fbryears 1 to 4 inclusive.
Each school was given copies of a letter ItromONS to he sent to parents of ~he selected
children, telling them about the surwy, mdasking them to reply only if they wished theirchild not to take pmt.
The sampled pupils were brought together in aclassroom under the supervision of aninterviewer but with no teacher present. Theywere each asked to complete two documents :
1 a questionnaire about current smokingbehaviour and other topics.
2 a dimy in which they were asked to record allcigarettes smoked during tie previous seven tkays.
In those schools where saliva specimens were tobe obtained, pupils were uked m put a smalldental roll in their mouth, between Lhe cheekand the lower gum, and keep it there for shouttwenty minutes while they completed thequestionnaire. Pupils were fully aware of [hepurpose of’ the procedure and were told thatboth smokers and non-smokers would bzvenicotine in their saliva.
Care was taken to protect the confidentiality ofpupils’ answers and to make them avmre thattheir answers would not be identified wilh thempersonally, nor with the school, Questionnaires,diaries, and saliva specimens were linked “bymeans of a se[-ial number only names were notused on :my of the docctments.
[f fhur or move pupils were :lbsent at tbc m>linvisit, the interviewer made a fhllow-up visil to the
school several days later, if possible checkinxhelo[-ehand that pupils who wet-e ahsenl at [hemain visit were tmck in school.
1.4 Response
into ;tccount notl-response among eli$ihlcschools M well M among pupils in co-opcrntingschools, the overall response rate was 7.~~o.Thesch(x)i response mte was particularly low in 1996Ibecause permission to approach six schools vms
not given until after fieldwork h~d finishd.
Figure I. I
The salim test did not appear to have an effect
on scbtml response apm’t from the 6 schoolsmentioned above, most schools that refused to
take part did so because they had recentlyparticip~ted in another su!-vey
Table 1.1
bis L. Smfjki% IWUW ~.,[~rL@ c(h~<j~~ki~l,~i,, I ~~~:En,qkmd,1997 (London: The Smticme~ Office)Smoking mmq mondrLv whml dvildwn, 1997 (London:
Css)
.Y<:otlard ‘THdh i (lmllqge “~()Lh AU. 19Y2 (London:
H,MSO)tkxlda,d E. k’our,gLemq+m,171,1 ,Llmkol in I 996
Vdum /: Enqkmd ( irl prcs)
( ;oddwd E. Vo[’rts Ww#n <’d dmhd [n / ~%+
I Fi~urel.1 Respon se in Scotland: 1982 to 1996
100
95
90
80
75
70
““r
I 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
‘110 .,!)!.,.< ),<.,.,<.,,,,, .,,,<,(,,,,,,,,,,:,,,.,,,, ,., ,)!,,.
Table1.1 Summaryof responseratesScol
saliva Nonsalm 101,1—
No. %% ,1, N,,schoolssampled 50 100 5; i00 100Ineligibleschools
Eligible schools 50 j~ 100
co-operatingschools 39 78 ,1 86 82
Numberofpupilsselected 1267 100
Pupils intewlewed 1125 89
Totalnon.rnsponso 142 11absent, sick 28absent, truant 7absent,unknown 39rolusai bypupil 6refusalbyparent 11other 51
Overall response rate [allowing for non.Wspmw01,Cilml, and gu@s) 68”,
.421 100 269o
.272 a9 2397
,5, 11 2934~ 77
2532
1627
2971112778
77%
6 ,<,,. <,,, ,\\,, I.,<\ ,.,>,, < ),{<, ,, ,)( \<,,.v>,F.,:s,:,>I,.,x,,
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
This report presents the analysis of questions on
drinking that were included in the 1996 suI-vevofsmoking ~irnong secondary school chilclmn in
Scotland. A companion puhlica[ion presents
similar information for England. ) Since drinkin~
is not the main topic of the surwy, the number of’
questions that can be included is limited. The
current survey is the fwest in the biennial series
which began in 1982, but drinking was not
covered in Scotland until 1990, when it few
general questions were included together with
more detailed questions designed to provide
estim ate.? of consumption of different types of
drink. In 1996, the questions were modified to
collect a little more information :>houc the
circumstances in which 12-15 year olds drink, and
to include alcoholic lemonades and similar
d[-inks - for brevity, referred to in this report as
alcopops.
1.2 Methodology
The sul-vey was cmried out in October 1996. A
full description of the medlodolow is ,qivtm in
the report on smokin g,? but a few key points are
repeated here.
1. An equal prohahility sample of secondmy
school children +@ 12-[5 in Scotlanci (W
typ& 0[ schtml C,[-ant Maintained Ind
indcpenrient as well :is I.E.\ schools) was
oht.iined by first selectin~ ;Lsample ol’schools
and th~] dr;lwinx a sample of pupils fr{~m
school reSist.c l-s.
3. Care W,ISt~ken to protect the confidentiality of
pupils’ Jnswers imd [o assure [hem that their
answers would at no stage be identified with
them personally, nor with their school.
4. Taking into ;ICCOUIII norl.response both of
schools and of pupils. the response rate was
73Y0.
1.3 Measuring self-reported alcoholconsumption
[n recent years, the range of alcoholic drinks
mnilable has $r[)wn hut practical constraints
make il impossible to ask about every [vpe of’
drink individually. Pupils who had drunk alcohol
in tbe last seven clays were ~sked how much they
had cirunk ot’ each of the following six Lypes of
drink:
c beer, lager and cider;
. shanciy;
● wine;
● martini and sherry;
● spirits and liqueurs
● itlct,holic Ierno”arfe, alct]holic c<>la or <>[her
alcoholic soft drinks.
The last cate~ory iisled above was included for
the first time in 1996.
Answers could be Sivcn in terms of pints, half
pints, large cans :Ind small cans for beer, laser,
cider ;md shandy, in slasses for wine, for~ifie(i
wine and spirits, anti in hollles or CWIS for
dcop<)p. Illpils could ;11s[)indicaw if d]cy had
(trunk less [II:,,, ,mc ~>fthe staIIdaIMl mcasllres,
;lll[i [h(.v WVIC :Lskc;[l ,1<,t [() C,,llfl[ I(1W d<otl<)l
(I)inks.
!{1, .(. ,, I .,!., ,,. ,.,1 ,,( !,,,<), 1. ,’?, !! .<),,, \,, ,.,, ,}, ,..,., ) 17
cfrinklng, hut t tlis series of” surveys does have
hioche[nical evidence in [relation to self-reported
smokin~ amtms this a~e $roL1p: it ha been shown
consistently that in each survey only a handful of
children out of several thousand say they don’ t
smoke when they do.:! It seems reasonable,
therefore, to assume that they are also unlikely to
deny the fact that they do drink, but there is still
tmcerminty about the accuracy of’ reported levels of
consumption. Two boys - one aged 13 and the
other aged 14- have hem completely excludecl
from the analysis: both of them reported a total of
more than 250 units in the last week, md
inspection of their answers to individual questions
confirmed that they bad not taken the survey
seriously. The next bigbest reported consumption
levels were from 5 pupils in the rang-e 50 to 88
units [n each case the pattern of answers to
individual questions was consistent and believable,
and there was therefore no justification for
excluding these pupils from [he analysis.
f,lnder-,-eporting of consumption is a more
serious problem than overstatement. All surveys
are known to underestimate how much people
drink for a variety of reasons, but mainly
because they forget. Another important factor is
that on most surveys, all beers, lagers and eiders
are assumed to he O( the same alcoholic strength:
it is ustml]y impractical to collect sufficient
information about what people drink to be able
to assess this accurately. The 1989 survey of adult
drinking carried out by C)PCS was able to look at
this in detail, and found that if variation in
alcoholic strength was taken into account,
consumption of those aged 16-24 increased by
about one fifth for young men and one tenth for
young women.’} Although that age group drinksmore than those aged 12-15, the types of drink
drunk arc probably similar, and the alcohol
consumption of those covered hy this survey is
likely [o be underestimated for the same reason,
1.4 Precision of estimates
Since the dam presented in dlis lepori were
ohtaincd from a siimple of school children, [hey
:wc sllhject t{) sampling ert-[]r, :md dlis mus[ be
taken int<> acc<>l!nt when [(]r)si[lc ring the I-CWIIIS.
,krly Wmplc is orlty on,: or ml ;l{mos( in(iniw
nltmhrr IIl;tt t]li~bl h;ivr Iwcn SCICCI<(I, :,11
pr-txlllcinx sti~il[ly (tif’ftircrlt cs[illl:l[cs, ;\ppcn(tix
.A explains how [0 c:dclllx[e swnpli!l$ Ct-rr)ls [i)l
the data shown in this report.
In general, attention is only drawn m dif’terences
between groups and between survey ytzms il’ alley
are suitistically si~nificzmt ~t the 0.().5 confidence
Ievet: that is, d]ere is less than a 570 protmhility
that the difference in question is due to r.mdom
sampling fluctuation :md no difference occur !-cct
in the population flroru which the sample was
drawn.
[t is important, bowevcr, to recognise that
sampling error is onlv one of the sources {)1erro!
wbicb affect the :ICCUIUICV of any survey [results.
Other sources of inaccutmcy include over. ancl
undm-[-eporting (discussed in the pl-cvious
section) and non-response bias: both m-e difticutt
m quantify. It can he assumed. bowmm-, that
since the results compared in this report are
from surveys conductecf in the same way and
using tbe same methods ofcotlecting
information, non-sampling errors will be simitar
on emh survey :md so witl not affect
corn puisons.
References
1 (hdd:mi E, YmLn~ IWWLKK) ,,,8,1 <dwhoi iv, / 996: V,du,rw /,
l<n@Ln,L I !IY7 ( L,,,,d<,c,, Sv.[ti<,r>c,y Office)
2 Barton J, Jawis L, ,Svwkin~ <Lmonx .semnd<L?’ sdwd ,hitdrm
in / 9%: .?mlkML,l1997 ( LmldotI, stXiollery office)
3 op.cit., .%ppendix B
4 C, OCICIWC(E, Ilrinking in En,gkmd and Wak.s in (h.<kL1,.
19<WS,[Wt (Lor) don, EIMS())
Notes to tables
SURVEY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN S~lOKING N1415
IN CONFIDENCE
STICK SERIAL
NO. LABEL
nex[ 10 Ibe m,wer hha[ opplies m you like Ibis
or sumet]mt, you have 10 wnie a numbtr in [he box, fur example
l-T--
Some qucs!]m>. do,l’! apply 10 everybody. Ii always tells
you b) [he box \<hich q.est, oc you shodd answer nex[,
DO NOT WRITE IN THESE BOXES
‘]1)’1[$ m
—.
x
CD
I
I
.,:;
1. Which year are you in N school .. ... .. ................ .. ...... .. ..... Co to Question 1
DO NOT !VRITC It+ Tl!tS BOX
2. How old are you now’? Tick one Box
10 years old
1
1[ ,~~,so~ ti
I ? y..,> old n
I 3 yeacs old m
m
Go to Question 3
14 years old
) 5 years old a
I 6 ycu.r, old n
I 1 years old
3 When were you boni!
Date...,..., .. ............. ....... .... ........
Mun[tl .... ... ........ .. ........ ............
}
Co to Question 4
Year .. ... .......... ... ........ ............ ....
[)() X<)T !$RII’E IN T,{, s B<,X
‘m
‘1 m
Y
-1 Are you a boy or a girl’?
a
Boy
Go to Question 5
Girl
5 Do you smoke cigarettes M all nowadays’?
a
Ycs ,
Go to Question 6
No ?
2 .,, ,, .,(,.,,
.
,,,...
., ,’?,
8. How do you [hiok your fmnily would feel if you s[ar[ed.moking. J
They would ,mp men
They would try m pemuade me110[ [0 Wlloke D
They would du nwbingCl
They wou M cncoumgc me m,, I,,, IW
Cl
I chuI’t kno\vD
3
Go to Question 19
,.,,,, ,,,, .,,,,,
9. How long is i[ since you star!ed smoking N least one
c,gtirt [[t a week”!
Less than 3 ,mon[h>
3-6 tmon[hs
3
n
D
Go to Question lo
6 months m I year
more than one year
10. HOW easy or difficult w,mkl you tind ii m go wi[hout
>moking t’or as long AS a week”!
Very ,Ilrricllll
Fd]rly dilficui[
7
ti
SI
Go 10 Question 11
F~idy eaiy
very easy c1
11. How easy or dilficul[ would y<>lt lid il 10 give up
>muking dtugd her if you waowd I,]’!
Very difficul[
F~irly difticull
7
D
D
Go 10 Questiou 12
FJirly eahy
very emy D
IZ, W<luld you like co give up >“l,>kirl~ allogtlhcr’!
Yes
S“
3
~ GotoQ.es(ion 13
I don’t know
13. Have you ever !ricd to give up wnoking’!
Yes
B
Go to Question 14
No
4.,, ,$ ,,, ,,”,,
15. .Acc you allil\vcd 10 ,muke w bum< ii you wmt 1<)’>
‘i’eh
N<>
7
~ GotoQumtion 16
I dclll’1 hl,<>w a
lfI. Whew d,, )<,(I usually SCI your ci; are![cs (m’! i PIc:,w lick III,W [ban wc box
,1”!<,<, olten yI ci~wclteh ir,,, )l dil’iere, )t people or places. i
~~ 7
1 buy [hem tr<]jl>a\,)pertlltirket . I
I 11,,> llwm In),,l u ,lc\\,mJenl, [,lt)ilcc<)rll.[ or ,wee[ ,b<lp D
[ buy [hem trom ;.3ara;e \tl<)p .... ........ .......... .......... ........... ........ n
[ huyibem !rwn .,)ll>e<)tller!ypeot ,Il<)p . n
buy lhcnl Vrom:,m;lcbine . Cl
ClI
(;0 10 (Jmstion [7
h,, ) [bcm l"I.). I..) IIIcI]Ic.)]) lc ... ... ........ .......... .......... ........ ... ..........
,.,
,.
i1
17. On [he whole. do you find it easy m difficul[ w buy cigttret[e\ from a ,hop’!
Very diilicuh
FJirly dit’ficuil
1
Cl
D
(;0 to QL1estion 18
Fdirly easy
very easy CJ
1 LIOII’I usually buy cigaretw ban a shop <
18. Ih,w old were y,m \vhcn you I’irw !ried >Iw)ki,tg L,ci;are[w. even ii
II WM only a putt ,x I\Y,) ‘.lWrit< in [he bux YC)LUage (hel]. in rnutubers
no[ word\.
~~~~~~ n ,,JI’J -(;,Quchtifi,n 1<)
N,),., lbinkirlg nh<m[ your la IIIIly. that i> IIIC people yuu Iivc wilh M ho,)>..
19. Do you live wi[h your mmher’!( )’,2,, ,/1<),!/’/ <)1.w)()),>,! <r “Y*\” if IIM Iiw ,,irh !w(r vlcpm,Jf/IeF <JV<Id,Ipled Im,rlw,. )
Ye, ~ GotOQ.mtiOn i%
No ~ Go to (-&stion 20
19u. Does >be smoke’!
Yes
,@
(;0 to Question 20
Nu
2(I, Do you live wi!h y<).r I“mhcr’!
( Y,JII .%/1(1[(/’1<,/,<, <,!J$>\l,) “Y<)” ;/”1(>(, /!!. t)i!ll l<l<tl ,\lc,l/<,1/,et <). <(’I<>,I!V<I /[,[/,.<. I
Y., ~ (;oto@ustio .204
N<> ~ GotoQ.estion 21
21)a. Does the hmukc’!
Yes
El
co to Question 21
N<]
6.,, ,. ,!,..,,.,,
!.,
21. How tmany brolhers or sisters do you have living at home with you’?
i Ify,ut III IV,>II’1[III! broibcrs [W sisler.~ wrire i,! ‘o’ ;!{
em’b b<,.r w!d mis.v (IIII (&.!fio!j 22) Write a number (0,1,2...) in MA box
Numberof olderbrothers SI
Numberofokler sislers L1
CJ
I
Go to Question 22Numberof younger bro[hers
Number of younger sisters D
~~. How tmany of them arc smokers’!Write a number (0,1,2 ...) in wcb box
Number
I’m nol
sure ahmll
Ic1 &::tion,3
c3’ -
23. 1> [here anyone CISC li\ing w home wi[h you who smokes’?
Yes
8
Go to Question 24
NO
u. Wbw about your friends bow many of them smoke’?
All of them
Mos[ bu[ not all
1
d
Half mdhalf ~ CotoQ”estio”25
Only a few D
None of them smoke
“:,
..
,
25. In [he !ss[ year, has anyone in your family talked 10 you abou[[he effecls o(’ smoking UII your heal[h ‘!
Yes
B
GO to Question 26
No
26. [n the Ias[ yew, has anyone in your family rdlked to you about
the effects of breathing in o[her people’s smoke (called passivesmuking) on your health?
Yes
B
(;() tl) Qucslion 27
No
27. Below are a few things peuplt! say aboul smoking. SOIIW peoplt [hink
think they me true and some people think Ihey are not true. What doyou think’?
Against each sentence tick one box to show if youthink it is true or fulse
TICK ONE [31)X
TRUE Nor
TR(lE
a, Smuking gives people con fidence ..... .......... .......... ... .... mn
b. Smoking makes people worse at iports. . mm
c. Smokers May dimmer [ban rim-smokers . r] r]
d. If a womm smokes whtn he is pregnan[ ![ cmharm her unbum buby . .. . . . . . . . .. ~[ r]
e. Smoking helps people rtltix if [hey feel Inervous Dn
f. Smoki"gcti"ca.se heart disease .... ... ....... ... ........ ..n ~
g. Smoking is not really dangerous, it only harmspeople who smoke a lC>[......... ........ .. ........ .......... ... ....... Dn GomQ.esti””28
h. Smokers gel more coughs and colds thannon-smokers . .. ... . .... . . .... . .. . . .. ~1 1-]
i, other people’s smoking can harm [be hml[h ofnon-> mukers . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . .. ~ ~]
j, Smuking helps people cope b.et[tr with life Da
k. Smoking (makes your clotbcs smell . ..... ............ ... ........ ~m
1. Srnukcrs are mom t’u. [ban non-smoktrs . .. ... .......... ..... ~[ FI
m. Smoking can cause Iungctmcec DC
8.,, $.,,,,,.>
,:,;
I
2!). AI wIy U( [hew limes when you went into a shup to buy ci!gxreue~.
did the shopkeeper refuse 10 sell them to you’!
a
Ye, 1
60 tu Qtwstiou M
No ~
31. H(,w many cigwt[!ts did you buy lm[ time’? Write [he number in the box
‘bo”~h[c1“~’re’[es-:;:,,,,,,32
32. Did you buy dwm for yourself or for someone Else”?
For ,myself Cl
For [my tmother L1
For my fa(her LI
For ,my bro!her m siskr L1
For a friend L1
For someone else n
;O to Question 33
9.,, ,.,, ,,...,4
,,,, ,.
.1
,,.
,,. ,.
39. How often do you usually htivt m alcoholic drink?
Almost eVCry lkly
About twice a week
About once a week
About once a fcmnigh[
About once a muntb
(lnly o (CW limu ;I yc:u
I !mver drink alcohol [now
40. When you drink tdmbol, who arc you usually wi!h’!
My girl fr!c!,,d or boy fricr,d
Frimds of [he same scx w IIIC
Friends of [be oppos[m ,ex
A gro,lp of frimds of ho[h ,CXCS
My parm[s (or step-parents)
My bro!her, sis!er, ur od]er relatives
on Imy own
:
L1cl~ CotoQuMion.1(
LI
Cl
41. And when you drink alcohol, whtrt are you usually’?
in a pub or bar
In a club or disco
1
la
/3
Go to Qustion 42
AI a party with friends
,4[ my home or Someone else’s Il<>mCl
Somewhere elx
12 .,4, $ ,, !,.,,,,<
4
. .
,.
-i.
mm
m
II
.
44. During [he last 7 days, how [much BEER, LAGER AND CIDER
have you drunk’? Please don’t mum drinks kibellml Iuw alcohol.
Have nut drunk beer, lager m
cider in [he last 7 days
9
Go to f@stiun 45
Less than hfilf a pin!
HJlt’ a pin[ or more ~ Go to Qustio” 44a
.Ma. Write in the boxes below [he number of pints, half pints.
Itirge cims, small mm of BEER, LAGER AND CIIIER
drunk in [he Itis[ 7 days. ,—
(,L/
pims
half pints
‘1
Un
Go to Question 45--
large cans ~n)
small cans }~
u
14.,,,, .,.%,,
.
,,, .,
,.
I
45. During the last 7 days, Ihow much SHANDY Ihuve you drunk’?
Htive not drunk shmiy
in the las[ 7 days
s
Go to Question 46
Less than holf a pin[
Half a pin[ or mort ~ GO m Q.estion 45a
.&I. Wrlw in [he box’?> below the number of pints. halt pints.
Imy cm>. s811u11c;hmhol SIHANDY drunk in the 1:!>! 7 cloy>,
pints “~: c1
Ihdt ,>1[1(>
~~ “;
~cl
1’(k) (o Qucstiun -M
lqc cans go
}]mull Cilns
u
46. Durin~ the lost 7 CIUSS, how much WINE have YOu drunk”!
Have [not drunk wine
in (he last 7 days
3
(h 10 Question 47
Le,s [him a gldss
One s11ss or (more ~ GotoQ.estio” 46a
462. Wriw in the box below, [he ]number of glasses
oi WINE drunk in dw las[ 7 days.
Y=Go to Questiw 47
Is. ,4,..,,,,.,,,,,
,’
i
I ,
\
!
1
!
47. During thelast7 days, lbowmucbM ARTINIANDStlERRY
have you drunk’?
Have not drunk nmnini or
sherry in the lM17dtJys
a
GO 10 Question 48
Less [hm J glass
(3IW glms or Inure C3- co to Queskion -!73
47a. Wr!tein [he box below. !henurnber o(glasses
,) I MARTINI OR SHERRY dr{, nhin Ilw IWI 7 days.
Jn), (;o to Question W
48. During the1’dst7 days, how much SPIRITS (e.g. \vbisky ~~~dk~.2LnJ
,AND LIQUEURS llavey<,udrt,ll k’!
By a glass we mean a single pub measure
Hflve )nw drunk spirit, or
liqueurs in [hc IJSI 7 days
a
GO to Question 49
hss rhm~glm
one :1*SS or Inert ~ GomQmsiim.M.
.&. Wri[ein (he box below, [henun>be rofglasse so fSPIRITS
(e.g. whisky, vodk~, gin) AND LIQUEURS drunk in the liist 7 LIIYS.
n& U Goto Q.esiion49
16., .,$ ,,,, ,,<,,4
:
49.
49A.
D~,ri,ig t11elast7 days, l],,,vr)].clI ALCOHOLIC LEhlON; iDE.
ALCOHOLIC COLA [w OTHER ALCOHOLIC SOFT DRINKS
(c.z, Hooch. T\v[) Dos,, Lemonbead) have you drunk’!
Ha\e Ino[ drunk alcoholic lenlonade,
alcoholic cola or mhcralcohol]c soft
drinks in [he last 7 day$
9
Go to Questicm 50
Lm\ [ha,] Ibalfahoule
CM h<>t[le or r))<>re ~ Got~Questiou49ti
Write inthcboxesbeh>w the nt, mberofb,]ltles and cans of
\LCOHO1.lC Li3v10NAOE, ,A1.COH(”)LIC Col..+ nnd OTHER
,AL[”Oll (31.1(-S OITl)l\lNKSIC. g.” li{)(,cl,, T\v,)ll,)g\, Lt, mmhcwi)
drunk irllhcla.[ 7 days.
bo[[les
b0]
} GotoQuesti.n31
I
17.,, ,. ,,, ,,,,s,
f
I
{!
>
,., ,.. ,,,
,.
,.
,,
,.,
‘~..
.,.
58. Were there any questions you mean[ tog<> bdck ;mdcomple[e’? Plase check.
If you hitve finished, ple& complete the diary next, starting wi[h yesterday
and worki[lg backwards [hrougb the week.
Social Sunwy DivisionS1. Cahetines House10 Kirv+way
Lund.” WC2B EJP
20 .,,,$,,,,.,<.,
,.. ’.,...“
“!
,,,
Foreach partofthe day: 1.) answer the question about whatyou did by ticking yes or no
THURSDAY”
and2.) Ifyoudid notsmoke during that part of thedaywrite Oin the box.
If you smoked during that pan of the day write in thebox the number of cigarettes you smoked yourself.
Tick one box Number of cigarettes smoked
EarlyMorning I Did you get up
and go to school?
I
Morning Were you at schoolall morning? ❑n-- ‘Sm”kedrlci’”’’[e
I
Afternoon I Were you at schoolall afternoon?
1
Tea Time Did you have your
tea at home? EH31-’ Elci’are”es1 smoked
I
Evening I Did you stay at home
all evening? ❑☞ ‘Smokedrlci-e’