Sources and literature

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Shared questions, diverging answers: Muhammad Abduh and his interlocutors on‘religion’ in a globalizing worldKateman, A.

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Citation for published version (APA):Kateman, A. (2016). Shared questions, diverging answers: Muhammad Abduh and his interlocutors on ‘religion’in a globalizing world

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Potential

Thisstudy’sproposaltoanalysethecoherenceoftheglobalintellectualfieldintermsofquestions insteadof a homogeneity of answersmight alsowork for other intellectualformations. The focus on shared questions and diverging answers might be able tocontribute toa furtherexplorationof the coherenceanddifferentiationof theNahḍa-movement, according to ElizabethKassab’s definition of it as a set of shared debatesinstead of propositions.956Similarly, it might also prove helpful in understanding thedynamics of similarity and difference amongst Islamic reformist contemporaries ofʿAbduh,orinassessingcontinuitiesaswellasdivergenceswithinthemovementoftheSalafiyya or amongst ʿAbduh’s successors (both ‘liberal-secularist’ and ‘Salafi’) as awhole. More specifically andmore experimentally, the approach of shared questionsanddiverginganswersmightbeusedtoanalysetheanswersthat ʿAbduh’s twentieth-century successors gave to questions to which ʿAbduh himself only gave ambiguousanswersorwhichherespondedtoimplicitlyorleftunanswered.WehaveencounteredanumberofthistypeofambiguityandabsenceinʿAbduh’swork.Forexample,hewassilentabouthowhespecificallyconfiguredpersonalethicswith laworabouthowhisdesireforIslamicuniformitywascompatiblewithhisemphasisonreligiousautonomy.Similarly,hisviewson therelationbetweenreligionandthestateremainunclear, forexample his thoughts on the state’s imposition of religion and the state’s positiontowardsitsnon-Muslimcitizens.PerhapstheunderlyingquestionsaboutthenatureofIslamic Law and the relation between religion and state were not yet relevant toʿAbduh’s time; or, perhaps ʿAbduh’s ambiguity and silence were strategic. It is clear,however, that his successors’ subsequent responses to these questions divergedamongst themselves, resulting in disagreement, debate, and contestation. In thisway,ʿAbduhmaybeseentohave(implicitly)postulatedsomeofthequestionsthathislegacycame to vehemently discuss and disagree over, causing his successors to go separateways.957

956Kassab,“Nahda,”19.957Cf.DyalaHamzah’sconcludingassessment:“LelegsdeʿAbduh,c’estcela,c’estd’avoircontribuéàjeterlesfondationsdeladélibération,et,cefaisant,des’êtreeffacéouabîmédanslapluralitédesmessages.”Hamzah,“LapenséedeʿAbduh,”49.

Sources and literature

233

Primarysources

Archivesandspecialcollections

-Dāral-Wathāʾiq(Cairo,Egypt): ThedeathoftheGrandMuftishaykhMuḥammadʿAbduh,datedonJuly10-15, 1905(archivalunitMajlisal-Nuẓẓārwa-l-Wuzarāʾ(0075-)andarchival code011166). DaftarMaḥāḍirwa-QirārātMajlisIdāratal-Azhar(archivalunital-Azharal-Sharīf (5004-)andarchivalcode002144). DecisionsrelatedtoʿAbduh’sappointmentasGrandMufti,datedonJune7, 1899/Muḥarram24,1317h(archivalunitMajlisal-Nuẓẓārwa-l-Wuzarāʾ (0075-)andarchivalcode011160).-AmericanUniversityofBeirutArchivesandSpecialCollections(Beirut,Lebanon): Jibāra,Khrīsṭūfūrus.Ḥaqāʾiqal-Urthūdhuksiyyawa-Ikhtilāfātal-Naṣrāniyya. Bayrūt:Maṭbaʿatal-Jamʿiyyaal-Urthūdhuksiyyaal-Khayriyya,1879.-Dāral-KutubSpecialCollections(Cairo,Egypt): Azharī,ʿAbdal-ʿAlīmṢāliḥal-,ed.Al-Islām:Risālafīal-RaddʿalāMusyūHānūtū WazīrKhārijiyyaFaransāSābiqanli-ʿAẓīmminʿUẓamāʾal-Islāmal-Imām minAʾimmatal-Aʿlām;Risālatal-NabīṢallāAllāhʿAlayhiwa-Sallamilā RahbānDayral-QadīsaKātrīnā;Maqālatal-MusyūKlāfalal-Faransāwī. Miṣr:Maṭbaʿatal-ʿUmūmiyya,1900/1318h.

Listofconsultednewspapersandjournals

Al-Ahrām(AmericanUniversityofBeirut;microfilm/AmericanUniversityofCairo; hardcopy);TheDailyTelegraph(BritishLibrary;scannedphotocopiesofhardcopy(atrequest));Al-Ḥayāt(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy);ḤimāratMunyatī(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy/AmericanUniversityofCairo; microfilm);LeJournal(BibliothèqueNationaledeFrance;digitallibraryGallica);Al-Liwāʾ(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;microfilm);Al-Manār(privateproperty;CD-ROMAl-Manār,KyotoUniversity);Al-Muʾayyad(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;microfilm);Al-Muqtaṭaf(LeidenUniversity;hardcopy);Al-Nahjal-Qawīm(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy);Shahādatal-Ḥaqq(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy);St.James’sGazette(BritishLibrary;scannedphotocopiesofhardcopy(atrequest));Al-Ṭabīb(BibliothèqueOrientaleUniversitédeSaintJoseph;hardcopy);Ṭarābulus(AmericanUniversityofBeirut;microfilm);

233

Primarysources

Archivesandspecialcollections

-Dāral-Wathāʾiq(Cairo,Egypt): ThedeathoftheGrandMuftishaykhMuḥammadʿAbduh,datedonJuly10-15, 1905(archivalunitMajlisal-Nuẓẓārwa-l-Wuzarāʾ(0075-)andarchival code011166). DaftarMaḥāḍirwa-QirārātMajlisIdāratal-Azhar(archivalunital-Azharal-Sharīf (5004-)andarchivalcode002144). DecisionsrelatedtoʿAbduh’sappointmentasGrandMufti,datedonJune7, 1899/Muḥarram24,1317h(archivalunitMajlisal-Nuẓẓārwa-l-Wuzarāʾ (0075-)andarchivalcode011160).-AmericanUniversityofBeirutArchivesandSpecialCollections(Beirut,Lebanon): Jibāra,Khrīsṭūfūrus.Ḥaqāʾiqal-Urthūdhuksiyyawa-Ikhtilāfātal-Naṣrāniyya. Bayrūt:Maṭbaʿatal-Jamʿiyyaal-Urthūdhuksiyyaal-Khayriyya,1879.-Dāral-KutubSpecialCollections(Cairo,Egypt): Azharī,ʿAbdal-ʿAlīmṢāliḥal-,ed.Al-Islām:Risālafīal-RaddʿalāMusyūHānūtū WazīrKhārijiyyaFaransāSābiqanli-ʿAẓīmminʿUẓamāʾal-Islāmal-Imām minAʾimmatal-Aʿlām;Risālatal-NabīṢallāAllāhʿAlayhiwa-Sallamilā RahbānDayral-QadīsaKātrīnā;Maqālatal-MusyūKlāfalal-Faransāwī. Miṣr:Maṭbaʿatal-ʿUmūmiyya,1900/1318h.

Listofconsultednewspapersandjournals

Al-Ahrām(AmericanUniversityofBeirut;microfilm/AmericanUniversityofCairo; hardcopy);TheDailyTelegraph(BritishLibrary;scannedphotocopiesofhardcopy(atrequest));Al-Ḥayāt(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy);ḤimāratMunyatī(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy/AmericanUniversityofCairo; microfilm);LeJournal(BibliothèqueNationaledeFrance;digitallibraryGallica);Al-Liwāʾ(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;microfilm);Al-Manār(privateproperty;CD-ROMAl-Manār,KyotoUniversity);Al-Muʾayyad(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;microfilm);Al-Muqtaṭaf(LeidenUniversity;hardcopy);Al-Nahjal-Qawīm(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy);Shahādatal-Ḥaqq(Dāral-Kutub,Cairo;hardcopy);St.James’sGazette(BritishLibrary;scannedphotocopiesofhardcopy(atrequest));Al-Ṭabīb(BibliothèqueOrientaleUniversitédeSaintJoseph;hardcopy);Ṭarābulus(AmericanUniversityofBeirut;microfilm);


234

Thamarātal-Funūn(AmericanUniversityofBeirut;microfilm/Dāral-Kutub,Cairo; hardcopy/BibliothèqueOrientaleUniversitédeSaintJoseph;scannedphoto copiesofhardcopy(atrequest));TheTimes(BritishLibrary;scannedphotocopiesofhardcopy(atrequest));Al-ʿUrwaAl-Wuthqā(See:Afghānī,Jamālal-Dīnal-,andMuḥammadʿAbduhinPublishedSources).958

Publishedsources

[ʿAbduh],[Muḥammad].“Al-Intiqād.”Thamarātal-Funūn12,no.564(January18, 1886/Rabī’al-Thānī13,1303h):4.———.“Al-Islām.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3038(April17,1900/Dhūal-Ḥijja17,1317h): 1–2.———.“2.Al-Islām.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3039(April18,1900/Dhūal-Ḥijja18,1317h): 1–2.———.“3.Al-Islām.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3040(April19,1900/Dhūal-Ḥijja19,1317h): 1–2.———.“1.Hānūtūwa-l-Islām.RaddʿalāḤadīthihial-Akhīr.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3120 (July25,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal28,1318h):1.———.“2.Hānūtūwa-l-Islām.RaddʿalāḤadīthihial-Akhīr.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3121 (July26,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal29,1318h):1–2.———.“3.Hānūtūwa-l-Islām.RaddʿalāḤadīthihial-Akhīr.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3122 (July28,1900/Rabīʿal-Thānī28,1318h):1–2.ʿAbduh,Muḥammad.“Murāsalāt:Bayrūtfī25Shawwāl.”Thamarātal-Funūn12,no.591 (August2,1886/Dhūal-Qaʿda1,1303h):3–4.———.“Al-Intiqād.”Al-Manār4,no.4(April20,1901/Muḥarram,1319h):121–26.———.Risālatal-Tawḥīd.1sted.Būlāq,Miṣral-Maḥmiyya:Al-Maṭbaʿaal-Kubrāal-

Amīriyya,1897-1898/1315h.———.Al-Islāmwa-l-RaddʿalāMuntaqidīhi.Miṣr:Maṭbaʿatal-Saʿāda,1909.———.Al-IslāmDīnal-ʿIlmwa-l-Madaniyya.EditedbyṬāhiral-Ṭannāḥī.Al- Qāhira:Al-Majlisal-Aʿlāli-l-Shuʿūnal-Islāmiyya,1964.———.Al-Aʿmālal-Kāmilali-l-Imāmal-ShaykhMuḥammadʿAbduh.Editedby MuḥammadʿImāra.2nded.5vols.Madīnatal-Naṣr:Dāral-Shurūq,2006/1427h.

———.“Murāsalāt.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,1:731–34.———.“Al-Intiqād.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmilali-l-Imām,2:161–65.———.“Risālailāal-QissIsḥaqṬaylur.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,2:357–58.———.“RisālaThāniyyailāal-QissIsḥaqṬaylur.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,2:359–

60.

958Forcitedarticles(signedandunsigned)inthesejournalsandnewspapers,seePublishedsourcesunderPrimarySources.

235

———.“LāʾiḥatIṣlāḥal-Taʿlīmal-ʿUthmānī.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:73– 91.

———.“LāʾiḥatIṣlāḥal-Quṭral-Sūrī.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:93–105.———.“Al-RaddʿalāHānūtū.al-Islāmwa-l-Muslimūnwa-l-Istiʿmār.”InAl-Aʿmāl

al-Kāmila,3:215–56.———.“Al-RaddʿalāFaraḥAnṭūn.al-Iḍṭihādfīal-Naṣrānīyawa-l-Islām.”InAl-

Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:257–376.———.“Risālatal-Tawḥīd.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:377–501.———.“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:507–9.

———.Al-IslāmDīnal-ʿIlmwa-l-Madaniyya.EditedbyʿĀṭifal-ʿIrāqī.Al-Qāhira:DārMiṣr al-Maḥrūsa,2008.———.Al-Islāmbaynaal-ʿIlmwa-l-Madaniyya.Al-Qāhira:Dāral-Shurūq,2011.Abdou,Mohammed.“L’Islam.Réponsed’unepersonnalitémusulmaneàM.Hanotaux.” InL’Europeetl’Islam,39–61.(See:Hanotaux,G.andMohammedAbdou).———.RissalatalTawhid:exposédelareligionmusulmane.TranslatedbyBernard MichelandMoustaphaAbdelRazik.Paris:Geuthner,1925.ʿAbduh,Muhammad.TheTheologyofUnity.TranslatedbyIsḥāqMusaʿadandKenneth Cragg.London:Allen&Unwin,1966.———.Trattatosull’unicitàdivina(Risalatat-Tawhid).EditedbyGiulioSoravia. TranslatedbyGiannaRami.Milano:CasaEditriceilPonte,2012.Afghānī,Jamālal-Dīnal-,andMuḥammadʿAbduh.Al-ʿUrwaal-Wuthqā.Editedby MuḥammadJamāl.Al-Qāhira:Al-Maktabaal-Ahliyya,1927/1346h. ———.“Al-Naṣrāniyyawa-l-Islāmwa-l-Ahluhā.”InAl-ʿUrwaal-Wuthqā,61–71. ———.“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”InAl-ʿUrwaal-Wuthqā,102–17.[Afghānī],[Jamālal-Dīnal-],and[MuḥammadʿAbduh].“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”Al-Manār 3,no.12(June28,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal1,1318h):265–76.———.“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3104(July5,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal8, 1318h):2–4.Afghānī,SayyidJamālal-Dīnal-.Al-Raddʿalāal-Dahriyyīn.TranslatedbyMuḥammad ʿAbduhandʿĀrifAfandīAbīTurāb.3rded.Miṣr:Maṭbaʿatal-Mawsūʿāt,1903/ 1320h.———.“TheTruthabouttheNeicheriSectandanExplanationoftheNeicheris.”InAn IslamicResponsetoImperialism:PoliticalandReligiousWritingsofSayyidJamāl ad-Dīn“al-Afghānī,”byNikkiR.Keddie,130–74.TranslatedbyNikkiR.Keddie. Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1968.“ĀkhirKalimaMaʿaal-Muʾayyad.”Al-Ahrām,no.6737(May21,1900/Muḥarram22, 1318h):2.ʿAwaḍ,Ḥāfiẓ.“DīnamMaṣlaḥa.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3064(May19,1900/Muḥarram20, 1318h):1–2.———.“2.DīnamMaṣlaḥa.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3068(May23,1900/Muḥarram24, 1318h):1–2.


234

Thamarātal-Funūn(AmericanUniversityofBeirut;microfilm/Dāral-Kutub,Cairo; hardcopy/BibliothèqueOrientaleUniversitédeSaintJoseph;scannedphoto copiesofhardcopy(atrequest));TheTimes(BritishLibrary;scannedphotocopiesofhardcopy(atrequest));Al-ʿUrwaAl-Wuthqā(See:Afghānī,Jamālal-Dīnal-,andMuḥammadʿAbduhinPublishedSources).958

Publishedsources

[ʿAbduh],[Muḥammad].“Al-Intiqād.”Thamarātal-Funūn12,no.564(January18, 1886/Rabī’al-Thānī13,1303h):4.———.“Al-Islām.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3038(April17,1900/Dhūal-Ḥijja17,1317h): 1–2.———.“2.Al-Islām.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3039(April18,1900/Dhūal-Ḥijja18,1317h): 1–2.———.“3.Al-Islām.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3040(April19,1900/Dhūal-Ḥijja19,1317h): 1–2.———.“1.Hānūtūwa-l-Islām.RaddʿalāḤadīthihial-Akhīr.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3120 (July25,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal28,1318h):1.———.“2.Hānūtūwa-l-Islām.RaddʿalāḤadīthihial-Akhīr.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3121 (July26,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal29,1318h):1–2.———.“3.Hānūtūwa-l-Islām.RaddʿalāḤadīthihial-Akhīr.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3122 (July28,1900/Rabīʿal-Thānī28,1318h):1–2.ʿAbduh,Muḥammad.“Murāsalāt:Bayrūtfī25Shawwāl.”Thamarātal-Funūn12,no.591 (August2,1886/Dhūal-Qaʿda1,1303h):3–4.———.“Al-Intiqād.”Al-Manār4,no.4(April20,1901/Muḥarram,1319h):121–26.———.Risālatal-Tawḥīd.1sted.Būlāq,Miṣral-Maḥmiyya:Al-Maṭbaʿaal-Kubrāal-

Amīriyya,1897-1898/1315h.———.Al-Islāmwa-l-RaddʿalāMuntaqidīhi.Miṣr:Maṭbaʿatal-Saʿāda,1909.———.Al-IslāmDīnal-ʿIlmwa-l-Madaniyya.EditedbyṬāhiral-Ṭannāḥī.Al- Qāhira:Al-Majlisal-Aʿlāli-l-Shuʿūnal-Islāmiyya,1964.———.Al-Aʿmālal-Kāmilali-l-Imāmal-ShaykhMuḥammadʿAbduh.Editedby MuḥammadʿImāra.2nded.5vols.Madīnatal-Naṣr:Dāral-Shurūq,2006/1427h.

———.“Murāsalāt.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,1:731–34.———.“Al-Intiqād.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmilali-l-Imām,2:161–65.———.“Risālailāal-QissIsḥaqṬaylur.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,2:357–58.———.“RisālaThāniyyailāal-QissIsḥaqṬaylur.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,2:359–

60.

958Forcitedarticles(signedandunsigned)inthesejournalsandnewspapers,seePublishedsourcesunderPrimarySources.

235

———.“LāʾiḥatIṣlāḥal-Taʿlīmal-ʿUthmānī.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:73– 91.

———.“LāʾiḥatIṣlāḥal-Quṭral-Sūrī.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:93–105.———.“Al-RaddʿalāHānūtū.al-Islāmwa-l-Muslimūnwa-l-Istiʿmār.”InAl-Aʿmāl

al-Kāmila,3:215–56.———.“Al-RaddʿalāFaraḥAnṭūn.al-Iḍṭihādfīal-Naṣrānīyawa-l-Islām.”InAl-

Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:257–376.———.“Risālatal-Tawḥīd.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:377–501.———.“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”InAl-Aʿmālal-Kāmila,3:507–9.

———.Al-IslāmDīnal-ʿIlmwa-l-Madaniyya.EditedbyʿĀṭifal-ʿIrāqī.Al-Qāhira:DārMiṣr al-Maḥrūsa,2008.———.Al-Islāmbaynaal-ʿIlmwa-l-Madaniyya.Al-Qāhira:Dāral-Shurūq,2011.Abdou,Mohammed.“L’Islam.Réponsed’unepersonnalitémusulmaneàM.Hanotaux.” InL’Europeetl’Islam,39–61.(See:Hanotaux,G.andMohammedAbdou).———.RissalatalTawhid:exposédelareligionmusulmane.TranslatedbyBernard MichelandMoustaphaAbdelRazik.Paris:Geuthner,1925.ʿAbduh,Muhammad.TheTheologyofUnity.TranslatedbyIsḥāqMusaʿadandKenneth Cragg.London:Allen&Unwin,1966.———.Trattatosull’unicitàdivina(Risalatat-Tawhid).EditedbyGiulioSoravia. TranslatedbyGiannaRami.Milano:CasaEditriceilPonte,2012.Afghānī,Jamālal-Dīnal-,andMuḥammadʿAbduh.Al-ʿUrwaal-Wuthqā.Editedby MuḥammadJamāl.Al-Qāhira:Al-Maktabaal-Ahliyya,1927/1346h. ———.“Al-Naṣrāniyyawa-l-Islāmwa-l-Ahluhā.”InAl-ʿUrwaal-Wuthqā,61–71. ———.“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”InAl-ʿUrwaal-Wuthqā,102–17.[Afghānī],[Jamālal-Dīnal-],and[MuḥammadʿAbduh].“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”Al-Manār 3,no.12(June28,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal1,1318h):265–76.———.“Al-Qaḍāʾwa-l-Qadar.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3104(July5,1900/Rabīʿal-Awwal8, 1318h):2–4.Afghānī,SayyidJamālal-Dīnal-.Al-Raddʿalāal-Dahriyyīn.TranslatedbyMuḥammad ʿAbduhandʿĀrifAfandīAbīTurāb.3rded.Miṣr:Maṭbaʿatal-Mawsūʿāt,1903/ 1320h.———.“TheTruthabouttheNeicheriSectandanExplanationoftheNeicheris.”InAn IslamicResponsetoImperialism:PoliticalandReligiousWritingsofSayyidJamāl ad-Dīn“al-Afghānī,”byNikkiR.Keddie,130–74.TranslatedbyNikkiR.Keddie. Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1968.“ĀkhirKalimaMaʿaal-Muʾayyad.”Al-Ahrām,no.6737(May21,1900/Muḥarram22, 1318h):2.ʿAwaḍ,Ḥāfiẓ.“DīnamMaṣlaḥa.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3064(May19,1900/Muḥarram20, 1318h):1–2.———.“2.DīnamMaṣlaḥa.”Al-Muʾayyad11,no.3068(May23,1900/Muḥarram24, 1318h):1–2.


236

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———.“TheInfluenceofHigherBibleCriticismonMuslimApologeticsintheNineteenthCentury.”InMuslimPerceptionsofOtherReligions:AHistoricalSurvey,editedbyJacquesWaardenburg.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1999.

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———.“TheSociologyof‘IslamicModernism’:MuhammadʿAbduh,theNationalPublicSphereandtheColonialState.”TheMaghrebReview32,no.1(2007):104–21.

———.“ModernityfromWithin:IslamicFundamentalismandSufism.”DerIslam86,no.1(2011):142–70.

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254

———.“TheSpecialCaseofIslam.”InDefiningIslam:AReader,editedbyAndrewRippin,185–94.1962.Reprint,London:Equinox,2007.

Sommer,Dorothe.“EarlyFreemasonryinLateOttomanSyriafromthe19thCenturyOnwards.TheFirstMasonicLodgesintheBeirutArea.”InFreemasonryandFraternalismintheMiddleEast,editedbyAndreasOnnerforsandDorotheSommer,53–83.Sheffield:UniversityofSheffield,2008.

Stuurman,Siep.“TheCanonoftheHistoryofPoliticalThought:ItsCritiqueandaProposedAlternative.”HistoryandTheory39,no.2(2000):147–66.

Tageldin,ShadenM.“SecularizingIslam.”PublicationsoftheModernLanguageAssociationofAmerica,no.1(2011):123–40.

Ṭarrāzī,Fīlībdī.Tārīkhal-Ṣaḥāfaal-ʿArabiyya.4vols.Bayrūt:Al-Maṭbaʿaal-Adabiyya,1913.

Tayob,Abdulkader.ReligioninModernIslamicDiscourse.London:Hurst,2009.Tibawi,A.L.“TheGenesisandEarlyHistoryoftheSyrianProtestantCollege.”Middle

EastJournal21,no.1(1967):1–15.———.ArabicandIslamicThemes:Historical,EducationalandLiteraryStudies.London:

Luzac,1976.———.“FromIslamtoArabNationalism–WithSpecialReferencetoEgyptandSyria.”

InArabicandIslamicThemes,99–153.———.“SomeMisconceptionsabouttheNahda.”InArabicandIslamicThemes,304–14.Tomlinson,Stephen.“FromRousseautoEvolutionism:HerbertSpencerontheScience

ofEducation.”HistoryofEducation25,no.3(September1996):235.Travers,Timothy.“SamuelSmilesandthePursuitofSuccessinVictorianBritain.”

HistoricalPapers/CommunicationsHistoriques6,no.1(1971):154–68.ʿUmar,Inṣāf.“Al-Wathāʾiqal-Rasmiyyali-l-ImāmMuḥammadʿAbduhwa-Qīmatuhāal-

Insāniyya.”Al-Rūznāma.Al-Ḥawliyyaal-Miṣriyyali-l-Wathāʾiq7(2009):9–38.Vatikiotis,P.J.“MuhammadʿAbduhandtheQuestforaMuslimHumanism.”TheIslamic

Quarterly4,no.4(1958):145–61.Veer,Petervander.ImperialEncounters:ReligionandModernityinIndiaandBritain.

Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,2001.Visser,Rogier.“IdentitiesinEarlyArabicJournalism:TheCaseofLouisṢābūnjī.”PhD

Dissertation,UniversiteitvanAmsterdam,2014.Voll,JohnO.Islam:ContinuityandChangeintheModernWorld.2nded.Syracuse:

SyracuseUniversityPress,1994.———.OxfordBibliographies,“Modernism,”accessedJune26,2015,

http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0051.Waardenburg,Jacques.“CulturalContactandConceptsofReligion:ThreeExamples

fromIslamicHistory.”InMiscellaneaArabicaetIslamica,editedbyF.DeJong,293–325.Leuven:Peeters,1993.

Watt,WilliamMontgomery.IslamicCreeds:ASelection.Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1994.

255

Weismann,Itzchak.“BetweenSufiReformismandModernistRationalism:AReappraisaloftheOriginsoftheSalafiyyafromtheDamasceneAngle.”DieWeltdesIslams41,no.2(2001):206–37.

———.“TheSociologyof‘IslamicModernism’:MuhammadʿAbduh,theNationalPublicSphereandtheColonialState.”TheMaghrebReview32,no.1(2007):104–21.

———.“ModernityfromWithin:IslamicFundamentalismandSufism.”DerIslam86,no.1(2011):142–70.

Werner,Michael,andBénédicteZimmermann.“BeyondComparison:HistoireCroiséeandtheChallengeofReflexivity.”HistoryandTheory45(February2006):30–50.

Wesseling,H.L.GabrielHanotaux:historicusindepolitiek.Amsterdam:KoninklijkeNederlandseAkademievanWetenschappen,1995.

Wielandt,Rotraud.OffenbarungundGeschichteimDenkenmodernerMuslime.Wiesbaden:Steiner,1971.

Wissa,Karim.“FreemasonryinEgypt1798–1921:AStudyinCulturalandPoliticalEncounters.”BritishSocietyforMiddleEasternStudies.Bulletin16,no.2(1989):143–61.

Wright,W.AGrammaroftheArabicLanguage/TranslatedfromtheGermanofCaspariandEditedwithNumerousAdditionsandCorrectionsbyW.Wright.3rdedition,1stpaperbackedition(bothvolumes).1859–1862.Reprint,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1967.

Zachs,Fruma.TheMakingofaSyrianIdentity:IntellectualsandMerchantsinNineteenthCenturyBeirut.Leiden:Brill,2005.

Ziegler,Antje.“ArabLiterarySalonsattheTurnoftheTwentiethCentury.”InUnderstandingNearEasternLiteratures:ASpectrumofInterdisciplinaryApproaches,editedbyVerenaKlemmandBeatriceGruendler,241–53.Wiesbaden:Reichert,2000.

Zolondek,Leon.“Al-AhramandWesternization:Socio-PoliticalThoughtofBisharahTaqla(1853-1901).”DieWeltdesIslams12,no.4(1969):182–95.

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