Much of the text material in the lecture notes is from our textbook, Essential Biology with Physiology by Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, and Eric J. Simon (2004 and 2008). I dont claim authorship. Other sources were sometimes used, and are noted.

The Buzz on HoneybeesDomestic honeybees: Bred from European stock introduced in the 1600sInhabitants per hive: Up to 60,000 beesAgricultural crops tended: About 100Effort to produce one pound of clover honey: Over 7,000 bee-hoursU.S. honey yield (2006): 155 million poundsU.S. diet tied to honeybee services: 33 percentAnnual value of pollination: $14.6 billionU.S. beekeepers reporting colony collapse disorder: At least 25 percentPossible causes: Insecticides, parasites, diseases, or a mix of stressorsNative bees: They do tend a few crops including apple trees and alfalfa

National Geographic Magazine, October 2007

Principle of SegregationThe principle states that pairs of alleles separateor segregateduring meiosis, and that the fusion of gametes at fertilization creates allele pairs once again.Research over the past 140+ years has shown the principle of segregation applies to all sexually-reproducing organisms.

Possible Test ItemsDescribe how pea plants have been used in defining the laws of heredity.Describe color crosses in pea plants, and how Punnett squares are used in determining genotype and phenotype.Describe how probability can be applied to reaching the same result as Punnett squares.Describe how family pedigrees can be used in determining generational patterns of genetic disorders.Describe one recessive and one dominant genetic disorders that can occur in humans.How could society help individuals and their families cope with genetic disorders? Please include biological and social perspectives.