South-A Eng

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South African English

South Africa

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South African English is adialectofEnglishspoken in South Africa and in neighbouring

countries with a large number ofAnglo-Africansliving in them, such asBotswana,Namibia,

andZimbabwe.

South African English is not unified in its pronunciation: this can be attributed to the fact that

English is the mother tongue for only 40% of the white inhabitants (the remainder mostly

having Afrikaans as their mother tongue) and only a tiny minority of black African

inhabitants of the region. (In addition some 94% of the 1.1 million inhabitants of Asian

descent, and 19% of the 4 millionColoured, or mixed race, inhabitants are English mother

tongue speakers.) The dialect can be identified, however, by the multiple loanwords drawn

largely from Afrikaans, but increasingly also from Zulu and other indigenous languages as

well as Greek, Portuguese and various Indian languages. Some of these words, like "trek",

have seeped into general English usage throughout the globe.

The dialect was exposed to a humorous treatment byRobin Malanin his book 'Ah Big Yaws',first published in 1972. The book is concise, and conforms more or less to the spoken dialect

ofCape Townin197476, in the northern Cape Town suburbs ofBellvilleandDurbanville,

where Malan resided, and in the University town ofStellenbosch, where he was at the time a

lecturer of spoken English. This book is often considered a high point of South African

written wit, although it is now considered an important cultural time-capsule, as it also gives a

pocket outline of white South Africa immediately before the social and political chaos of the

1980s.[citation needed]

The fourth edition of the Dictionary of South African English was released in 1991, and the

Oxford Dictionary released its South African English dictionary in2002.
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Contents

[hide]

1 First Codification

2 Pronunciation 3 Vocabulary 4 Idioms

o 4.1 Contributions to English Worldwide 5 English Academy of Southern Africa 6 See also 7 External links

o 7.1 Software

[edit] First Codification

The first codification and characterisation of the dialect was done in 1971 by Robin Malan,

then a lecturer in English atStellenbosch University. His monograph, called "Ah Big Yaws",

was intended to be a humorous look at the Afrikaans-influenced English of white, urban

Afrikaans-English speaking South Africans (WUESA's in acronym, humorously renamed

'Woozers' by Malan).

In his foreword, Malan noted that there are a lot more permutations on English Dialects in

South Africa, e.g. English modified by Bantu languages such as Xhosa, Sepedi, Zulu and so

forth, and noted there are many permutations where English would be a secondary, tertiary oreven more remarkably a quaternary language for many speakers. He therefore confined his

monograph to the dialect he had most contact with.

Malan also noted that his work is the same vein as 'Let Stalk Strine' and 'Fraffly Well Spoken'

byAfferbeck Lauder, humorous digs atAustralian Englishand the accent of the Britishupper

class.

The book remains a vital resource for comparative linguists, as it is a 'snapshot' of the South

African dialect in the 1970's, and give useful comprehension of South African terms still in

use today.

[edit] Pronunciation

With respect to phonology, South African English is closely related to Australian and New

Zealand English and to the English of southeastern England, in which the Southern

Hemisphere dialects have their roots. Afrikaans and isiXhosa has heavily influenced only

those living in largely Afrikaans or Xhosa areas.

The most noticeable difference in South African pronunciation is probably the flat "i". This is

a part of the vowel shift that has occurred in South Africa as well as New Zealand. One

difference between British South African English and New Zealand English is in thepronunciation of 'ar' and 'ow', as in the pronunciation of the sentence 'park the car downtown'.
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New Zealand: [pak ka dn tn] South Africa: [pk k dn tn]

While there are similarities with Australian English, there are also a number of key

differences. For instance, South African English does not have therising intonationfound inAustralian English.

English spoken by mother-tongue speakers of Bantu languages is often influenced by

intonation and pronunciation of their languages.

[edit] Vocabulary

Main articles: List of lexical differences in South African Englishand List of South

African slang words

There are words that do not exist in British or American English, usually derived fromAfrikaansor African languages, although, particularly inDurban, there is also an influence

from Indian languages. Terms in common with North American Englishinclude 'freeway' or

'highway' (British English 'motorway'), 'cellphone' (British and Australian English: mobile)

and 'buck' meaning money (rand, in this case, and not adollar). South Africans generally refer

to the different codes offootball, such assoccerandrugby union, by those names. There is a

great difference between South African English dialects: in Johannesburg the local form is

very strongly English-based, while its Eastern Cape counterpart has a strong Afrikaans

influence. Although differences between the two are sizeable, there are many similarities.

Some words peculiar to South African English include 'takkies', 'tackie' or 'tekkie' for sneakers(American) or trainers (British), 'combi' or 'kombi' for a small van, 'bakkie' for a pick-up

truck, 'kiff' for pleasurable, 'lekker' for nice, 'donga' for ditch and 'jol' for party.

[edit] Idioms

The influence of Afrikaans accounts for many idioms in South African English. Probably the

most distinctive example is the use of the Afrikaans/Dutch/German/Scandinavian word "ja" as

a contraction of "yes" as opposed to using word "yeah" (used by British, Irish, North

American, Australian and New Zealand English speakers). The only other English-speaking

region where this idiom is found is in the American Midwestwhere it results fromGerman

andScandinavianinfluence.

Other idiomatic phrases influenced or taken from Afrikaans include "are you coming with?"

("Are you coming with us?" -- also found in the U.S. Midwest and Northeast), "she'll be here

just now" instead of "she'll be here soon", "ja well, no fine" instead of "things are okay, so-

so", and "hey bru. You know who I am?" instead of "excuse me but what do you think you're

doing? There is a distinction between " now", which is immediate, "just now" which may be

any time later today (or never!) or "now now" which would be soon. So "The surf is looking

good today, lets go just now" means at some point today as opposed "Jislaaik! It is cooking

ma bru, let's go now now, hey!" which means going soon. Afrikaans words like "Jirre",

"Jisses", "Jislaaik" are common even amongst Anglo-Africans. In addition, the use of "bru"(from Afrikaans "broer") is analogue to "bro" amongst English speakers in the western US.
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The use of "hey" at the end of a sentence (mainly used in Gauteng province) derives from

Cape Dutche.g.: "Are you well, hey?" or "It's a nice day today, hey? there is no relation the

Canadian "eh". "Must" is sometimes used figuratively to express a desire rather than a literal

command, e.g.: "You must come say hi after the show" would mean, "It would be nice to

meet after the show". (The use of "should" in this way is common in the United States.)

'How's it?', or 'Howzit?' is a very common informal greeting for English speaking South

Africans and second language speakers of English from all backgrounds. It may derive from

the informal Afrikaans greeting "Hoe's dit?" (Lit. "How's it?").

[edit] Contributions to English Worldwide

Several South African words, usually fromAfrikaansor native languages of the region, have

entered world English:aardvark;apartheid;commando;veld;impala;mambaandtrek.

[edit] English Academy of Southern AfricaThe English Academy of Southern Africa (EASA) is the only academy for the English

language in the world, but unlike such counterparts as the Acadmie franaise, it has no

official connection with the government and can only attempt to advise, educate, encourage,

and discourage. It was founded in 1961 by Professor Gwen Knowles-Williams of the

University of Pretoriain part to defend the role of English against pressure from supporters of

Afrikaans. It encourages scholarship in issues surrounding English in Africa through regular

conferences, but also remains controversial among language scholars in South Africa for its

strong encouragement ofInternational Englishand British English against local variants.

[edit] See also

Formal written English List of South African slang words Regional accents of English speakers List of English words of Afrikaans origin

[edit] External links

English Academy of South Africa Rhodes University: The Dictionary Unit for South African English Picard, Brig (Dr) J. H, SM, MM. "English for the South African Armed Forces" Zimbabwean Slang Dictionary "Surfrikan", South African surfing slang The influence of Afrikaans on SA English (in Dutch) The Expat Portal RSA Slang

[edit] Software

Spell checker for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla,OpenOffice.org,Mozilla Firefox web-browser, andMozilla Thunderbird email programin South African English

Project to "translate" Free and Open Source Software into South African English
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