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Sonographic Evaluation of Abdominal Pain : Focus on Diverticulitis and
Mesenteric Ischemia
John S. Pellerito MD, FACR, FAIUM, FSRUVice Chairman, Clinical Affairs
Director of Peripheral Vascular Laboratory
North Shore - LIJ Health System
Associate Professor of Radiology
Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School Of Medicine
Objectives
•Discuss technique and application of bowel sonography
• Illustrate findings of acute diverticulitis
•Describe Doppler examination of the mesenteric arteries
•Review acute and chronic mesenteric ischemia
• Summarize key concepts to improve diagnosis
Applications
Trauma
• Bowel perforation
• Bowel wall hematoma
Obstruction
• Bowel obstruction
• Intussusception
• Midgut volvulus
• Pyloric stenosis
Inflammation
• Crohn disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Mesenteric adenitis
• Necrotizing enterocolitis
Infection
• Enteritis
• Colitis
• Diverticulitis
• Appendicitis
• Ascariasis
• Infected mucocele
Neoplasm
• Adenocarcinoma
• Lymphoma
• GIST
• Serosal metastases
• Peritoneal carcinomatosis
Normal Bowel Anatomy/Physiology
L
Normal Bowel:
•At least 5 layers
•Wall thickness 2-4mm
•Compressible
•Demonstrates peristalsis
Serosa
Muscularis Propria
Submucosa
Muscularis Mucosa
Mucosa
Equipment/Technique
• Start with 2 - 5 MHz curvilinear transducer to assess entire abdomen
•Follow exam with high frequency linear transducer for more focal examination of the bowel wall.
Equipment/Technique
•Assess site of pain
•Always evaluate for abnormal echogenicity
of the perienteric/colonic fat.
• Evaluate for any masses/lymph
nodes/cystic lesions associated with the
antimesenteric bowel wall.
Diverticulitis
•Inflammation of colonic diverticula, usually sigmoid colon
•Patients over 60 years of age
•Complications include abscess, fistula, perforation and stricture
•Differential Diagnosis: colon carcinoma, colitis, ovarian dermoid
Imaging of Diverticulitis
•CT is standard examination
•Ultrasound can demonstrate similar findings
•Sensitivity 85%
•Specificity 84%
Pradel JA et al. Radiology1997
Ultrasound Findings in Diverticulitis
•Bowel wall thickening > 4mm
•Echogenic outpouchings
•Pericolonic fat infiltration
•Fluid, collection, mass
•Lack of peristalsis
•Ring down artifacts (air)
•Pain on compression
Diverticulitis
62 yo LLQ Pain
Findings:
1. Thickened wall
2. Saccular outpouching
3. Echogenic fat
4. Gas in the tissues
5. Pain on exam
57 yo presented to ED with acute pelvic pain
Findings:
•Wall thickening
•Outpouching
•Echogenic fat
•Pain on exam
Infiltration of
the fat
surrounding
inflamed
sigmoid
diverticulum
Diverticulitis55 yo with left lower quadrant abdominal pain
Mesenteric Ischemia
•Acute
•Severe abdominal pain
•Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
•Chronic
•Postprandial abdominal pain
•“Fear of food” syndrome
•Weight loss, small meals
Intestinal Ischemia and Infarction
•Arterial stenosis or occlusion
•Venous thrombosis
•Nonocclusive disease
Intestinal Ischemia and Infarction
•Arterial stenosis or occlusion
•Embolic disease (most common) 40 – 50 %
•Heart disease
•Arrythmias
•Atherosclerosis 25 – 30 %
•Trauma
Intestinal Ischemia and Infarction
•Venous thrombosis 10%
• Hypercoagulable state or surgery
• Portal hypertension
•Inflammatory (pancreatitis)
• Malignancy
Intestinal Ischemia and Infarction
•Nonocclusive Ischemia 20%
• Shock
• CHF
• Hypotension
• Sepsis
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
• Interruption of blood supply
• Ischemia disrupts mucosal barrier
•Releases toxins and vasoactive substances
•Multisystem organ failure
Acute Mesenteric IschemiaCT Findings
•Pneumatosis intestinalis
•Portal vein gas
•Bowel wall thickening
•Ascites
•Free air
Angiography
MRA CTA
Ultrasound Examination of the Mesenteric Arteries
•Not recommended for acute presentation
•Evaluate for stenosis or occlusion of celiac, SMA or IMA near origin from aorta
•Chronic mesenteric ischemia associated with compromise of 2 or more vessels
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
•Mesenteric angina
•Progressive atherosclerosis
•Older patients
•Females > males
Ultrasound of Bowel Ischemia
•Nonspecific
•Bowel wall thickening
•Bowel distension
•Ascites
•Doppler evaluation for vascular disease
Arterial Blood Supply Of The Abdomen
CELIAC
SMA
IMA
Mesenteric Circulation
Collateral Circulation
ARC OF RIOLAN
MESENTERIC ARCHADES
GASTRODUODENAL
MARGINAL ARTERY
Patient Preparation
• 12 hour fast preferred
•Reduces scatter and attenuation from bowel gas
•No medication
Equipment
•Modern US instrument
• 2.5 - 7.0 MHz transducer
•Color and power Doppler
• Sensitive pulsed Doppler
•Harmonic imaging
Technical Shortcuts
•Optimize color Doppler image
•Adjust color gain, PRF, wall filter
•Normalize to laminar flow
•“Screen” vessel quickly
•Aliasing or color bruit
Normal Arterial Flow
•Low resistance pattern
•Proximal aorta
•Celiac artery
•Renal artery
•High resistance pattern
•Distal aorta
•Mesenteric arteries (fasting)
From: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography 6th ED
Aorta, Celiac Artery
and SMA
Celiac Artery
SMA
AO
Aorta
Diagnostic CriteriaPractical Approach
•Atherosclerotic plaque usually at origin and proximal segments of vessels
•Evaluate for flow disturbance with color Doppler
•Perform pulsed Doppler in regions of abnormal flow
•Analyze velocity measurements and flow patterns
Diagnostic CriteriaGray Scale
•Presence or absence of thrombus or plaque
•Dilatation or narrowing
• Irregular plaque or ulceration
•Dissection
•Free fluid
Diagnostic CriteriaColor And Power Doppler
•Luminal narrowing
•Aliasing - stenosis
•Color bruit
•Absent color flow -occlusion
•Collateral vessels
Diagnostic CriteriaPulsed Doppler
•Primary
•Peak systolic velocity
• Secondary
•Velocity ratios
•Post - stenotic turbulence
•Tardus parvus waveforms
•Evaluate for 2 or more pulsed Doppler criteria for significant stenosis
Post-stenoticTurbulence
Celiac Stenosis
•Mesenteric arteries
•Abdominal aorta
•Samples of celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries
Arterial Protocols
From: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography 6th ED
Duplex Criteria For Mesenteric Stenosis
• Significant stenosis > 70% diameter reduction
•Celiac PSV > 200 cm / sec
Sens 75% sens 89%
• SMA PSV > 275 cm / sec
Sens 89% sens 92%
Moneta, et al. J Vasc Surg 1991
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
• Visualized in 86% of casesDenys, et al. J Ultrasound Med 1995;14:435-439
• Stenosis at PSV > 200 cm/sPellerito et al. J Ultrasound Med 2009; 28:641–650
Diagnostic Criteria
•Peak systolic velocity
• PSV > 200 cm/sec in celiac and IMA
• PSV > 275 cm/sec in SMA
•Mesenteric / aortic ratio > 3:1
•Post stenotic turbulence
Celiac Stenosis
From: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography 6th ED
SMA Stenosis
IMA Stenosis
Chronic Abdominal Pain
IMA
AORTA
Mesenteric Ischemia
Median Arcuate Ligament
Syndrome (MALS)
•Patients may present with abdominal pain
•Diaphragm leaflet crosses celiac artery
•Formed by muscular fibers that connect right and left crura
•Uncertain if pain related to vascular or nerve compression
• Surgical release of ligament may improve symptoms
Courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, Radiopaedia.org
MALS
•Elevated velocities at rest
•Relieved with inspiration
•May cause a fixed stenosis
•Common finding in thin women
Celiac Inspiration
PSV = 176
Celiac Expiration
PSV = 452MALS
Visceral Artery Dissection
• Spontaneous dissection unusual without underlying aortic dissection
• SMA > Celiac
•Risk factors: AS, hypertension, FMD, trauma, pregnancy, cystic medial necrosis and CTD
• Spontaneous resolution, occlusion, aneurym or rupture can occur
Visceral Artery Dissection
• Imaging Findings
•CT is primary technique
•Intimal flap
•Mural thrombus
•Hepatic or splenic infarcts
•Aneurysm
48 yo Male with Abdominal Pain
Spontaneous SMA Dissection
Venous Disease
•Venous thrombosis
•Portal vein gas
Conclusions
•Ultrasound can identify specific signs of diverticulitis and distinguish from other causes of pelvic pain
•Doppler can identify signs of vascular compromise and determine the hemodynamic significance of arterial disease