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(1) owfrSwfxmm;aom e,ferdwf(2) vlOD;a&(3) tpdk;&

(4) tcsKyftjcmtm%m [laomtcsuf(4)csuftjyif tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmfwdkif;wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' &Sd&rnf[lonfh tcsufwcsufudk t*Fg&yfwcktaejzifh xyfavmifzGifhqdk=ujcif;jzpfayonf?

o@dk&mwGif ynm&Sifwdk@ a,bl,svufcHxm;=uonfh owfrSwfxm;aom e,ferdwfqdkonfrSm e,fajrtus,ft0ef; }uD;jcif;/ ao;jcif; tay:r_wnfI uGJjym;Edkifaomfvnf; wdkif;jynfwcktjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif e,fajrtus,ft0ef; rnfr#ydkifqdkifonf/ rnfr#&Sdonf/ rnfr#owfrSwfxm;onfudkawG@&rnfom jzpfonf? vlOD;a&qdkonfrSmvnf; vlOD;a& enf;v#ifenf;rnf/ rsm;v#ifrsm;rnf? vlrsKd;wrsKd;wnf;aomfvnf;aumif; aexdkif=uonfh wdkif;jynfjzpfcsif jzpfrnf? rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;rsm; pkaygif;aexdkif=uonfh wdkif;jynfjzpfcsifjzpfrnf? wdkif;jynfodk@r[kwf e,fajrtwGif;&Sd owfrSwfxm;aome,ferdwfwGif

pkaygif;aexdkif=uaom vlOD;a&&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm &kd;&kd;av;yifjzpfayonf? xdk@twl tpdk;&qdkonfrSmvnf;'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&aomfvnf;aumif;/ tm%m&Siftpdk;aomf vnf;aumif; uGJjym;Edkifaomfvnf;EdkifiHtjzpfowfrSwfxm;aom e,fajrtus,ft0ef;twGif; pkaygif;aexdkif=uaom vlOD;a&odk@r[kwf vlxkudkpDrHtkyfcsKyfay;&ef zGJ@pnf;xm;onfhtpdk;&udk awG@&Sd&jcif;rSmvnf; &kd;&kd;&Sif;&Sif;avyif jzpfygonf? odk@aomf eHygwf(4) tcsufjzpfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh ynm&Sifwdk@xyfavmif;zGifhqdk=uaom tajccHOya'qdkonf rSmrlrsm;pGmqufpyfr_&Sd+yD;tvGefta&;}uD;onfh[k ,lqygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkonfrSSm wdkif;jynf (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHwcktaejzifhom udk,fpm;jyKI&Edkifrnfjzpf+yD; vlwpk (odk@r[kwf) tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&taejzifh udk,fpm;jyKEdkifrnfr[kwfaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

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zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkonfrSmvnf; ,if;EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; e,fy,frSt"duaygufzGm;vmonfh &v'ftusdK;qufyifjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'

onf(1) ,if;EdkifiH. jzwfoef;cJh&aom vlr_wdk;wufa&;ordkif;pOfudk azmfnGef;onf?(2)EkdifiHwnfarmfuGef;jzpfonf?(3) tjcm;aomOya'rsm;. tajccHvrf;nGef rdKif}uD;jzpfonf?(4) EdkifiHawmf. a=u;rHkjyifjzpfonf [kazmfxkwfa&;om;jcif;jzpfayonf?

,ae@umvYrl jrefrmEdkifiHtm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;t=um;wGif wef;wla&;udkazmfaqmifay;Ekdif rnfhjyXmef;csufrsm;ygaom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'w&yfudka&;qGJI zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfopfw&yfudkwnfaqmuf&ef ar#mfrSef;,Hk=unfxm;=uonfjzpf&m tcsKyftjcmtm%m.tcef;uESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qufpyfr_onf tem*gwfudkyHkazmf&eftwGuf ydkIta&;}uD;ayonf? qdkvdkonfrSm

EdkifiHawmf.tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk rnfodk@usifhoHk;=uI zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif rnfodk@aomtajccHtcsufrsm;ESifh cdkifrmpGm a&;qGJjyXmef;rnfenf;[laom tcsufjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf vuf&Sdppftpdk;&onf 1988 ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;onfhtcsdefrSpI zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'r&SdyJ tkyfcsKyfaeonfhtjyiftcsKyftjcmtm%mtm;vHk;udk xdef;csKyfI udkifwG,fusifhoHk;aeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?Tae&mwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh tcsKyftjcmtm%m. qufpyfr_udkqufvufaqG; aEG;oGm;rnfjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh ,if;(2) ckk.qufpyfr_raqG;aEG;rSD tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhywfoufonfhta=umif;t&mtcsdK@udkt enf;i,f aumufE_wfaqG;aEG;wifjyvdkygonf?tcsKyftjcmtm%m (Sovereign Power) [laompum;&yfwGif Sovereign [laompum;&yf onfqlyJ&m;Ekpf (Superanus) uqif;oufcJhonf[kqdkavonf? tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhywfoufI jyifopfbk&if vl0Dq,fhwpf (Louis x1)u tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkonfrSm EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGif; twdkif;tqtuef@towfr&Sdaom t=uGif;rJhtm%m}uD;yifjzpfonf [kzGifhqdkcJhzl;ayonf? xdk@twl ynm&Sifrsm;jzpf=uaom-

(1) bif*smrifuGef;pwifh(Benjamin Constant)ppfrSefaomtcsKyftjcmtm%m[lonf tjcm;r[kwf w&m;r#wr_omjzpfonf? tpdk;&w&yf.tkyfcsKyfr_e,fy,fonf vlwOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfcGifhudkrxdyg;ap&? vufawG@oabmtm;jzifhqdk&v#if tcsKyftjcmtm%mudkt=uGif;rJhrusifhoHk;ap&ef jynfolwdk@.qENjzifh wm;qD;&efESifh tpdk;&w&yfzGJ@pnf;&mY tm%mydkiftzGJ@rsm;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefuGwfuJxdef;odrf;&efvdkonf?

(2) jyifopfOya'ynm&Sif bdk'if (Bodin)tcsKyftjcmtm%m[lonf EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGif; tuef@towfr&Sdaom tjrifhqHk;tm%m jzpfonf?

(3) Oya'tawG;tac: ynm&Sif *|efatmfpwif (John Austin)tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkonfrSm r&Sdv#ifrjzpfaom tm%mjzpfonf? ,if;tcsKyftjcmtm

%mudk ydkif;jcm;Ir&ouJhodk@ uef@owfIvnf;r&aom tm%mjzpfonf?

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(4) qdkAD,uf Oya'ynm&SifV.V YevgenyertcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkonfrSm tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udkjzpfap/ tjynfjynfqdkif

&mOya'. rloabmw&m;ESifh pnf;urf;csufrsm;udkjzpfap xdyg;csdK;azmufjcif;r&SdyJ EdkifiHwEdkifiH. jynfwGif;ESifhjynfya&;&mrsm;wGif rdrdoabmt&vGwfvyfpGmqHk;jzwfaqmif&GufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfonf?

[k ponfjzifhtoD;oD; azmfxkwfwifjycJh=uayonf? Todk@aom zGifhqdkawG;ac:r_wdk@jzifh 16 &mpkESifh 17&mpktwGif;u tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk ydkif;jcm;Ir&aom tm%mtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ t=uGif;rJhtm%mtjzpfvnf;aumif; awG;ac:,lqvufcHcJh=uayonf? odk@aomf 18 &mpkESpfrsm;odk@a&mufvmaomtcg tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk EdkifiHawmftm%mydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;qdkif&mrlrsm;azmfxkwfv#uf ,if; 18 &mpktukef 19 &mpkrSpI EdkifiHawmftm%mydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;qdkif&m oDtdk&Dw&yfudk tcsdK@aomurBmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif vufcHusifhoHk;cJh=uavonf? EdkifiHawmftm%mydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;qdkif&m oDtdk&DqdkonfrSmvnf; EdkifiHawmf.tcsKyftjcmtm%m[kqdktyfaom ,ae@trsm;pkvufcHxm;=uonfh Oya'jyKa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; ponfhtcef;

uwdk@tm; vlwOD; (odk@r[kwf) vlwpk (odk@r[kwf) tpdk;&.vufxJwGifyHktyfrxm;yJ uwckpDtvdkufydkif;jcm;usifhoHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifhEDkifiHawmftm%mydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;qdkif&m oDtdk&DESifhywfoufI jyifopfOya'ynm&Sif rGef wufpusL(Montesquieu) u-

tu,fI Oya'jyKr_tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mwdk@wGif vlwa,muf (odk@r[kwf) vlwpkwnf;.vuf0,fwGifxm;&Sdygu vGwfvyfr_&Sdrnfr[kwf? xdkodk@jyKvkyfygu tm%m&&Sdxm;aom tkyfcsKyfolwOD;wa,muf (odk@) vlwpkvlwzGJ@onf rdrdpdwfwdkif;us tkyfpdk;&ef ESpfouf&mOya'rsm;udkom jyXmef;xm;&Sd tkyfcsKyfayvdrfhrnf? TonfrSm pdk;&drfzG,f&mtEW&m,f jzpfonf?

wzef w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mudkvnf; Oya'yr_tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mwdk@rS ydkif;jcm;rxm; v#ifvnf;vGwfvyfr_&Sdrnfr[kwfay? w&mpD&ifa&;tm%mESifh Oya'yr_tm%mudk yl;wGJxm;&Sdygu w&m; ol}uD;onfOya'ya'yoljzpfoGm;+yD; wzufowfqHk;jzwfcsKyfcs,fjcif;udk jynfolrsm;cH&ayrnf? wzeftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh wGJzufxm;yguvnf; w&m;ol}uD;onf &ufpufnif;yef;r_ yEdkifayvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifhtm%mrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdygu t&m&mwGif;tqHk;odk@a&muf+yD;[k rSwf,lq&ayrnf?

Montesquieu:

If the executive and the legislative are the same person or body of persons, there

must be danger of the legislative enacting opporessive laws which the executive willadminister to the attain its ends; If the one body or person could exercise both executiveand judicial powers in the same mater, he could have arbitrary power which would

amount to complete tyranny, If legislative power were added to the single power of that

person or body.

[kEdkifiHawmftm%mudk ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;qdkif&m oDtkd&Doabmw&m;udk yxrqHk;jywfom;pGm zGifhqdka&;om;azmfxkwfcJhayonf?

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rsufarmufumvwGifyifv#if EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y EdkifiHawmfudkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyf=u&mwGif Oya'jyKa&;tm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m[lI tm%m(3)&yf u(3)&yf cGJjcm;v#uf tkyfcsKyf

=uonfudkawG@&rnfjzpfonf? Oya'jyKtm%m&Sdaom Oya'jyKuonf xdkEdkifiHawmftwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uonfh tkyfcsKyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm; (jynfolvlxk)ESifh tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;rsm; (tpdk;&) tygt0ifav;pm;vdkufem&ef Oya'rsm;udkjyXmef;ay;&onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfa&;uonf wdkif;jynfzG@H+zdK;wdk;wuf at;csrf;ap&eftwGuf Oya'ygtwdkif;vdkufemI vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufay;& onf?w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m&Sdaom w&m;pD&ifa&;uonf EkdifiHawmftwGif;jzpfyGm;aom vlr_a&;udpPrsm;wenf;tm;jzifh tr_tcif;udpP&yfrsm;udk Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD w&m;r#wpGm pD&ifqHk;jzwfajz&Sif;ay;&onf?

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enf;[laomjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGufrl EdkifiHawmf. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf yg0ifqufpyfta&;}uD;vmayonf?xdk@a=umifhzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf wdkif;jynf (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHwcktwGuf ta&;}uD;aomtcef;uwGif tpOfwpdkufyg0ifaernfomjzpfayonf? if;tjyif EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mjzpfaomOya'jyKa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; ponfhursm;. vkyfudkifaqmif&GufydkifcGifhrsm;udk wdus&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy jyXmef;ay;xm;onfhtwGuf tcsKyftjcmtm%monf vlwOD; (odk@r[kwf) vlwpk.vufxJwGif&Sd+yD;if;wdk@. pdwfwdkif;uscs,fvS,ftkyfcsKyfEdkifr_udk umuG,fuef@owfxm;Edkifavonf? wenf;tm;jzifh tm%mvuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif; (odk@r[kwf) tm%mtv$JoHk;pm;jyKvkyfr_udk tumtuG,fay;ayonf? txl;ojzifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mudk udkifwG,fusifhoHk;=uonfh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;/ tm%mydkiftcsif;csif;=um;wGif qufEG,faqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;

rsm;ESifh vufawG@usifhoHk;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk owfrSwfonfh EdkifiHwck.tajccHusaom rl0g'rsm;yg0ifonf?odk@&mwGif EdkifiHawmfonf xdkodk@usifhoHk;Edkifr_. tusdK;quf&v'frsm;tay:wGif wpHkw&moufqkdifr_&Sdaernfqdkygu EdkifiHawmf.n$ef=um;csufrsm;twdkif;om vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonfhtwGuf &nf&G,fcsufaumif;rsm;jzifh azmfjyjyXmef;xm;onfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'&Sdapumrl ,if;EdkifiHonf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_rsm;aom tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfqDodk@om ajymif;vJOD;wnfoGm;rnfomjzpfygonf?

Oyrm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpforwWEdkifiH[laom acgif;pOfatmufwGif rqvygwD.trmcHrsm;a&;qGJcJhaom 1974 ckESpfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'Yyifv#if-

yk'fr (28)? ? EdkifiHawmfudkzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf&mwGif A[dkuOD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKI a'otvdkufudk,fwdkifpDrHaqmif&Gufonfh pepfudkusifhoHk;onf?

yk'fr (33)? ? jynfol@v$wfawmfu jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;/ enf;Oya'rsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;ESifhtnDA[dkESifha'oqdkif&mtm%mydkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh 0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; vrf;n$efjcif;/}uD;=uyfuGyfuJjcif;/ aygif;pyfndE_dif;jcif; y&efEdkifiHawmfaumifpDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;&Sdonf?

yk'fr (49)? ? jynfolv$wfawmfonf ppfa=ujimjcif;/ ppfajy+idrf;jcif; wdk@udk jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f tm;vHk. ckESpfq,fhig;&mcdkifE_ef;jzifhomv#if qHk;jzwfaqmif&GufEdkifonf? jynfolv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;usif;yonfh umvr[kwfv#if ,if;udpPtwGuf EdkifiHawmfaumifpDu jynfol@v$wfawmf ta&;ay:ta0;ac:,lusif;yay;&rnf?

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yk'fr (64)? ? jynfol@v$wfawmfonf EdkifiHawmfaumifpDudk jynfolv$wfawmfukd,fpm; vS,frsm;xJrS

atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf zGJ@pnf;&rnf -

(*)0ef}uD;csKyf?

yk'fr (66)? ? EdkifiHawmfaumifpD OuUXonf EdkifiHawmforRwjzpfonf?

yk'fr (68)? ? EdkifiHawmforRwonf EdkifiHawmfudk udk,fpm;yonf?

yk'fr (81)? ? 0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;a&;udk EdkifiHawmfaumifpD. qHk;jzwfcsuft&om v#ifaqmif&GufEdkfifonf?

yk'fr (95) (u)? ? jynfol@ v$wfawmfonf yk'fr (64) yk'frcGJ (u) ESifh (c) wdk@t& a&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;aom EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0ifrsm;u pkaygif;IwifoGif;onfh jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftrnfpm&if;xJrS yk*~dKvfrsm;udk jynfol@ w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufonf?

ykk'fr (104)? ? jynfol@ w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@onf jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk wm0efcH&rnf? w&m;pD&ifa&;tajctaeudk jynfol@ v$wfawmfodk@tpD&ifcH&rnf? jynfol@ v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;usif;yonfhumvr[kwfv#if EdkifiHawmfaumifpDudk wm0efcH&rnf?

ponfjzifh a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;onfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh 1974 ckESpf zJ@Gpnf;tkyf

csKyfyHktajccHOya'onf a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfaumifpDonf EdkifiHawmf.tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk udk,fpm;jyKonfhtaetxm;Y &Sdaeayonf? xdk@tjyif Oya'jyKa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; ponfhutoD;oD;rS tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;onfvnf; EdkifiHawmfaumifpDudkom wm0efcH&ayonf? TonfrSmEdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wdk@ ta&;}uD;qufpyfr_. avhvmrSwfom;oifcef;pm,loifhaom om"uwckyifjzpfygonf?

xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynf (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhqufpyfI avhvm=unfhrnfqdkv#if atmufygacgif;pOfrsm;tay:wGif tajccHIavhvmoifhayonf? ,if;wdk@rSm-

(1)Oya'jyKu. obm0udkavhvm=unfhjcif;(2)tkyfcsKyfa&;u (odk@r[kwf) pDrHcef@cGJa&;. uudkavhvm=unfhjcif;(3)w&m;pD&ifa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;

ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

(1)(1)(1)(1)Oya'jyKu. obm0udkavhvm=unfhjcif;Oya'jyKu. obm0udkavhvm=unfhjcif;Oya'jyKu. obm0udkavhvm=unfhjcif;Oya'jyKu. obm0udkavhvm=unfhjcif;urBmay:wGiftoD;oD;wnf&Sdae=uaom wdkif;jynf (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHrsm;. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOy

rsm;t& Oya'jyKuudkavhvm=unfh&mwGif-(1)v$wfawmfw&yfom&Sdaom Oya'jyKXme(2)v$wfawmf(2)&yf&Sdaom Oya'jyKXme [lItrsdK;tpm;(2)rsdKudkawG@&Sd&ayonf?

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EdkifiHawmfwGif v$wfawmfw&yfom&Sdaom Oya'jyKpepfudk ,cif jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH/AD,uferf/ awmifudk&D;,m;/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;/ vpfbf,m;--- tp&SdonfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif awG@&ayonf? v$wf

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ESpf&yfjzifh aqmif&Gufonf? xdkodk@v$wfawmfESpf&yfpepfwGif txufv$wfawmfESif hatmufv$wfawmf[lI&Sday &matmufv$wfawmfudk jynfolvlxkuwdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,faom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;I txufv$wfawmfudk a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tm%mydkifwdk@u cef@tyfjcif;enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ rsdK;&dk;*k%ftarGqufcHjcif;enf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ponfhenf;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;avh&Sdonf? EdkifiHwckonf xdkenf;oHk;rsdK;teuf wrsdK;wnf;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ ESpfrsdK;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ enf;tm;vHk;udkaomfvnf;aumif; usifhoHk;v#uf v$wfawmfudkzGJ@pnf;avh&Sdonf?

Oyrm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd qD;edwf (Senate)onf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;enf;jzifh zGJ@pnf;

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tu,fI txufazmfjyygenf;(3)enf;teuf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;enf;t& v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fwifajrSmuf=u&mwGif a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufyHkpepfwdk@onf wlnDr_r&SdyJjcm;em;=uayonf?a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufykHpepfatmufwGif

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a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufyHkpepfESifh oG,f0dkufIa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufyHkpepf[lI ESpfrsdK;awG@&rnfjzpfonf? wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufaompepfESifh oG,f0dkufIa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufaompepfqdkonfrSmvnf; jynfolwdk@uwdkuf&dkufqENrJay;I a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;ESifh rJqEN&Sifrsm;u rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;apv$wfI udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufapjcif;rsdK;jzpfonf? xdktwl rJay;yHkpepfrSmvnf; wlnDr_r&Sday? rJay;yHkpepfwGif vlenf;pkrsm;.udk,fpm;vS,f&&Sda&;twGuf urBmhEdkifiHrsm;uusifhoHk;=uaom uefowfrJay;pepf/ pkaygif;rJay;pepf/ 'kwd,y}udrf rJay;pepf/ tcsdK;usudk,fpm;vS,fa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufaompepf ponfjzifhusifhoHk;yHkvnf;jcm;em;=uayonf?

odk@aom ,ae@urBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;. v$wfawmfa&G;cs,fyGJrsm;wGif wlnDaomtcsufrSm qENrJay;&mwGif v#dK0SufrJay;pepfudk usifhoHk;=ujcif;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm tm%mjzifhtEdkif,ljcif;rsdK;r[kwfyJ w&m;r#

waoma&G;aumufyGJ jzpfapa&;twGufjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolrsm;xHrSqif;

oufvmI jynfol@qENudk EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;twGufwdkuf&dkuf,l&rnf [laomoabmw&m;t& jynfol@qENudk&,l=u&mwGifvnf;-

(1) jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,lyGJusif;yI&,ljcif;(2) jynfol@qENwifjyjcif;(3) jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk jyefac:,lEdkifcGifh ponfwdk@udk usifhoHk;a=umif;awG@&Sd&ayonf?

xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHwEdkifiH&Sd zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. Oya'jyKa&;uudkavhvm=unfh&mwGif txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;udk tajccHIavhvm=unfhoifhayonf?

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(2)(2)(2)(2)tkyfcsKyfa&;u (odk@r[kwf) pDrHcef@cGJa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;tkyfcsKyfa&;u (odk@r[kwf) pDrHcef@cGJa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;tkyfcsKyfa&;u (odk@r[kwf) pDrHcef@cGJa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;tkyfcsKyfa&;u (odk@r[kwf) pDrHcef@cGJa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;EdkifiHwEdkifiH. tkyfcsKyfa&;u (odk@r[kwf) pDrHcef@cGJa&;uudkavhvm=unfh&mwGif t&if;cHtaetxm;tm;jzifh ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&Sdonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? ,if;wdk@rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;uonf-(1)v$wfawmfudkwm0efcH&rnfavm(2)tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf; (odk@r[kwf) yk*~dKvf (odk@r[kwf) wpHkwOD;udkwm0efcH&rnfavm [lonfh

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tajccHOya'jyXmef;csufwdk@wGif avhvmawG@&SdEdkifayonf?

(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;uudk avhvm=unfhjcif;EkdifiHwEdkifiH. vGwfvyfr_ESifhw&m;r#wr_udkazmfaqmif&ef w&m;pD&ifa&;uonf tvGefta&;}uD;

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