SOP-0 Implementation

© Crown copyright 2004 Page 1

SOP-0 Implementation

Jim Haywood (Met Office)Jacques Pelon (CNRS)

Tony Slingo (ESSC)

Paola Formenti (LISA)

Philippe Goloub (LOA)

Sean Milton (Met Office)


SOP-0 implementation

Objectives:

To provide high quality in-situ and remote sensing measurements of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol and combinations of the two

To provide high quality spectral measurements of the effects of aerosol upon the radiation budget.

To determine the consistency of in-situ/satellite/ surface based observations/retrievals

To better determine the source regions, source strengths and emission factors of aerosols/gases.

Improvement and validation of numerical models (global and regional, climate and NWP)

ESSC, Reading University, 13 May, 2004


Mineral dust

Fires (red boxes)Smoke

Gulf of Gineau

SOP-0 implementation

MODIS image, 7th January 2005


When: January – February, 2006 (SOP-0).Resources:

Aircraft (based in Niamey / Dakar) F20 (40.5hours) ATR-42 (49.5hours) BAe146 (40hrs +40hrs(?))

Surface sites Banizoumbou, Djougou, M’Bour (fully equipped

including aerosol lidar, aerosol and radiation equipment)

CIMELS sunphotometers (8 sites) Mobile ARM facility (Niamey)

Radiosonde ascents 2/day from sites within aircraft operating range

SOP-0


Aircraft Capabilities

Aircraft: F20 ATR-42, BAe146

Operating altitude:

500ft-42,000ft

500ft-25,000ft

50ft-35,000ft

Payload: 1200kg 2500kg 4000kg

Range: 3,200km 3,000km 3,700km

Staffing: 4scientists 7 scientists 2crew

3 crew, 18 scientists

Duration 4.5hours 5.5hours 5.5hours


F20 aircraft (concentrate on remote sensing)

The F20 aircraft will perform remote sensing and radiation measurements:-

• Aerosol profiles (lidar LEANDRE New generation (LNG))

• Brightness temperatures (DIRAC IR radiometer)

• Aerosol Optical thickness, Size Distribution (OSIRIS and MINIMIR+MICROPOL, polarization and directionality of earth reflectances from 440 to 2200 nm)

• Brightness temperatures (CLIMAT Multichannel thermal infrared radiometer)


ATR-42 (concentrate on in-situ measurements)

Aerosol in-situ measurements. size distribution (wing-mounted PCASP, FSSP, X-PROBE; GRIMM, DMPS, PCASP) aerosol chemistry (filter sampling, impactor sampling) aerosol scattering and back-scattering (3 channel TSI nephelometer) aerosol absorption (7 channel Magee aethalometer) aerosol UV backscattering profile (1 channel lidar) aerosol optical depth (PLASMA sun photometer) total aerosol number (CNC) cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCN) cloud absorption (CVI PSAP) cloud and interstitial particle size spectra (DMPS CVI; LAS CVI)

Radiation measurements: solar irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.3-3.0m). UV irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.29–0.39m). terrestrial irradiance (upper and lower pyrgeometers 4.0–45m). solar radiances (SWS instrument) j(NO2) fluxes (upper and lower METEO CONSULT)

Gas phase measurements: Ozone concentrations (UV THERMOELECTRON 49PS) CO concentrations (UV THERMOELECTRON 48CS)


BAe146 instrumentation (in-situ & remote sensing)

Aerosol in situ measurements: size distribution (wing-mounted PCASP, FSSP, SID; CVI, PCASP, VACC,

PCASP) aerosol chemistry (Aerodyne mass spectrometer, VACC, filter sampling) aerosol scattering and back-scattering (3 channel TSI nephelometer) aerosol absorption (PSAP) hygroscopic growth (3 channel RH controlled TSI nephelometer) total aerosol number (CNC) cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCN) Aerosol ice nucleation counter (INC) Aerosol lidar (probably not)

Radiation measurements: solar irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.3-0.7m, 0.3-3.0m). terrestrial irradiance (upper and lower pyrgeometers 3.0-30m). solar radiances (SWS instrument) terrestrial radiances (ARIES spectral interferometer).

Gas phase measurements: CO, O3, NOx, NMHCs, PAN

Dropsonde system is also installed for T and RH.


Surface sites - Banizoumbou, Djougou, M’Bour

Aerosol in-situ measurements: Aerosol size distributions (impactors, PCASP, DMA) Aerosol chemistry/minerology (impactors) Aerosol scattering (nephelometer) Aerosol absorption (PSAP/aethelometer)

Aerosol remote sensing: M’Bour – MPLnet sation (2005 onwards) Banizoumbou & Djougou – lidar from Uni of Munich

ISAC/CNR, LOA/CNRS


CIMELS sites

SITE Country Date Long (°) Lat(°) P.I

Capo_Verde Capo_Verde 10.1994 -22.935 16.733 -D. Tanré

Ouagadougou Burkina_Faso 11.1994 -1.4000 12.200 D. Tanré

Banizoumbou Niger 10.1995 2.6648 13.541 D. Tanré

Niamey Niger 01.2006 2.1761 3.467 M Miller

Dakar,M’Bour Sénégal 12.1996 -16.959 14.394 D. Tanré

Agoufou Mali 10.2002 -1.4666 15.333 P. Goloub

Djougou Benin 2.2004 1.5833 9.7500 P. Goloub

CinZana Mali 6.2004 -5.9 13.16 B. Chatenet


ARM Mobile Facility

ARM mobile facility to be located at Niamey airport

(Tony Slingo, PI Radagast, Peter

Lamb)


ARM Mobile facility measurements (RADAGAST)

Atmospheric Profiling Balloon-borne Sounding System (BBSS) Microwave Radiometer Profiler (MWR-P). 5-minute temperature, vapour, and

liquid water content profileClouds W-band (95 GHz) Cloud Radar. Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Micropulse Lidar (MPL) Vaisala Ceilometer (VCEIL) Total Sky Imager Radiometers Marine Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (MAERI). IR interferometer. Infrared Thermometer (IRT) Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) Broad-Band Instruments

Pyranometers Pyrgeometers Pyrheliometers

Radiometric Instrument Systems (groupings of individual broadband instruments at sites)

Upwelling Radiation (GNDRAD) Downwelling Radiation (SKYRAD)

Surface Meteorology Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System (ECOR) Surface Meteorological Instruments (SMET)


Radiosonde asents/local synoptic visibility measurements

Radiosonde ascents will be requested 2 times/day during the SOP-0 at sites close to the aircraft operations.

Local synoptic visibility/significant weather from Met stations will be reported to the operations centre at Niamey airport.


Deployment of aircraft

F20 – 15th January to 15th February (will be cut to 3 weeks according to Jaques Pelon)

ATR-42 – 15th January to 15th February (will be cut to 3 weeks according to Jaques Pelon).

BAe146 – 9th January (transit out) – 17th January (back to UK).

All aircraft will be based in Niamey (although the BAe147 may also base in Dakar for a period).


DABEX – operating range

BAe146

Approximate operating range when operating from Niamey at:-

a) Transit speed (30,000ft)

b) Science speed (5,000ft)

• Niamey – Sal: possible at 30,000ft

• Niamey – Dakar: not possible at 5,000ft (science speed)

Need more information on diversion airports etc.


Satellite retrievals (aerosol)

Polar orbitting satellites with confirmed interest:-MODIS (Kaufman)MISR (Kahn)AATSR (de Leuuw)

Geostationary satellite with confirmed interest:-MSG-8 GERB (Slingo)MSG-8 (Brindley)


Modelling – NWP & climate models in the Met Office

Met Office global NWP and CAM models have been trialling inclusion of mineral dust. Climate model simulations need improvement via validation.

NWP modelsa) Initial calculations have been performed using fixed climatologies

and show a relatively large effect on AEJ.b) Further calculations are planned using interactive dust model

(under development). The data from SOP-0 will be used for improving the physical and radiative properties of mineral dust and biomass burning particles and for validation of the production/transport/ deposition of aerosols.

Climate modelsa) Biomass burning and mineral dust modules are included, but they

are poorly constrained and do not interact with each other. The model can be driven by meteorological data. Data will be used for both improving the aerosol parameterisations in the climate model.


Training

Wherever possible African meteorologists/ scientists will be encouraged to fully participate in:-

a)Flight planningb)Flight decision makingc)Flight debriefs

New CAO regulations make it difficult to carry ‘unauthorised’ scientists on the BAe146 which is the only practical aircraft for flying guest scientists.


Supplemental science follows:


Sal

Dakar

SeaWiFs real-color image on 25th September 2000.

Adapted from Tanré et al., SHADE Special Issue, JGR, 2003

C-130 measurements during the SaHAran Dust Experiment (SHADE).

Dust advected off coast

Track of C-130


Solar effects are only part of the story - the terrestrial radiative effect is also significant. Measurements using ARIES (cm-1 resolution interferometer) clearly show

the effect of Saharan dust in the 8-12m atmospheric window.

ClearDusty

AV

HR

R C

h4

AV

HR

R C

h5

Nadir views from 18,000ft (R6) (above aerosol).

Measured surface temperature (from 100ft) 302.5K


Cloud screened data

The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget

instrument (GERB) shows significantly less OLR over

regions of the desert during July 2003. What is

the explanation?

Data from 12Z, July 2003


If we account for the effect of the aerosol on the SW at the surface which reduces the surface temperature and hence reduces the OLR as well, we end up with this.

Which is in good agreement with the dOLR between GERB and the UM.

NWP seminar, 16 July, 2004

dOLR 12Z on 2/07/2003 (24H forecast from 01/07/2003)

OSW Control – OSW Aerosol

Increased reflectionDecreased/neutral reflection

NWP seminar, 16 July, 2004

Analysis

Control (T+120) Aerosols (T+120)

The altitude of the AEJ (and possibly the latitude) is in better agreement with the analysis when aerosols included

Zonal winds from 2.5-7.5W

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SOP-0 Implementation