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Sorghum and hog
nutrition
Range in available energy (MJ/kg DM)
All grains fed to animals
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Cattle 12.2-13.1 12.2-13.2 12.9-13.2 10.2-13.2
Pigs 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6
Broilers 12.4-15.6 11.2-13.7 11.0-14.6 15.2-16.5
• Range tends to be less for sorghum than other grains
• Sorghum has the highest available energy content than other cereal grains for pigs, poultry , but the lowest for cattle
(Black et al, 2005)
Range and Mean in Digestible Energy (MJ/kg DM)
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Pigs 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6
Average 14.2 13.0 14.0 15.5
• Range tends to be less for sorghum than other grains
• Sorghum has the highest available energy content than other cereal grains for pigs, poultry , but the lowest for cattle
(Black et al, 2005)
Sorghum vs Wheat
• Sorghum is higher in digestible energy
• Wheat is higher in protein (wheat 11-14%;
sorghum 6 to 10%)
• The nutritive value of sorghum and wheat
balances out to be of equal price value
Improving Sorghum
• Reducing particle size to 650 micron
• Steam flaking.. too costly
• Enzymes
• Poor essential amino acid profile…. High
in leucine, so need to balance with aminos
Effect of sorghum on weaner growth performance
Weight (kg)
Gain (kg)
Rate of Gain (kg)
Feed to Gain (kg)
Ave daily Intake (kg)
Sorghum 9.59 6.71 0.320 1.43a 0.457
Wheat 9.71 7.74 0.369 1.25b 0.462
SEM 0.223 0.278 0.013 0.035 0.011
P Value 0.756 0.061 0.061 0.022 0.756
Effects of sorghum on weaner growth
Sorghum Type Growth rate FCR Feed intake
Red 0.383 ab 1.32abc 0.501
White Liberty 0.390 a 1.28c 0.498
Liverpool Red 0.396 a 1.30bc 0.519
Ddowns red 0.342 ab 1.37bc 0.474
Buster QLD 0.341 ab 1.40abc 0.471
WR43 Red 0.334 ab 1.46ab 0.481
Buster NSW 0.367 ab 1.46ab 0.516
CQ RED 0.381 ab 1.31bc 0.505
Red 1 0.324 b 1.55a 0.481
Red 2 0.388 ab 1.31bc 0.528
(Finn et al, 2008)
Effects of sorghum on grower growth
Sorghum Type Growth rate FCR Feed intake
Red 0.853 ab 2.02 1.70
White Liberty 0.961 d 1.93 1.85
Liverpool Red 0.852 ab 2.01 1.69
Ddowns red 0.869 abc 1.97 1.69
Buster QLD 0.933 cd 2.04 1.89
WR43 Red 0.860 abc 1.97 1.69
Buster NSW 0.931 cd 1.87 1.73
CQ RED 0.917 acd 1.87 1.69
Red 1 0.836 a 2.08 1.70
Red 2 0.860 abc 2.00 1.71
(Finn et al, 2008)
General observations
• Limited use in weaner diets
• Restricted use in Lactation/breeder diets due to
twisted bowel
• General perception that more variable growth
using sorghum compared to wheat
• Some producers observe high mortalities when
using sorghum… gut health
• And discount sorghum by $20-30/tonne
How do you tell poor sorghum from good?
• Theory is poor sorghum grains that are:
•Small
•Hard
•Low seed weight
• High in protein (above 10% CP)
• Low white coloured centre (starchy endosperm)
• Higher in kafirin, phytate and tannin
•And red!!
Sorghum endosperm structure
1. Corneous endosperm (tightly packed)
2. Floury endosperm (loosely packed)
Corneous
Floury
Kafirin 50 g/kg
-kafirin 5 g/kg
Condensed
tannin
~ 5.0 g/kg
Phytate IP6
2.4 g/kg phytate-P
8.5 g/kg phytate
Amino acid
digestibility The
Bermuda
Triangle
in Sorghum
The effect protease, xylanase and amylase activity in sorghum
based-diets on weaner growth
Protease Xylanase Amylase 21 day
WT
Daily
gain
FCR Feed intake
- - - 16.4b 357b 1.54a 544b
+ - - 17.5a
409a
1.64ab
659a
- + - 17.1ab 391ab 1.56a 605ab
- - + 17.3ab 394ab 1.54a 605a
- + + 14.6c 273c 1.93b 515b
+ + - 17.0ab 386ab 1.63a 618a
+ - + 17.4a 405a 1.53a 614a
Diet No
Treatment N Ileal Energy (MJ/kg)
Difference to control
1 Control 4 14.07e
2 Xylanase 4 14.37d +2.1%
3 Phytase 4 14.62c +3.8%
4 Protease (Subtilisin) 4 14.81bc +5.0%
5 Xylanase +phytase 4 14.75c +4.6%
6 Xylanase +protease 4 14.66c +4.0%
7 Phytase +protease 4 14.99ab +6.1%
8 Xylanase +phytase +protease 3
15.18a +7.3%
9 Protease 2 (Bioproton) 4 14.07e 0.0%
p-value
0.001
Effect of enzyme on ileal energy digestibility of
sorghum, broilers 0-42days (Bryden, 2009)
Sorghum type by Protease dose for male pigs (0-
21days)
Grain type Protease
(ppm)
21d weight
(kg)
Daily gain
(g/d)
FCR Daily Intake
(g/d)
Wheat Control 0 16.59a 480a 1.30b 619a
Liberty Sorghum 0 14.92b 401b 1.56a 605ab
50 15.60ab 432ab 1.37b 589ab
100 15.04b 394b 1.43ab 559ab
500 15.77ab 435ab 1.31b 566ab
Buster Sorghum 0 14.46b 380b 1.43ab 535b
50 15.37ab 413ab 1.49ab 627a
100 14.56b 384b 1.39ab 526b
500 15.31ab 410ab 1.33b 536ab
SEM 0.231 9.2 0.023 11.6
Effects of increasing protease dose on DE D
E (
kca
l/k
g)
Interaction protease x sorghum
type: P=0.048
In-vitro protein digestibility with and with out
protease
Ingredient Control * Protease*
Soybean 47% Protein 94.4 94.1
Canola 36% Protein 92.4 92.8
Canola 38% Protein 96.1 95.5
Meat Meal 52% CP 91.1 93.3
Meat Meal 50% CP 86.6 91.4
Field Peas 89.4 90.4
Sunflower meal 87.2 89.6
Red Sorghum 84.8 87.5
White Sorghum 85.0 87.5
Millrun/Wheat
middlings
89.8 90.8
Average 90.3 92.0
* Casein was used as the reference and = 100
(Sporade and Lu, unpub)
P values: Ingredient P = 0.001 ; Protease P = 0.011 ; Ingredient x Protease 0.0524
Effects of Protease on faecal digestible energy (MJ/kg)
ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.009; Protein, P = 0.001 ; Protein x Protease, P = 0.001
Effects of Protease on ileal Proline digestibility (%)
ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.001 Main Effects: Grain; Average values: Sorghum 59.6%, Wheat 76.9%
Effects of Protease on ileal Glycine digestibility (%)
ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.001; Main effects: Grain; Average values: Sorghum 57.1%, Wheat 68.0%
Effects of Protease on ileal Proline digestibility (%)
ANOVA P values: Grain, P= 0.001 Main Effects: Grain; Average values: Sorghum 59.6%, Wheat 76.9%
Phytase Improves the Digestibility of Minerals and
Essential Amino Acids in Barley and Sorghum-
Based Diets
D.J. Cadogan1, B.J. Hosking2, A.M. Finn3 and S. Peucker4 1Feedworks, 2Asiapac Bio-Technology China, 3University
Queensland, 4CHM Alliance
Ileal digestibility of amino acids
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Barley
Barley Phytase
Red Sorghum
Red SorghumPhytase
Yellow Sorghum
Yellow SorghumPhytase
Grain P<0.001
Phytase P=0.017
Grain P=0.004
Phytase P=0.135
Grain P<0.001
Phytase P=0.212
Grain P=0.035
Phytase P<0.001
G x P P=0.015
Grain P=0.001
Phytase P=0.006
G x P P=0.007
Grain P<0.001
Phytase P=0.004
G x P P=0.042
Digestibility of energy
Grain effect P<0.001
Phytase effect P=0.132
Protein Gel Electrophoresis • SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis)
• Conducted by Avril Finn for Pork CRC to measure enzyme
influence on isolated , and Kafirin
+ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Results
28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
19
Outcome:
•Samples 4, 8, 9, 10, 12
& 14 digested
•Aviz 1512 (protease)
works well with kafirin
digestion/ breakdown.
•Lane 7- Aviz 1512 +
glucanase may be
stopping it from
breaking down.
Summary
• Sorghum is a valuable energy source for
pigs
• Focus should be on low poly phenols, lower
protein varieties and using appropriate
enzymes
• Need to take care with amino acid balance,
particularly branch chain amino acids.