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Southeast Asia and Oceania. That’s a lot of islands. Southeast Asia. Located on the equator: almost entire region falls within the humid tropics . Archipelago of about 25,000 islands Population: 610 million - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Southeast Asia and OceaniaThat’s a lot of islands
Southeast Asia• Located on the equator:
• almost entire region falls within the humid tropics.
• Archipelago of about 25,000 islands• Population: 610 million• Southeast Asia is conventionally
divided into two cultural, linguistic, and geographic regions:• Mainland Southeast Asia - the countries
of Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia and Vietnam;
• Insular (Island) Southeast Asia - the island or peninsular countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, East Timor, and Indonesia
Mainland Southeast Asia • half of 11 countries are on mainland
• Vietnam • Cambodia • Thailand • Laos • Myanmar • part of Malaysia
• Laos only country without coastline • most on Indochina Peninsula • Malaysia shares Malay Peninsula
with Thailand as well as occupying part of Borneo
Island Southeast Asia • insular-island • Brunei-almost surrounded by
Malaysia • East Timor-1999 became
independent of Indonesia • Indonesia-largest island country
with 13,677 islands (only 6,000 are named and only 1,000 settled)
• Singapore-just south of Malay Peninsula
• Philippines-11 islands have 95% land area (900 of 7,000 islands named)
Indonesia• Regional setting
• From the Greek Indos (India) and Nesos (Island), literally the “Indian Islands.”
• 17,000 islands:• About 6,000 inhabited.• Longest coastline in the world .• Three time zones.• Coastal zones supports approximately 60% of the
population.• Controls two strategic straits:
• Sunda and Malacca.• Through which much of the world’s oil traffic must pass.
• Volcanism• Intense volcanic and seismic activity.• 300 volcanoes of which 200 have been historically
active
Indonesia: Core and Periphery
Core
Periphery
More than 200 people per sqr km
Inner islands (Java, Madura and Bali)Fertile land due to volcanic origin and monsoon (among the most fertile land in the world).80% of the population on 7% of the land.Mostly Javanese.
Outer islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya)20% of the population on 93% of the land.Most of the minorities.Sparsely populated but abundant in resources.
Mountains and Volcanoes
• dominate landscape • most peaks below 10,000 feet • create geographical and political barriers • western and northern highlands separate
region from India and China • three ranges run north to south
• Arakan Yoma Range in western Myanmar • Bilauktaung Range between Myanmar and
Thailand • Annam Cordillera separating Vietnam from Laos
and Cambodia • island mountains form part of Ring of Fire • Indonesian and Philippine islands marked by
craters • mineral-rich volcanic material breaks down
and leaves rich, fertile soil, making Southeast Asia highly productive agricultural area
Volcanoes of Indonesia and the Philippines
• 327 volcanoes stretch across Indonesia • Java, home to 17 of Indonesia's 100
active volcanoes, is one of Ring of Fire's most active areas
• 1883 eruption of Krakatau destroyed everything • now monitor volcanic activity to be
prepared • 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 20th
century's most powerful • 55 miles north of Philippine capital Manila • damaged town of Angeles • foot deep layer of ash over U.S. Clark Air
Force Base
Tectonic Activity in Indonesia
Eurasian Plate
Australian Plate
Philippines Plate
Australian Plate
Mainland Southeast Asia• External influences
• Have been stronger than internal influences.• China brought civilization and technology (early
history).• India brought religion (Hinduism and Buddhism).• Middle Eastern countries brought Islam and trade.• Europe brought trade and colonialism.• USA and Japan brought imperialism (at different
levels):• Recently brought trade and development.
• Indochina• Often used to define the region.• Hint at the strong historical Chinese and Indian
influence.• Notably refers to the former French colonies of
Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
Bali, Fiji, and Tahiti
Rivers• waterways for transportation, communication, and
food • silt and deposits of sediment create fertile
agricultural regions • mainland rivers originate in northern highlands and
flow south to Gulf of Thailand • Irrawaddy in Myanmar • Chao Phraya in Thailand • Red in Vietnam • Mekong between Thailand and Laos and through Cambodia
and Vietnam before emptying into South China Sea, where it adds 50 feet/year to shoreline from sediment
• island rivers shorter and flow in various directions • Indonesian rivers flow south to north • Borneo's rivers flow from center outward
Agriculture• Two main types in SEAsia
• Slash and Burn• Located in upland areas• Slash forest and burn before rainy
season• Rain washed nutrients into ground• Grows for 1-2 years then must
abandon plot for 10-15 years• Wet Rice Agriculture
• Must dramatically change land• Must build terraces and irrigation
canals• Nutrients provided by algae in water• Very labor intensive, but can yield
two crops a year
Mainland Southeast Asia: Thailand• Profile
• The “Land of the free”:• Never colonized by European powers.
• The core along the Chao Phrya Valley.• Access to the Indian (Gulf of Bengal)
and Pacific (Gulf of Thailand) oceans.• 62 million population:
• Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%.• Buddhist 94.4%, Islam 4%, Hindu 1.1%,
Christian 0.5%.• Muslims minority in the south (along
the Malaysia border).
0 150 30075 Miles
Bangkok
Chao Phrya Valley
Gulf of Thailand
Indian Ocean
Mainland Southeast Asia: Vietnam• Geographical setting
• Coastal plain along the South China Sea with a population of 78 million.
• Stands for “People of the south”.• Two major deltas: the Red River (Song
Koi) and Mekong.• Natural penetration corridor towards
China.• Only 5% of the territory is mountainous.• The south is more fertile.• Most minerals resources in north.
• Government still one-party communist-ish, but opened up to free markets
0 150 30075 Miles
Hanoi
Ho Chi Min City(Saigon)
Red River Delta
Mekong River Delta
Annamite Chain
Economies• Variety of political,
economic and cultural landscapes• Least advanced
economies of the region:• Laos, Cambodia and
Burma.• Emerging nations:
• Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand.
• The leader: Singapore.Phnom Phem and
Singapore
OceaniaAustralia, New Zealand, and surrounding islands
Geography of Australia• World’s smallest
continent/largest island; 6th largest country
• Western half: plateau rising to mountains
• Eastern half: Great Artesian Basin, rising to Great Dividing Range in East
• Outback in the middle; covers 70% of Continent
• Tasmania: large, mountainous island to southeast
Size Comparison
The Outback• Any area outside of
urban zones is known as “the bush” in Australia; more remote areas are called “outback”• REALLY remote areas are
called the “Never Never”• Used for tourism,
agriculture, and mining
Ayers Rock (Uluru)• Sacred spot to indigenous people• home to a plethora of springs,
waterholes, rock caves and ancient paintings
• Known for changing colors during the day/year
New Zealand• 900 miles East of Australia• Mostly forests, sharp mountain
peaks (Southern Alps) due to convergence of plates
• Queen of England is the head of state, she appoints a Governor-General to act for her in NZ at the recommendation of the Prime Minister
• Wool is major export• Known for unusual birds
Physical Geography:Great Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef• World’s largest reef system; over
2900 reefs• What does it do?
• About $5.4 Billion in tourism for Australia
• coral reef structure buffers shorelines against waves, storms and floods, helping to prevent loss of life, property damage and erosion
• Huge biological diversity• Supports people by providing fish• Sacred space for Aboriginal People
Damage to the Reef• Threats:
• Runoff• Most pollution comes from
rivers running into the Reef• 30major rivers and
hundreds of streams flow into the reef
• Runoff from farms (fertilizer and pesticides)
Climate Change and Coral Bleaching• climate change accompanied by mass coral
bleaching• Believed to be biggest threat• corals expel their algae (photosynthesizing
zooxanthellae) which provide up to 90% of the coral’s energy requirements
• turn colorless, revealing their white calcium carbonate skeletons, under the stress of waters that remain too warm for too long.
• the coral is still alive, and if the water cools, the coral can regain algae
• If the water does not cool within about a month, the coral will die of starvation.
• Australia experienced its warmest year on record in 2005. Abnormally high sea temperatures during the summer of 2005-2006 have caused massive coral bleaching
Cora
l Ble
achi
ng
More Threats to the GBR • The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish
• a coral reef predator • preys on coral polyps by climbing onto
them, extruding its stomach over them (eww…), and releasing digestive enzymes to absorb the liquefied tissue.
• An individual Starfish can eat up to six square meters of living reef in a year
• They have been in the GBR for thousands of years, but outbreaks are much more recent
• Increases due to:• Reduction of water quality associated
with agriculture can cause the crown-of-thorns starfish larvae to thrive.
• Overfishing of its natural predators, such as the Giant Triton, is also considered to contribute to an increase in the number of crown-of-thorns starfish.
Humans in the GBR• Overfishing of key species, such as
the Giant Triton and sharks, can cause disruption to food chains
• Impact of Fishing • increased pollution from boats, • by-catch of unwanted species (such as
dolphins and turtles) • habitat destruction from trawling,
anchors and nets• Overfishing of herbivore populations
can cause algal growths on reefs• According to a study published in 2012 by
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985
Dailies: Day 81. What are the two regions that
Southeast Asia is divided into?
2. Describe the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
3. How many islands make up SE Asia?
4. What two types of agriculture is SE Asia known for?
5. What is the “Bush”? The “Outback?”
Dailies: Day 81. Besides New Zealand, give
three examples of Continental Islands.
2. What causes the water to rise over an atoll and create a lagoon?
3. Describe the cities in Tahiti.
4. What is the major problem with resources in Kwajalein?
5. Who is allowed to live on Kwajalein?