South Asian City Conference | Constructing the Right to the City, Karachi, 11 January 2014Prof. Spiro N. Pollalis, Harvard University Planning Sustainable

South Asian City Conference | Constructing the Right to the City, Karachi, 11 January 2014 Prof. Spiro N. Pollalis, Harvard University

Planning Sustainable Cities with ZOFNASS/ENVISION From Research to Practice

Prof. Spiro N. PollalisHarvard University


CONTENTS

1. THE ZOFNASS PROGRAM FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE: Planning and Infrastructure2. DCK CITY, KARACHI: An Application of ZOFNASS/ENVISION


THE ZOFNASS PROGRAM FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTUREProject and City Scale Planning

1


The concentration of intense economic processes and high levels of resource consumption mark the urban condition.

Cities are therefore centers of ecological modification associated with development.

This makes them crucial environmental components.

INTRODUCTION | Sustainable cities and the role of master planning



Sustainability and Cities

Master planning should be an integrated and iterative process going beyond design:• It is a manifestation of a business plan• It is engineering• It is management

business plan engineering management

The master plan is “art” to the extend that it is order replacing chaos.



Sustainability and Cities

Karachi it is one of the world’s fastest growing metropolises and at the same time is enlisted as the 135th worsecity in terms of quality of life

Pakistan ranks 124 out of 144 countriesin terms of economy competitiveness (source: World Economic Forum)

Livability(source: Economist.com Rankings, August 2012)


THE ZOFNASS PROGRAM FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

The Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure was established in 2008 at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design .

Source: http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/research_centers/zofnass/

ZOFNASS PROGRAMFOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE



It develops know-how, tools and methodologies for planning and evaluating urban infrastructure.

It focuses on the integration of sustainable infrastructure and urban planning.

Source: http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/research_centers/zofnass/

ZOFNASS PROGRAMFOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE


Project Scale

ZofnassRating System

Buildings Multiple tools available eg. LEED

Infrastructure

City scale

Zofnass Sustainable Planning Guidelines


Implementation of Sustainability Principles

Zofnass Program



Zofnass Approach

The program’s approach focuses on 5 categories of impact:

RESOURCE ALLOCATION

QUALITYOF LIFE

NATURALWORLD LEADERSHIP CLIMATE & RISK

-Wind-Solar-Biomass-Other

-Potable WaterDistribution-Capture &Storage-Water Reuse-Storm water Management-Flood Control-Other

-Solid Waste-Recycling-Hazardous Waste-Collection and Transfer-Other

-Roads-Highways-Biker/ Pedestrian-Railways-Public Transit-Other

-Public Realm-Parks-Ecosystem-Services-Other

-Telecom.-Internet/Phone-Satellites-Data Centers-Sensors-Other

-Eco-Agriculture-Food Distribution-Imported food-Self sufficient small farms-Indigenous Fruit Nurseries-Other

And 7 infrastructure systems:



The Methodology of EnvisionEnvision™

Envision rates infrastructure projects using 55 criteria grouped in 5 categories:



The Purpose of Envision

Envision™ is the product of a joint collaboration between the Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design and the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure.

The purpose of Envision™ is to help users determine the extent to which their proposed infrastructure design truly contributes to conditions of sustainability.

Envision™


Envision covers the physical components of infrastructure that make up the built environment.

Provides a holistic framework for evaluating and rating the community, environmental, and economic benefits of all types and sizes of infrastructure projects.

Evaluates, grades, and gives recognition to infrastructure projects that use transformational, collaborative approaches to assess the sustainability indicators over the course of the project's life cycle.


The Envision Rating System for project scale

“Are we doing the project right?” “Are we doing the right project?”

Envision™



The tools

A broad set of tools has been developed to control our framework on sustainable infrastructure and cities:

An Implemented Rating System

is both an assessment tool for sustainable infrastructure projects and a template for planning, designing and constructing sustainable projects.

Envision™ Project scale

Envision™ Checklist is an educational tool that helps users become familiar with the sustainability aspects of infrastructure project design.



Infrastructure Planning Framework: Organizational LevelsZofnass

Sustainable Planning Guidelines

Example of organizational levels:

LEVEL 1 TRIP GENERATION

LEVEL 2 TRANSPORTATION MODES

LEVEL 3 NETWORKS

LEVEL 4 NODES

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

ENERGY SUPPLY SOURCES

TRANSMISSION/ DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

GENERATION

WATER CONSUPTION

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTION

TREATMENT

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY WATER

DEMAND ANALYSIS

STRATEGIC DECISIONS

ORGANIZATION AND

PLANNING OF ENTITIES

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE

SYS

TEM



Infrastructure Planning Framework: Objectives and Guidelines

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4

objective guidelineguideline

OBJECTIVES GUIDELINES

• For each organizational level strategic objectives of planning are determined• The objectives are then analyzed into one or more planning guidelines

ZofnassSustainable

Planning Guidelines

DEMAND ANALYSIS

STRATEGIC DECISIONS

ORGANIZATION AND

PLANNING OF ENTITIES

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE

SYS

TEM

actionaction

ACTIONS



Infrastructure Planning FrameworkZofnass

Sustainable Planning Guidelines

Guidelines that form connections with other infrastructure systems are marked as synergies.

• Synergies TO other systems include guidelines that can improve or facilitate the function of other systems.

• Synergies FROM other systems reflect the reverse. Refer to guidelines in other infrastructure categories that help the one analyzed.

Synergies usually refer to:• Reducing the initial demand of other systems, challenges for their operation • Connecting by-products and feedstock needs• Optimizing placement of entities• Combining entities• Mitigating negative impacts of processes


DCK CITY, KARACHIAn Application of ZOFNASS/ENVISION

3


DCK CITY, KARACHI |An Application of Zofnass/Envision

Towards a Sustainable Development

A new city presented an opportunity for change: DCK City the 1st sustainable city in Pakistan

At a distance of 50 km from Karachi, the new city for 600,000 inhabitants and total area of development over 11,640 acres is aimed to be a landmark urban development.

PLANNING:Prof. S.N.Pollalis, chief planner M/S Osmani and Company RMJMDoxiadis Associates



Project Vision

The design process was organized around strategic goals for the development.

Planning, Design & Implementation of world class 24/7 transportation & utilities infrastructure. Emphasis on water & energy security for the city

The safest city in Pakistan with specific features incorporated through planning & information technology interventions

High quality facilities for work, education, healthcare, shopping, recreation & community activities throughout the city

Provision of a beautiful natural living environment contributing to the highest quality of life in Pakistan

Most resource efficient development of Pakistan integrating Renewable Energy systems, energy saving, recycling and reuse etc

• Quality Infrastructure

• Safety & Security

• Proximity

• Environment

• Efficiency & Sustainability


Inte

nse

To

po

gra

ph

y

Lu

cky

Ce

me

nt F

act

ory

Pre

vaili

ng

Win

d D

ire

ctio

n

Eco

log

ica

l Zo

ne

s

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

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2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

1978

1977

1976

1975

1974

1973

1972

1971

1970

1969

1968

1967

1966

1965

1964

1963

1962

Clim

ate


Sustainable Planning

• Consideration of context and site characteristics• Application of Zofnass Sustainable Planning Guidelines

Rid

ge

Nul

lahs


New Development

Im

pl

em

en

ta

tio

n

QUALITY OF LIFE

NATURAL WORLD

CLIMATE AND RISK

RESOURCE ALLOCATION

LEADERSHIP


Sustainable Planning

• Consideration of context and site characteristics• Application of Zofnass Sustainable Planning Guidelines



Application of Zofnass Sustainable Planning Guidelines

The Zofnass planning guidelines were used from the first steps of DCK design process and the necessary infrastructure provisions were made. Planning included the 7 infrastructure systems: landscape, energy, water, solid waste, transportation, information and food, to address sustainability issues in the scale of both the city and the neighborhood.

Integrated infrastructure systems are key for a high sustainability performance. As a result, customized actions to DCK’s needs, potentials and goals were chosen for implementation during planning, construction and operation phases.

SUSTAINABLE OBJECTIVES & GUIDELINES PROPOSED ACTIONS

Customized actionsfor DCK


solar parks

wind farm

biomass energy park



Exploitation of varied mix of energy sources

Reduction of dependence on imported energy sources

Energy saving implemented in all sectors and especially in buildings and transportation

Multiple renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass are used

Main objective: Security of supply and service without failures, efficiency

Indicative Actions:

DCK’s energy strategy aims to achieve 30% of the total required energy from renewable energy sources (i.e., 10% wind power + 5% solar power + 10% biomass + 5% waste to energy power)

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

AMENITIES

CBD & GATEWAYDEMAND 26%

SECTORS DEMAND 74%




Water recycling will be used to cover irrigation and other needs

Exploitation of on-site resources

Reduction of distances between supply and consumption

Main objective: Security of local supply. Protection of local resources.

Indicative Actions:

Development of decentralized treatment systems

Storm water management provided through: new reservoirs, the protection and preservation of nullahs and the creation of protection zones around them

39%

17%

17%

9%

2% 12%

1% 2%

DCK Water Demand Residential

Commercial

Mixed Use

Amenities

Recreation (landscaping)

Utilities

Agriculture and Preserved Open Spaces

Roads (landscap-ing)


1km

radi

us5km radius



Plan and provide space for urban agricultural plan, communal gardens and allotments

Fields within DCK: 305 acres

Within 5 km radius: 12,410 acres

Create and implement a land registry banning any land use change on prime farmland

Avoid intensification of agricultural production to avoid soil degradation

Development of inclusive Greenhouses and Indigenous Fruit Nurseries

Main objective: Provide food security and promote urban agriculture

Indicative Actions:

Locate and equally distribute food retail facilities across the city




Provisions are made for safe transfer and disposal

On site facilities are provided for recycling

Separate collection at source makes system more cost effective

A new controlled landfill is provided for final disposal

Recycling is organized through proximities (930 Points of Mixed Recyclable Waste Collection & 104 Points of Separate Collection)

150m

350m

550m

plastic

paper

glass

organic

textiles

Electric/electronic

devices Printer cartridges/batteries

Areas - Points of Separate Waste Collection Points

• Sectors Community Centers : (C4/C5)• Gateway District: (Medical City / Outlet Mall/ Theme Park)

• Ridge: (Golf court resort/ Theme Park / Sport Facilities)• CBD: (Business District/ CBD Art& Culture District/ Market/ Mixed Use/ Educational City)

Main objective: Solid Waste treated like a valuable resource. Minimize environmental and health impacts of disposal

Indicative Actions:


PRINCIPAL ARTERIALS

SECONDARY ARTERIALS

COLLECTORS

HIGHWAY

LOCAL ROADSVEHICLE ACCESS TO CBD



Public transit options include tram and bus lines

Pedestrian and bicycle routes promote a healthy living

Provide adequate coverage/ length for all modes implemented

Combine nodes of different networks / create hubs

A clear road hierarchy and parking spaces mitigate congestion and reduce noise pollution

Main objective: Connectivity, quick access and reduced greenhouse emissions

Indicative Actions:

Proximities to tram stations

Road Hierarchies




Creation of barriers, buffers and filters to control contaminants

Integration of streams and reservoirs to offer natural drainage

Creation of barriers and buffers to control noise and light pollution

Incorporation of recreation activities in green areas

Protection areas providing food and water resources

Main objective: Protect the natural environment, maximize the benefits offered by landscape entities

Indicative Actions :

Classification of areasbased on principal function

HABITAT SINKSOURCE FILTERCONDUIT BARRIER BUFFER


Central Offices (COs)

Information pavilionsin C5 & C4 centers



Definition of optimum spatial distribution of information communication points

Optimum data capture locations and methods

Synergy with other infrastructure to optimize, control and protect their processes

Network of displays and sensors placed in public spaces, indoors or outdoors

Information pavilion spaces, strategically located in C4s and C5s (serving as: modern libraries, information centers & outlets for IT services, exhibition spaces, etc)

Main objective: Serve the city in a sustainable way and enhance sustainability of all other infrastructure systems

Indicative Actions:

Security services



DCK CITY under construction

Priority Phases



DCK CITY under construction

Priority Phases Construction Phases


Cities offer great opportunities for change

The large concentration of population and processes makes cities, centers of consumption that will always depend on hinterlands for resources.

Envision: http://www.sustainableinfrastructure.org/Zofnass: http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/research_centers/zofnass/

Documents

South Asian City Conference | Constructing the Right to the City, Karachi, 11 January 2014Prof. Spiro N. Pollalis, Harvard University Planning Sustainable