Southend-On-Sea Borouch Council · Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (SBC) is a Unitary Authority located in south Essex, forty five miles from London along the Thames Estuary and has

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council

2012 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Southend-on-Sea Borough Council In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited

September 2012

© AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited September 2012 Doc Reg No. 332244/Southend-on-Sea/Final Report v2

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Document Revisions

No. Details Date

1 Draft Report 25 April 2012

2 Final 9 May 2012

3 Final v2 21 Sept 2012

iv


Local Authority Officer Elizabeth Georgeou

Department Environmental Health Department

Address

Civic Centre, Victoria Avenue, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 6ER

Telephone 01702 215461

e-mail [email protected]

Report Reference number

32244/Southend-on-Sea/Final Report v2

Date September 2012

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Executive Summary

Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 places a statutory duty on local authorities to review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the Air Quality Objectives (AQOs) are likely to be achieved.

An Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) identifies any significant changes that may have occurred since the last round of Review and Assessment. The USA considers new monitoring data and emissions sources to determine whether there is a requirement for a Detailed Assessment for any of the pollutants applicable to Local Air Quality Management (LAQM).

The USA for Southend-on-Sea Borough Council concludes that a Detailed Assessment or any additional monitoring is not required for any pollutant.

The annual mean nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration recorded at Cuckoo Corner exceeded 60µg m-3, implying that there could be a potential risk of exceedence of the hourly NO2 objective. However, this location is not deemed as somewhere where members of the public might reasonably be expected to spend one hour or longer and therefore this objective does not apply.

Whilst it was predicted that the NO2 annual mean AQO would be exceeded at the nearest receptor façade to Cuckoo Corner, diffusion tube monitoring sites in the Borough have been moved closer to receptor locations for monitoring in 2012. Results predicted at façade locations contain more uncertainty than measured results and therefore the USA recommends reviewing the 2012 non-automatic monitoring data before making a decision to proceed to a Detailed Assessment at this location.

There were no exceedences of any of the other AQO in 2011 and therefore the next action for Southend-on-Sea Borough Council will be to submit a 2013 Progress Report.


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Contents

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Description of Local Authority Area 1 1.1.1 Purpose of Report 1 1.2 Air Quality Objectives 1 1.3 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments 3

2. New Monitoring Data 4

2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken 4 2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites 4 2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites 5 2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives 7 2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide 7 2.2.2 PM10 15 2.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide 15 2.2.4 Benzene 15 2.2.5 Other Pollutants Monitored 15 2.2.6 Summary of Compliance with AQS Objectives 15

3. Road Traffic Sources 16

3.1 Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb 16 3.2 Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic 16 3.3 Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or HGVs 16 3.4 Junctions 16 3.5 New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment 17 3.6 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Flows 17 3.7 Bus and Coach Stations 17

4. Other Transport Sources 18

4.1 Airports 18 4.2 Railways (Diesel and Steam Locomotives or motive power) 18 4.2.1 Stationary Trains 18 4.2.2 Moving Trains 18 4.3 Ports (Shipping) 18


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5. Industrial Sources 19

5.1 Industrial Installations 19 5.1.1 New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been Carried Out 19 5.1.2 Existing Installations where Emissions have Increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been

introduced 19 5.1.3 New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment 19 5.2 Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots 19 5.3 Petrol Stations 20 5.4 Poultry Farms 20

6. Commercial and Domestic Sources 21

6.1 Biomass Combustion – Individual Installations 21 6.2 Biomass Combustion – Combined Impacts 21 6.3 Domestic Solid-Fuel Burning 21

7. Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources 22

8. Conclusions and Proposed Actions 23

8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data 23 8.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources 23 8.3 Proposed Actions 23

9. References 24

Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England 2 Table 1.2 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments 3 Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites 5 Table 2.2 Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites 6 Table 2.3 Results of Automatic Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with Air Quality Objectives 8 Table 2.4 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes 11

Figure 2.1 Location of Automatic Monitoring Site 4 Figure 2.2 Locations of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites 7 Figure 2.3 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at Chalkwell Park Automatic Monitoring Site 9 Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites 14

Appendix A Diffusion Tube Raw Data 2011 Appendix B QA/QC Data Appendix C List of Prescribed Processes


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1. Introduction

1.1 Description of Local Authority Area Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (SBC) is a Unitary Authority located in south Essex, forty five miles from London along the Thames Estuary and has a population of over 160,000. The Borough comprises of the towns of Southend, Leigh, Shoeburyness and Westcliff.

The main source of air pollution in the Borough is road traffic emissions from major roads, notably the A13, A127 and A1159.

Other pollution sources, including commercial, industrial and domestic sources, also make a contribution to background pollution concentrations in the Borough.

1.1.1 Purpose of Report

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the Air Quality Objectives (AQOs) are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

The objective of this Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) is to identify any matters that have changed which may lead to risk of an AQO being exceeded. A checklist approach and screening tools are used to identify significant new sources or changes and whether there is a need for a Detailed Assessment. The USA report should provide an update of any outstanding information requested previously in Review and Assessment reports.

1.2 Air Quality Objectives The AQOs applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 1.1. This table shows the objectives in units of microgrammes per cubic metre μg/m3 (milligrammes per cubic metre, mg/m3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable).

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Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England

AQO

Pollutant Concentration Measured as Date to be achieved by

16.25 µg/m3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 Benzene

5.00 µg/m3 Running annual mean 31.12.2010

1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µg/m3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003

Carbon monoxide (CO) 10.0 mg/m3 Running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003

0.5 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 Lead

0.25 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2008

200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year 1-hour mean 31.12.2005 Nitrogen dioxide

(NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2005

50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 24-hour mean 31.12.2004

Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)

40 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2004

350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 24 times a year 1-hour mean 31.12.2004

125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 3 times a year 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 15-minute mean 31.12.2005


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1.3 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments Table 1.2 summarises the results of the conclusions of previous rounds of review and assessment.

Table 1.2 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments

Round Date(s) Summary

1

1998-2001 Concluded that all AQOs would be met for all pollutants. Local exceedences of PM10 and NO2 recorded at the busiest roads, however there were no nearby sensitive receptors. No AQMAs declared.

2003 USA concluded that it was not necessary to declare any AQMAs within the Borough.

2 2004-2005 Progress Reports demonstrated that SBC met all AQOs. No AQMAs declared.

2006 USA concluded that AQOs would be met for all pollutants. 3 2008 Progress Report concluded that AQOs would be met for all pollutants at relevant

receptor locations.

2009 USA identified exceedences of the NO2 AQO at two locations. There was no relevant exposure nearby and façade projection suggested that AQOs would be met.

2010 Progress Report concluded that AQOs would be met for all pollutants. 4

2011 Progress Report concluded that AQOs would be met for all pollutants at receptor locations.


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2. New Monitoring Data

2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

An automatic monitoring station has been located in Chalkwell Park since July 2001. This is an urban background site and part of Defra’s Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN). The pollutants currently monitored at this site are NO2, particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). The analysers are audited every 6 months by AEA as part of the AURN QA/QC procedures.

The location of the automatic monitoring site is shown in Figure 2.1 and further detail on the site is presented in Table 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Location of Automatic Monitoring Site

Notes: Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2012].


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Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site Name Site Type X Y Pollutants Monitored

In AQMA?

Monitoring Technique

Relevant Exposure? (distance (m))

Distance to kerb of nearest road (m)

Worst case?

Chalkwell Park

Urban background 585819 186218 NO2, PM2.5,

O3 N Chemiluminescence N 75m N

2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

SBC carried out diffusion tube monitoring at 15 sites during 2011. Three of these sites were installed in February 2011 due to the runway extension at Southend Airport.

The diffusion tubes are prepared by Gradko using the 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in acetone method.

Detail on each of the non-automatic monitoring sites is presented in Table 2.2 and their locations are shown in Figure 2.2.


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Table 2.2 Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID Site Name Site Type X Y Pollutants Monitored

In AQMA?

Relevant

Exposure? (distance (m))

Distance to kerb of nearest road (m)

Worst case?

SOU 4 Eastern Avenue Roadside 589128 187342 NO2 N N (34.2) 2.5 Y

SOU 5 York Road Bus Station Roadside 588485 185337 NO2 N N (3.9) 3.8 Y

SOU 6 Priory Crescent Roadside 587687 187559 NO2 N N (105.4) 3.9 N

SOU 7 Westleigh Avenue/Percy Road Roadside 583557 186582 NO2 N N (57.9) 2.7 Y

SOU 8 Westbourne Kerbside 586022 187977 NO2 N N (21.7) 0.3 Y

SOU 9 A127 Roadside 584440 188249 NO2 N N (37.9) 4.5 Y

SOU 11 Queensway Kerbside 587881 185980 NO2 N N (15.6) 1.1 N

SOU 13 Victoria Avenue Kerbside 587657 186716 NO2 N N (5.4) 0.2 N

SOU 14 Brightwell/London Road Roadside 586778 186229 NO2 N N (2) 1.6 Y

SOU 15 Rochford Road Kerbside 586977 187913 NO2 N N (11.1) 0.2 N

SOU 16 Harp House Roundabout Kerbside 587395 188692 NO2 N N(11.9) 0.9 N

SOU 17 Cuckoo Corner Kerbside 587333 187653 NO2 N N (12.2) 0.7 N

SOU (A) 1 Manners Way (Airport) Roadside 587363 188680 NO2 N N (16.5) 2.7 Y

SOU (A) 3 Eastwoodbury Lane (Airport) Kerbside 587068 188669 NO2 N N (18.5) 0.5 Y

SOU (A) 4 Eastwoodbury Crescent (Airport) Kerbside 587279 188747 NO2 N N (14.0) 0.5 Y

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Table 2.3 presents the results of the automatic monitoring at Chalkwell Park over the past five years. The results show that there have been no exceedences of the annual mean NO2 AQO or the hourly mean NO2 AQO recorded during 2011 at this location. However, as the data capture for this monitor during the year is only 67%, exceedences may have occurred which are not reported. As data capture for the period of monitoring is less than 90%, the 99.8th percentile of the NO2 hourly mean is included in Table 2.3. In addition, the data set has been annualised using data from the Canterbury, Thurrock and Bexley automatic monitoring stations, following the procedure given in LAQM.TG(09). Details of this data adjustment are provided in Appendix B.

© AMEC Environment & InfrastruSeptember 2012 Doc Reg No. 332244/Southend-on-Sea/Final Report v2

Automatic Monitoring Data

2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide

2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives

Notes: Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2012].

Figure 2.2 Locations of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

cture UK Limited

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Figure 2.3 illustrates the trend in the annual mean NO2 concentrations at Chalkwell Park over the past five years. The Figure shows that NO2 concentrations at this location appear to be relatively stable, with little increase or decrease in annual mean concentrations.

Table 2.3 Results of Automatic Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with Air Quality Objectives

Location Within AQMA?

Valid Data Capture for period of monitoring %

Valid Data Capture 2011 % Descriptor 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Annual mean, μg/m3 25.0 22.8 24.0 22.3* 22.3*

Chalkwell Park N 67 67

Number of Exceedences of Hourly Mean† (200 μg/m3)

0 0 0 0 (88μg/m3)

0 (82.5 μg/m3)

Notes: *Annualised using data from Canterbury, Thurrock and Bexley automatic monitoring stations.

†Where data capture for the year <90%, 99.8th percentile of hourly mean shown in brackets.


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0

10

20

30

40

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Ann

ual M

ean

NO

2C

once

ntra

tion

(μg

m-3)

Year

Figure 2.3 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at Chalkwell Park Automatic Monitoring Site


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Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data

Table 2.4 details the results of the NO2 diffusion tube monitoring for the past five years. Raw monthly mean concentrations for the 2011 calendar year are included in Appendix A.

Bias adjustment factors have been applied to the data shown in Table 2.4. The factors are an estimate of the difference between tube concentrations and continuous monitoring. The factor applied to the 2011 data is 0.93. As none of the diffusion tubes are co-located with the continuous analyser at Chalkwell Park, there is no co-location study is available and therefore a factor has been taken from the UK national bias adjustment spreadsheet (version 03/12)1 for diffusion tubes prepared by the same laboratory and method. Details of the bias adjustment calculation are provided in Appendix B.

Diffusion tubes were missing at Brightwell/London Road (SOU14) in June, July, August and October. Therefore, as data capture for this monitoring location was below 75%, the data set has been annualised using data from the Canterbury, Thurrock and Bexley automatic monitoring stations, following the procedure given in LAQM.TG(09). Details of this data adjustment are provided in Appendix B.

1 http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/Diffusion_Tube_Bias_Factors-v03_12.xls

Annual Mean Concentrations (μg/m3)

Adjusted for Bias

Site ID Location In AQMA? Data capture 2011 (%)

2007

(Bias Factor 1.04)

2008

(Bias Factor 1.12)

2009

(Bias Factor 0.972)

2010

(Bias Factor 1.03)

2011

(Bias Factor 0.93)

SOU 4 Eastern Avenue N 100 37.6 32.6 30.2 34.7 30.2

SOU 5 York Road Bus Station N 100 38.2 37.3 30.5 33.3 30.2

SOU 6 Priory Crescent N 83 34.5 32.2 25.5 25.0 25.7

SOU 7 Westleigh Avenue/Percy Road N 100 38.9 41.5 35.5 39.5 36.2

SOU 8 Westbourne N 100 34.2 36.3 30.2 33.5 30.8

SOU 9 A127 N 75 36.2 41.5 34.2 32.0 34.3

SOU 11 Queensway N 100 44.5 36.3 32.6 34.3 36.3

SOU 13 Victoria Avenue N 83 N/A N/A N/A 54.0* 52.3

SOU 14 Brightwell/London Road N 67 N/A N/A N/A 32.2* 30.6

SOU 15 Rochford Road N 100 N/A N/A N/A 53.0* 48.6

SOU 16 Harp House Roundabout N 100 N/A N/A N/A 34.4* 32.2

SOU 17 Cuckoo Corner N 92 N/A N/A N/A 54.1* 68.8

Table 2.4 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes


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Annual Mean Concentrations (μg/m3)

Adjusted for Bias

Site ID Location In AQMA? Data capture 2011 (%)

2007

(Bias Factor 1.04)

2008

(Bias Factor 1.12)

2009

(Bias Factor 0.972)

2010

(Bias Factor 1.03)

2011

(Bias Factor 0.93)

SOU (A) 1 Manners Way (Airport) N 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 33.5

SOU (A) 3 Eastwoodbury Lane (Airport) N 83 N/A N/A N/A N/A 31.0

SOU (A) 4 Eastwoodbury Crescent (Airport) N 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 32.9

SOU 1 Hamlet Court Road N N/A 37.6 30.1 25.2 24.1* N/A

SOU 2 Bournes Green N N/A 35.5 31.7 23.9 24.5* N/A

SOU 3 69 Blyth Avenue N N/A 34.0 27.8 22.6 21.4* N/A

SOU 10 Chalkwell Park N N/A 33.0 31.1 25.0 24.1* N/A

SOU 12 Southchurch Boulevard N N/A 24.4 33.7 26.0 24.7* N/A

Notes: *Annualised using data from Canterbury, Thurrock and Bexley automatic monitoring stations.

Figures in bold indicate a value above the annual mean AQO limit value of 40 μg/m3. Data have not been distance corrected. None of the diffusion tubes are duplicates, triplicates or collocated.

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As shown in Table 2.4, annual mean concentrations of NO2 for three sites exceeded the 40 µg/m3 objective. As the diffusion tubes at these sites are not located at property façades, the fall off with the distance calculator2 has been used to predict NO2 concentrations at the façades of the nearest receptor. Details of this calculation can be found in Appendix B.

The predicted NO2 façade concentrations are:

• SOU 13 Victoria Avenue – 38.4 µg/m3;

• SOU 15 Rochford Road – 33.9 µg/m3; and

• SOU 17 Cuckoo Corner – 45.8 µg/m3.

The predicted NO2 façade concentrations for Victoria Avenue and Rochford Road are below the annual mean AQO of 40 µg/m3, but the NO2 façade concentration for Cuckoo Corner was predicted as 45.8 µg/m3, which exceeds the AQO. As stated in LAQM TG(09), results predicted in this way have greater uncertainty than measured data. Therefore, SBC decided to move the tube at Cuckoo Corner in 2012, as well as their other tubes, nearer to an appropriate receptor and therefore relevant exposure.

With respect to the hourly NO2 objective, there could be a potential risk of exceedence of this short-term objective where the annual mean NO2 concentration is greater than 60 µg m-3. The annual mean concentration recorded at SOU 17 Cuckoo Corner was 68.8 µg m-3, however this is not deemed as a location where members of the public might reasonably be expected to spend one hour or longer and therefore this objective does not apply.

Figure 2.2 illustrates the trend in NO2 concentrations at the diffusion tube monitoring locations over the past five years. NO2 concentrations appear to have stabilised in the past three years with little increase or decrease in concentrations since 2009.

2 http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/NO2withDistancefromRoadsCalculatorIssue4.xls

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Year

NO

2 con

cent

ratio

ns ( μ

g m

-3)

SOU 1 SOU 2 SOU 3 SOU 4 SOU 5 SOU 6 SOU 7 SOU 8 SOU 9 SOU 10 SOU 11 SOU 12

Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Note: Mean NO2 concentrations only shown for diffusion tube monitoring sites with more than two years of data.


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2.2.2 PM10

SBC does not currently monitor PM10 levels.

2.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide

SBC does not currently monitor SO2 levels.

2.2.4 Benzene

SBC does not currently monitor benzene levels.

2.2.5 Other Pollutants Monitored

SBC does not currently monitor any other pollutants.

2.2.6 Summary of Compliance with AQS Objectives

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council has examined the results from monitoring in the Borough. Concentrations are all below the objectives at relevant locations, with the exception of the NO2 concentration recorded at Cuckoo corner, which was extrapolated to the nearest receptor façade. As results predicted in this manner have greater uncertainty than measured data, Southend-on-Sea Borough Council has decided to re-locate their diffusion tubes nearer to relevant exposure. There is therefore no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment at this time.

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3. Road Traffic Sources

3.1 Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified congested streets with a flow above 5,000 vehicles per day and residential properties close to the kerb, that have not been adequately considered in previous rounds of Review and Assessment.

3.2 Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy streets where people may spend 1 hour or more close to traffic.

3.3 Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or HGVs This assessment considers roads where there are unusually high proportions of buses and/or HGVs and traffic flows are less than 20,000 vehicles per day, but more than 2,500 HGVs per day. The assessment is also dependent on whether the flow of HGVs is greater than 2,500 per day and relevant exposure being within 10m of the kerbside.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with high flows of buses/HDVs.

3.4 Junctions Concentrations are usually higher close to junctions, due to the combined effect of traffic emissions on two or more roads and stop-start driving. The assessment, which considers both PM10 and NO2, is dependent on relevant exposure being within 10m of the kerb.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy junctions/busy roads.


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3.5 New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment

The approach to considering new roads will depend on whether or not an assessment was carried out in advance of building the new road. If the air quality assessment predicted exceedences of NO2 and PM10 at relevant locations then it will be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

A new road between Eastwoodbury Lane and Nestuda Way, associated with the Southend Airport runway extension, was constructed in 2011. The air quality impact assessment in the Environmental Statement for the development predicted that air quality effects would be negligible.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council has considered the new road between Eastwoodbury Lane and Nestuda Way and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

3.6 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Flows The assessment only considers roads which experience traffic flows more than 10,000 vehicles per day and have an increase in traffic flow more than 25%.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with significantly changed traffic flows.

3.7 Bus and Coach Stations The assessment considers both NO2 and PM10 emissions at bus stations that are not enclosed, with more than 2,500 movements per day and where there is relevant exposure within 10m of any part of the bus station.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no relevant bus stations in the Local Authority area.


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4. Other Transport Sources

4.1 Airports The assessment for airports considers NO2. If there are no airports in the Local Authority area, there is no need to proceed further with this part.

Since the last round of Review and Assessment, London Southend Airport, which lies within the Borough, has extended its runway. However, the airport does not meet the assessment criteria set out in LAQM TG(09).

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that London Southend Airport lies within the Local Authority area. London Southend Airport does not meet the assessment criteria described in LAQM TG(09) and therefore there is no requirement to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

4.2 Railways (Diesel and Steam Locomotives or motive power) Stationary trains can give rise to high levels of SO2 close to the point of emission. In addition, moving diesel trains can give rise to high NO2 concentrations. If there are no railways carrying diesel or steam trains in the Local Authority, there is no need to proceed further with this part.

4.2.1 Stationary Trains

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no locations where diesel or steam trains are regularly stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more, with potential for relevant exposure within 15m.

4.2.2 Moving Trains

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no locations with a large number of movements of diesel locomotives, and potential long-term relevant exposure within 30m.

4.3 Ports (Shipping) The assessment for shipping considers SO2 emissions where receptors are located within 250m of the berths and 1km of the main manoeuvring areas.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no ports or shipping that meet the specified criteria within the Local Authority area.


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5. Industrial Sources

A list of prescribed industrial processes within the Borough can be found in Appendix C.

5.1 Industrial Installations The assessment of industrial installations considers all of the regulated pollutants.

5.1.1 New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been Carried Out

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

5.1.2 Existing Installations where Emissions have Increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been introduced

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no industrial installations with substantially increased emissions or new relevant exposure in their vicinity within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

5.1.3 New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

5.2 Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots The assessment considers benzene with respect to the 2010 objective.

There are no major fuel (petrol) storage depots within the Local Authority area.


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5.3 Petrol Stations Similar to major fuel storage depots, the assessment for petrol stations considers benzene, with respect to the 2010 objective.

Large petrol stations, which have not been covered in previous Review and Assessment reports, are to be assessed if the annual throughput is more than 2,000m3 of petrol, the petrol station is situated next to a busy road (>30,000 annual average traffic flows) and has relevant exposure with 10m of its fuel pumps.

Whilst SBC identified a number of petrol stations situated next to busy roads, with an annual throughput of more than 2,000m3 of petrol, none of these petrol stations have relevant exposure within 10m of their fuel pumps.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no petrol stations meeting the specified criteria.

5.4 Poultry Farms Poultry farms in the Local Authority that house more than 400,000 birds if mechanically ventilated, 200,000 birds if naturally ventilated, and 100,000 birds for a turkey unit, require consideration in this assessment to establish whether there is relevant exposure within 100m of the poultry units. The assessment considers PM10.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no poultry farms meeting the specified criteria.


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6. Commercial and Domestic Sources

6.1 Biomass Combustion – Individual Installations The assessment considers both NO2 and PM10. However, currently, there are no biomass processes with planning permission that meet the criteria for the assessment.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no biomass combustion plants in the Local Authority area.

6.2 Biomass Combustion – Combined Impacts Whilst small biomass installations may be individually acceptable, there is a possibility that the combined effects of two or more installations could lead to unacceptably high PM10 concentrations.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no biomass combustion plants in the Local Authority area.

6.3 Domestic Solid-Fuel Burning The assessment for domestic solid-fuel burning considers SO2 emissions from significant areas that use solid fuels to heat houses. ‘Significant areas’ are defined as areas approximately 500x500m with more than 50 houses burning solid fuel as their primary source of heating.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no areas of significant domestic fuel use in the Local Authority area.


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7. Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources

The assessment of fugitive and uncontrolled sources considers the PM10 objectives. This includes consideration to quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal mining, waste transfer sites and materials handling. Only locations not covered by previous rounds of Review and Assessment, or where there is new relevant exposure, require consideration. In the case of proposed new sources, they are only required to be considered if planning approval has been granted.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council confirms that there are no potential sources of fugitive particulate matter emissions in the Local Authority area.


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8. Conclusions and Proposed Actions

8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data The monitoring undertaken within the Borough has shown that in 2011 there were exceedences of the NO2 annual mean AQO at three of the non-automatic monitoring locations. However, after the NO2 concentration was predicted at the nearest receptor façade to each of these locations, it was found that there was only one exceedence at a receptor façade. Indeed, façade projection of the tube located at Cuckoo Corner suggested that NO2 concentrations will be greater than 40 µg m-3 at the nearest receptor façade.

With respect to the hourly NO2 objective, there could be a potential risk of exceedence of this short-term objective where the annual mean NO2 concentration is greater than 60 µg m-3. The annual mean concentration recorded at one location, Cuckoo Corner, was greater than 60 µg m-3, however this is not deemed as a location where members of the public might reasonably be expected to spend one hour or longer and therefore this objective does not apply.

It is not deemed necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for Cuckoo Corner at this moment in time, despite the exceedence of the annual mean AQO at the nearest receptor façade. This is because, in 2012, SBC moved their diffusion tubes, including the tube located at Cuckoo Corner, nearer to receptor locations. Results projected to façade locations contain more uncertainty than measured results and therefore it is recommended to review the 2012 non-automatic monitoring data before making a decision as to whether it is necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

8.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources The assessment of sources has concluded that there are no new or significantly changed sources identified within the Borough.

8.3 Proposed Actions The USA has not identified any need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for any pollutant.

The 2012 non-automatic monitoring data for NO2 at Cuckoo Corner should be reviewed before making a decision as to whether it is necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

The USA has not identified any need for additional monitoring or changes to the current monitoring programme.

The next action for Southend-on-Sea Borough Council will be to submit a 2013 Progress Report.


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9. References

Defra (2009). Local Air Quality Management: Technical Guidance. London: Defra Publications. (LAQM.TG(09)).

Defra (2011) NO2 with Distance from Roads Calculator: Issue 4 [online]. Available from: http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/NO2withDistancefromRoadsCalculatorIssue4.xls

Defra (2012) National Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet (version number: 03/12). Available from: http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/Diffusion_Tube_Bias_Factors-v03_12.xls

Defra (2012) Background Maps [online] Available from: http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/background-maps.html

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (2009) Local Air Quality Management Updating and Screening Assessment.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (2010) Local Air Quality Management Annual Progress Report.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (2011) Local Air Quality Management Annual Progress Report.



Appendix A Diffusion Tube Raw Data 2011 Site ID Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean

SOU 4 Eastern Avenue 42.22 37.93 33.93 51.71 21.53 28.45 24.40 26.35 34.30 26.38 33.34 29.31 32.49

SOU 5 York Road Bus Station 37.69 33.21 32.87 51.25 24.02 31.46 14.87 30.51 31.87 29.99 32.49 39.34 32.46

SOU 6 Priory Crescent 29.97 Missing 29.54 45.28 16.30 19.33 32.20 18.01 26.30 Missing 34.96 24.62 27.65

SOU 7 Westleigh Avenue/Percy Road 49.56 33.98 42.13 72.29 28.84 35.76 20.07 30.47 34.17 36.42 42.40 40.69 38.90

SOU 8 Westbourne 38.24 35.86 43.21 60.86 23.67 27.12 25.00 25.24 29.69 26.62 37.79 24.41 33.14

SOU 9 A127 36.47 48.46 Missing 43.02 28.58 35.62 22.21 Missing 39.40 39.28 Missing 38.72 36.86

SOU 11 Queensway 36.55 44.22 35.29 60.68 34.85 34.33 28.04 33.66 45.57 35.19 42.63 37.88 39.07

SOU 13 Victoria Avenue 54.83 Missing 38.82 90.95 39.29 52.31 52.09 Missing 63.27 49.93 58.60 62.13 56.22

SOU 14 Brightwell/London Road 35.53 40.09 38.32 50.34 24.26 Missing Missing Missing 29.98 Missing 40.87 33.98 36.67

SOU 15 Rochford Road 57.45 56.33 61.44 66.70 46.33 49.80 27.29 49.32 57.02 51.32 51.51 52.07 52.22

SOU 16 Harp House Roundabout 39.40 41.62 34.54 54.07 25.37 29.42 28.08 27.45 32.05 30.61 37.50 34.94 34.59

SOU 17 Cuckoo Corner 71.65 63.07 59.01 118.68 63.99 83.41 61.81 66.04 80.57 71.58 Missing 73.80 73.97

SOU (A) 1 Manners Way (Airport) N/A 51.3 36.0 35.1 24.2 24.6 28.5 32.1 36.3 33.4 47.2 47.7 36.0

SOU (A) 3 Eastwoodbury Lane (Airport) N/A 52.4 15.5 24.3 28.9 Missing 22.8 31.3 35.7 37.5 46.7 38.0 33.3

SOU (A) 4 Eastwoodbury Crescent (Airport) N/A 56.1 41.9 30.5 19.8 21.6 21.3 29.0 38.1 38.4 48.9 43.9 35.4

Note: Figures in bold indicate a value above the annual mean AQO limit value of 40 μg/m3.


Appendix B QA/QC Data

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

The diffusion tubes were supplied by Gradko International Ltd. The tubes were prepared using a 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in acetone method.

The bias adjustment factor for the tubes has been taken from Defra’s UK national bias adjustment spreadsheet (version 03/12) and is based on the results of 20 studies in 2011. The bias adjustment factor is 0.93.

QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

Gradko International takes part in the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP). Their performance for each quarter in 2011 is summarised in the table below. The table provides a percentage of results submitted which were subsequently determined to be satisfactory based upon a z-score of <±2.

Jan- Mar 2011 Apr-Jun 2011 Jul- Sep 2011 Oct- Dec 2011

100% 100% 100% 37.5%

QA/QC of Automatic Monitoring

The automatic monitors are audited every 6 months by AEA as part of the AURN QA/QC procedures.

Predicting Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations at Different Distances from Roads

The NO2 fall off with distance has been predicted using the calculator available from Defra’s LAQM tools webpage. The calculator takes into account the following:

• the distance to the kerb from where the measurement was made;

• the distance to the kerb from the receptor;

• the local annual mean background NO2 concentration; and

• the measured annual mean NO2 concentration.

The table below gives the relevant information for each of the diffusion tube locations where the NO2 fall off with distance has been predicted.

Site ID Site Name

Distance to Kerb from Tube (m)

Distance to Kerb from Receptor (m)

Background Annual Mean Concentration (µg m-3)

Measured Annual Mean Concentration (µg m-3)

SOU13 Victoria Avenue 0.2 5.6 24.9 52.3

SOU 15 Rochford Road 0.2 11.3 24.6 48.6

SOU17 Cuckoo Corner 0.7 12.9 26.8 68.8

Note: Measured annual mean concentrations have been bias adjusted.

Short-Term to Long-Term Data Adjustment

Chalkwell Park

NO2 concentrations were not recorded by the automatic monitor in Chalkwell Park between 21 February and 20 June. The correction factor in the table below has been derived using the average ratio of the annual mean to the period mean for the monitoring data obtained from the Canterbury, Thurrock and Bexley automatic monitors. This factor was applied to the measured mean at Chalkwell Park to annualise the data set.

Site Site Type Annual Mean

(µg m-3)

Period Mean

(µg m-3)

Ratio

Canterbury Urban Background 15.3 15.4 0.944

Thurrock Urban Background 24.6 27.6 1.022

Bexley Suburban Background 29.1 28.6 1.017

Average 0.994

Brightwell/London Road (SOU 14)

Diffusion tubes were not collected from this location in June, July, August or October and thus data capture was less than 75%. The correction factor in the table below has been derived using the average ratio of the annual mean to the period mean for the monitoring data obtained from the Canterbury, Thurrock and Bexley automatic monitors. This factor was applied to the measured mean at Brightwell/London Road (SOU 14) to annualise the data set.

Site Site Type Annual Mean

(µg m-3)

Period Mean

(µg m-3)

Ratio

Canterbury Urban Background 15.3 17.2 0.895

Thurrock Urban Background 24.6 31.1 0.907

Bexley Suburban Background 29.1 32.8 0.887

Average 0.896


Appendix C List of Prescribed Processes

Company Address Process

Southend Crematorium Sutton Road, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 5PX Crematorium

Cemex UK Materials Limited Stock Road Industrial Estate Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 5QD Concrete Batching

Brett Fairlop Temple Farm Industrial Estate, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 5QS Concrete Batching

Southend Motor Services 3 Boscombe Mews, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 5TD Waste Oil Burner

Mr. J. R. Lee The Garage, Dryden Avenue, Southend-on- Sea, Essex SS2 5EU Waste Oil Burner

Newood Transmissions R/o 95 Prince Avenue, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 6RL Waste Oil Burner

Standard Filling Station 664 Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea Essex SS1 2PS Petrol Vapour Recovery

London Road Service Station 600 London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 9HS Petrol Vapour Recovery

Belgrave Service Station 529 Rayleigh Road, Eastwood, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 5HJ Petrol Vapour Recovery

Tesco Express 1781-1799 London Road, Leigh-on-Sea Essex SS9 2ST Petrol Vapour Recovery

Tesco Express 385-397 Rayleigh Road, Eastwood, Essex SS9 5PS Petrol Vapour Recovery

Kent Elms Service Station Arterial Road, Eastwood, Essex SS9 4DA Petrol Vapour Recovery

Southchurch Service Station 500 Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 2QA Petrol Vapour Recovery

Shell Bournes Green Shoebury Road, Southend-on-Sea Essex SS1 3RS Petrol Vapour Recovery

Shell Sovereign 96-118 Prince Avenue, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 6PL Petrol Vapour Recovery

Snax 24 Ltd. The Fairway, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 4QR Petrol Vapour Recovery

Tesco Stores Limited Prince Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 OJP Petrol Vapour Recovery

West Street Service Station 50 West Street Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 6HJ Petrol Vapour Recovery

Asda Shoeburyness Petrol Filling Station North Shoebury Road, Shoeburyness, Essex SS3 8DA Petrol Vapour Recovery

Waitrose Petrol Filling Station Eastern Avenue, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 4DQ Petrol Vapour Recovery



Company Address Process

Sunray Auto Repairs Unit 2, Robert Leonard Industrial Estate, Stock Road, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 5QD

Waste Oil Burner

BMW Approved Workshop Fairfield Garage (Leigh-on-Sea) Limited, BMW House, Arterial Road, Eastwood, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 4EX

Respraying of Road Vehicles

A M (Holdings) Limited 1 The Forum, Coopers Way, Temple Farm Industrial Estate, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 5TE

Flexogrphic printing

Professional Care Cleaners 483 London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 9LG Dry Cleaning

Krystal Klean Dry Cleaners 376 Rayleigh Road, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 5PT Dry Cleaning

Grand Dry Cleaners 290 Leigh Road, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, SS9 1BW Dry Cleaning

Woodgrange Dry Cleaners 227 Woodgrange Drive Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 2SG Dry Cleaning

Olympia Dry Cleaners 167-169 The Broadway, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 3EX Dry Cleaning

Exclusive Dry Cleaners 557-563 Southchurch Rd, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 2PN Dry Cleaning

Brummels 172 The Broadway, Thorpe Bay, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 3ES Dry Cleaning

Pristine Dry Cleaners 1 Manners Corner, Manners Way, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS2 6QR Dry Cleaning

Jet Dry Clean 159 Leigh Road, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 1JF Dry Cleaning

Diamond Specialist Cleaning Services 753 London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 9SU Dry Cleaning

One Hour Express Dry Cleaners 15 Clifftown Road, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 1AB Dry Cleaning

Premier Dry Clean 1707 London Road, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 2SH Dry Cleaning

Millennium Dry Cleaners 54 London Road, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 1NX Dry Cleaning

Westcliff Dry Cleaners 136 Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 7LN Dry Cleaning

Rachford Corner Dry Cleaning 165 Rayleigh Road, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex SS9 5XE Dry Cleaning

PHS Besafe Sommerton Works, Prince Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 0ER Dry Cleaning

Theatrical Costume house 83 Brunswick Road, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 2UL Dry Cleaning

Southend Auto Electrics Limited, 243-247 Westborough Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex SS0 9PR Waste Oil Burner

Documents

Southend-On-Sea Borouch Council · Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (SBC) is a Unitary Authority located in south Essex, forty five miles from London along the Thames Estuary and has