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7/29/2019 South America Brief Physical Geography
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SOUTH AMERICABY NAFIU ZAKARI 11209393
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SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOGRAPHY
CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
SOIL
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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INTRODUCTION
South American continent is found inthe western hemisphere occupying of
about 17,840,000 km between
latitude 12N-55N and longitude35W-82N with 13 countries and 2
islands countries.
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PHYSIOGRAPHY
South America consist of three (3) greatstructural landform zones
1- Eastern Highland upland regions
of ancient Igneous & metamorphicrocks largest found in brazil, second in
south Venezuela and third in Argentina
(600-1200mtrs)
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2- three structural zone consist large river
basins that occupies mainly the central lowlandof SA
a -the northern most the Orinoco river valley
of eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela.
b - the Amazon river basin at the centredominated approximately 20% of the freshwater
discharge of the Earth through an immense work
of tributaries
( 6400km)c - the Parana-Rio-de la plata river basin of
southern most interior which is used by most of
the industries in southern Brazil,Uruaguay and
central Argentina for electricity supply
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3- Andes mountain range-the westernAlpine system starting from in from the
southern Chile and Argentina up to
the edges of Colombia and Venezuelato the north of the continent pass far to
the North America.
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CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
The climate and vegetation pattern ofSA are as varied as its landform.
Because the air temperatures
generally decrease with altitude.ranges from river valleys to mountain
tops coastal areas to interior land
exhibit different climatic as well asvegetation variability to the region.
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SA contains some of the hottest andsome of the coldest inhabited
environment on earth, the summer
temperatures of N/Argentina andParaguay routinely climb above 43c
while day time in some point are
10c-16c with freezing point in thenight temperature around Bolivia
Andes area.
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Almost all types of vegetations
are found in SA Tropical rain forest
Tropical savanna (wet and
dry)
Temperate savanna
Humid subtropical Mediterranean(dry summer
subtropical)
Marine west coast rain
forest
Highland tundra
Steppe (Pampas)
desert
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SOILS
More than 20 distinct soil regions can be
found on the South American continent as
a result of its geologic history, topography,
climate, and vegetation. Three majorgroupings correspond to the continents
three primary land regionsthe lowlands,
the highlands, and the Andes.
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Low natural fertility is a conspicuous
feature of soils in the humid tropic regionsof South America. About half of the
continents soils consist either of
unconsolidated and nutrient-poorsediments (e.g., kaolins [china clays] and
quartz sands) deposited in river
basins, latasols (red soils leached of silicaand containing residual concentrations of
iron and aluminium sesquioxides)
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conclusion
SA is a continent with a diverse physicalsettings that are highly interconnected
which provides the continent with a
opportunities and challenges fordevelopment.
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Reference
Johnson, D.L et al (2012) WorldRegional Geography 10th edition PHI
publishers New Delhi.
www.britannica.com
http://www.britannica.com/http://www.britannica.com/