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South Africa
• English is a minority language.
15 m Bantu-family
3.5 m Afrikaans
1.5 m English• Bilingualism fairly common
South Africa
• Bilingualism fairly common• English:
– native language of only 1.5 m whites – widely spoken as a 2nd language
• Bantu substratum• African English
– (FLEECE-KIT Merger,– DRESS-FACE Merger– etc.
South Africa
• Early 19th cent (British occupied the Cape 1806)• From the beginning, English considerably
influenced phonetically by Afrikaans. • Early cape colonies:• British occupation of the Cape 1806; 1820 5000
settlers arrived. Heavily influenced by Afrikaans• Later 1850 settlers in Natal less affected by
Afrikaans.
South Africa
Same distinctions as in Aus, only Wells now calls them:
• Conservative (close to RP);
• Respectable (differing considerably from RP) and
• Extreme or Broad which includes some stigmatised features.
South Africa
• Lack of a manual labour class amongst white-speaking South Africans. Wells speculates whether this is the cause of lack of Ing-variable (i~ is almost universal) and lack of H-Dropping.
• Glottal stop
• H-Dropping not in Aus –NZ either
South Africa: KIT Split
• KIT Split interferes with the Ing Variable:
- higher allophone in front of the velar ing, retained in spite of the loss of the velar: