Songs Singers and Shadows

7/28/2019 Songs Singers and Shadows

1/108

ARICLES

SS, SIERS Ad SAdS:Revisiting Locus Standi in Light of the

People Power Provisions of the 1987 Constitution

REnE B. goRoSPE*

TLIE

J Pw SP PwS

SS Locus standi

Locus standi VS SS

1) czs

2) txpys

3) lgss

4) Vs5) P Ps

6) asss ogzs

7) l Gv us

S P P SS

PP Pw V 1986

PP Pw PVSS

1987 S

1. iv r

2. P dyss usb3. t ls

4. P m l Ssps Pvg

w hbs cps czs Ss

5. Ps h Pps rg i

6. ip cps by ivs

* b, y v , vy S ; , vy; , g , Ppp vy.


2/108

RENE B. GOROSPE

UST LAW REVIEW, Vol. LI, AY 006-007

7. n-Gv ogzs

8. Py-ls Sys9. Py tspy

10. exp J P

11. o css

PP Pw Locus standi

Locus standi: VS, Vw,

SwS PS PS GS

Eh m eh mhe me,

Fr i m vlve mk.

Terere, e kw

Fr whm he bell ll,

i ll r hee.1

i

vz sps s spps

b sv by s j gs s skg

ss g b, , s ss g p-

.2 i g bk ys g

ys, kg s s, y s

b ss gv s sg s

s b p pv v

gs vy js y sk. ts pps b

ps sp gs

1 J 2 y, v

j. v y gv p b ggv, v k v jy. p. g g p vv v p p g g xp py. y y pg y jy b p g g p g.w g g, g b x v py pp gv, pv

j y y. (Qe v. cr appel, 169 S 137 [1989], 150)


3/108

LOCUS STANDI


gv, spy sy ps s bg

pb s.3

rpbs s pp svg

gv xss sk, y .4 a s

s b s s

p s py

pbs.5 lvg pb s sgs pp v

s p svgy gv s y

g S. ty p,

g. a x y kp p y vy, pg

x y y v y y g S.6 Gy, g

pp xs y bsy y g g

sg y gv

s gv . t, y

v s s gv y spps

3 Ppp pb S. Svgy pp gv y . (onst., . , 1;

p, 1987 .)4 T p y Gv v p pp. (onst.,

. , 4)5 g p Lmb v. cmm Ele, G.. . 174153

174299, 25 b 2006, 46-46, v S, J (, ) P b 1987 pz pp p.

6 g by pp v g x v-g p v p, y v by v v vgy. Ty , y v g , p gv y , p pb bj b , , g b by . B

b x g pvy g p. T v pp, g vg py, b g y xp y v v pb p by , , y , v b pb p by ; by y p pp, v g, p b g kg g gv- y y by xg , - y, b vy , b pby , bg, p g gv. (.. y, , 8 . [1927], 1349, by J Y-Sg p p Lmb v. cmm Ele , G.. . 174153 174299, 25b 2006, 18, v S)


4/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


v b p , p sg.7 i y sg

sppv s by s y p p, y v x xs b y

g k vs s. o,

, y y s s s qs s

s p. B ss s s sg pp

js v vy y qs sg. t

s ss, s p l .

t cs Ppps p 1987 p

pvss pg pp vs sps

sp gv. nsg s pv-ss, v, Sp c s s s y y

g s g. S

kg ss l s y v ys b,

s s v pvss s vz

ppg ss ss pp,

1987 c v S, v

p v b gv g vsg v

s gv?

Gv s ss, pp p pvss, k

g s , s b

s l s b vs, x vy

vs v ss pp

gv 1987 c s xp q b

p, spsb b pp yg

pspy ss g ss pp s s

y pg s, vg gs gzg

pgvs.

JdICIAL PER Ad TE SEPARATI PERS

w s j bs s gy sv

sps sgs, s sbj

7 Pb pb . Pb py b b pp, v pby, gy, yy, y, p j, v. (onst., 1, . X)


5/108

LOCUS STANDI


xs j p.8 a ps y b j b

ssy v j y.9 t s b gs b b. Ts, ppy vk js-

s b ppy xs y,

s p gsv : (1) g s b

b gs / psbg s vs ,

, (2) g js s

vss sps, s s / pp.10 lk-

s, kpg pp sp ps, sp

s s b s

p repreeve ps gv,s pg gg-ppy y s vg

xg s s g vy.11

8 [] ll k p p y p llp g gv. T q l by . vg vy p , , pp py jy vg , y g gv. g vy pv -. (J [, J] P, g Kl b y, irpre v.

Gg, Jr., 232 S 110 [1994], 169)9 Pgl v. Mgly, 225 S 511 (1993), bv:

z q b gv j.T y . y , y p-. y, vk p g j k v. T pz, y,

lly h r every legl wrg here jl remey. ure, rely.

Te cr pe. Tere re me, regrebly, whe je hkle

by he lw, eve h cr brek he h. ( 521-522; ppp)

10Lpez v. Rx, 17 S 756 (1966), 761.

11 T p p p bg g y .... T gv xv b b k [ jy] v . J qy b pp . pq g by bp p by b b y p.(t v. Mpgl, 43 S 677 [1972], 681)

gy, b bv: T j- b gy b pp b p pb g y p b b p b -q b gv. qy p pb , erly prm he rvvl r emry, b gv p by .... -


6/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


T cs s pvs:

J p y j

v vvg g gy b

b, b

gv b g k x j

p y b y Gv.12

o sg s ssss s xs by s

s- p j v by y p

s ps gv s s

v, ps u S Sp c Mrbry

v. M [] s py pv y j p sy s.13 i agr v. Elerl

cmm, Ppp Sp c p

j v s qss:

p gv.

w , p x p?

pv y

jy y. jy

b, y

py v p; y y

v g, b y

g V, S 1 , x p j v by y -, x bg y g revr xv gv b.(J Kp, g Klby, irpre v. Gg, Jr., 232 S 110 (1994), 190)

12 . V, 1, 2. x j p Sp xvy . V, 5.

T p pv .S. pv:

T j P x , qy, g , S, , b , y; g b, pb ; y J; v S b Py; vb S; b S z S; b z S, b z S g G S, b S, z , g S, z Sbj. (. , 2, . 1)

13 5 S [1 ] 137 (1803), 73. ([] 1803 g Mrbry v.M p j v by J , ...[Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve, 415 S 44 [2003], 122)


7/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


bg g by -

g y b p vy g

g . T

vv j py

ppy p j v .

v , p j v

v b x ppy g

by p, q

vy l m p. y p b

y b g q

.

, jy p p q , j xpy g. ,

pp y gv -

, y b g p b by

b b jy

v

j pp xp g pv

xv gv p gv.14

as s pp p v sg gv

s, s b s j v s g

p sys ks bs , g y pp sp ps, s bk

pb gv ss s vs ps

z y b pp svs.15 i s

s ssy p s ps gv-

xs y s s

bs. nvss, j v y gy b ss

jys kg bs

gv, y s b-g s y s sv

gz s b ss:w b gy j

v b pv gv p. v-

gy by P Bk py, Sp

k g. g ,

y y y b b y

14 63 P. 139 (1936), 158-159.15Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve, 415 S 44 (2003), 123-124.


8/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


vy. ,

b gz y .T .16

as pssg agr vs, pp xs j

v qs , g s, b s vsy

ps s v g l bg p

j sy v bg

s b g qss s ss

s, js xpy gs py

ssss vsy ps.17 T js s c, v

ss vvg s qss s by s vsy q a. Viii, 5. Ts q s vy

j . i s s skg

s skg p ps

gv bs bgg ss by js y py.18

pp xs p j v, s q

y vp p [] j-

p y s s-kg s

-g.19 h, s- qss xs

j v, vz: (1) xs s ppp -

vsy;20 (2) ps sbs s py sg

16oe v. cmm Ele, 104 S 1 (1981), 7.17 j q y y

, v y pb y b. py , py g y v v bv.(Phlppe a cllege uvere (Pacu) v. serery E-, 97 P. 806 [1955], 811)

y y gv v v. T y v vvg g gy b b, - b gv b g k x

j p y b y Gv . (trMle E [Phl.] Eqe, i. v. sgby, 499 S 308 [2006], 318)

18Klby, irpre v. Mr, 250 S 130 (1995), 139.19tle v. serery Fe, 235 S 630 (1994), 686.20 vy xg vy

ppp p , j py. vy b , bg p g p p g v g . (Jh Hy Peple alervecl v. Lm, 414 S 356 [2003], 371)


9/108

LOCUS STANDI


s ss; (3) xs j v p

s ppy;21 , (4) s ss bg l m s.22

TE ISSE LS S

t s qs, g l s p-

p . Bsy, ss sg s

s py sg s ss s pp

js yby g b s s

ss s y . i s y pp

xs j p. i Klg My u Lbr ceer v. Gr,Jr.,23 c xp:

Lmb v. Phpp,24 j p p

pg b p v

g qy. y p-

v pp l py g.

21 g g ppy, b g p

ppy. ppy pg b p v , , pg, b , , , b pp.(Mbg v. Bepy, 380 S 49 [2002], 65)

v, b b q bgg p b mpee r h relve he me.Vy, b j q y . , p y p. . 6770b pp, p , q pp . (Erj v. R, 492 S 652 (2006), 665)

22 - x j g -y gv b v v pb. Sy p, y y vb vy lm rx vy. (Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve, 415 S 44[2003], 153)

T v vg g vvg y b b v g. S v g q - p p -y b v g. (Lmb v. cmm-

Ele, G.. . 174153 174299, 25 b 2006, 47, v S)23 239 S 386 (1994), 401.24 22 P. 456 (1912).


10/108

0 RENE B. GOROSPE


y by b

vy g . T q py p k

jy b by vb

v j

j y x p b.

lg sg l s b s ps

sbs s s s py s ss

ss jy s s gv s

bg g.... T gs qs sg s py

gs s ps sk vsy s

ss vsss sps ps

sss p ps s-

qss.25 os s, s ps sb-

s s s s py s ss

ss jy s s gv s bg

g. T s s s, s ss

b by , s sgs s

qs vv, s.26 i s b s

gz s gvs bs

y y v, skg v gs by zs27 s py p s b ps

bs s v s g s

py.28

t q ps sk s pvs

s ss vsss sps

ps sss p s gy ps

s qss.29 , []

s s q l s by s f.

25Hly spr Hmewer a, i . v. deer, 497 S 581 (2006), 591.

26Pmeel v. o e he Exeve serery, 462 S 622 (2005), 630.27 *** [] p py g vy b

[] jb, g py by g p. ( . b, amer cl Lw. V. [3 .(2000)], 386)

28 Jy v. Preel cmm G Gverme, 225 S 568 (1993), 576.29Fr v. Exeve serery, 417 S 503 (2003), 516.


11/108

LOCUS STANDI


i s ss vgs vsy ps s, ,

pps py jys vg - , y g gv. i

s gs vy ss psv s.30

os s, qs s py ppg

b s sy q, by s jy

ss s pss, vk y

s k s s p bs by

qss b ssy spy, sss

b s ssy vsss g b

ps ssy vg ss sg b y g b pb

j s.31 Sg s, y, s

jsby by sg py pry skg g s

p b y sy e

ss v j.32 i s lkg ger

leg g. agy, [] z qs sg y

sbs s s s jy

s s gy g gv; jy

s y b g ; jy s ky b

ss by vb .33

T sg s p s

s gs vy y s k s

ps gv g s g

v b s sp ps.

30 J (, J) P, g Klby v. Gg, Jr., 232S 110 (1994), 169.

31Fl v. che, 392 .S. 83 (1968), 106.32 b, p. ., 385-386.

p g e he pry kg g p b he e v j.(Fl v. che, 392 .S., 99; p pp.)

33Gzle v. nrv, 337 S 733 (2000), 740.

y vy q , -b g, p , gy pkg, jy , jy y b , jy ky b by vb . (b, p.., 386, g Bee v. sper, 520 .S. 154 [1997], 162)


12/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


Sg s k j pb

s s sp sg s .34t q l s j

p.35

t l s s q v

s 1, a Viii cs s s

js s y vss vvg gs

gy b b. T ps s b s s

py s g s

s sg s.36 i s ks b [s]g

s sp s bs s ss ss bg by ps v b psy j by p

by k, b by zs, xpys

vs y s pb s.37 i s g,

s v vk s s s sg s-

s q p s s, s s b py

s g pp jy s.38

i a jsp,39 s b :

T j by

. v q , j p y

v.

j, v bg

34 b, amer cl Lw. V. (3 . [2000]), 386.35Klg My u Lbr ceer v. Gr, Jr., 239 S 386 (1994), 401.36 J ( J) P, g Kl by, irpre v.

Gg, Jr., 232 S 110 (1994), 177.37Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve, 415 S 44 (2003), 135, g Kl-

by, irpre v. Mr, 246 S 540 (1995), 562.38Klby, irpre v. Mr, 246 S 540 (1995), 562.39 z Vlley Frge [chr cllege v. amer ue r sep-

r chrh se, i., 454 . S. 464 (1982)], g y b g: (1) p b q pb g gee-rlze greve,pvvy pppy pvb (2) g g hr pre ; (3) p gby g ze ere b p g by g q. px, b p , gz g , g g g . (b, p. ., 387)


13/108

LOCUS STANDI


qy, g b py bg

px g vy gv. b v

py b .

p b q

p vy x y v

pb g j p. p

g jy p

p

b gv. J-

by py gv xp

p p by --vy

.40

i gy b pp q l

s s s by s k xs

p. Sg sbss b s

qs p ss,41 , []k s-

ps, s jy s-ps s xs

js, ... b pp

ppy s sy. 42 t

Js (, c Js) P bsv: T sg sy g

s s p per e sgs. P s spb p ss. w b ss b

by s p s s. as s, ss

s sg s ss . r p

bgs s p v p.43 h, b s

l s s s s-ps k

s ps s y y s pp xs p by

ps s s.

40Fl v. che, 392 .S. 83 (1968), 94-95.41 b, p. ., 386, g Vlley Frge chr cllege v. amer ue r

sepr chrh se, 435 .S. 464 (1982), 471.

p jy-- , py p pyg gz gv pppy by p-v b. T b yz p b kg p me yp jy, b gby by . T b , p gzgv g mer arle iii. (b, p. ., 415)

42Bee v. sper, 520 .S. 154 (1997), 162.43 J (, J) P, g Klby v. Gg, Jr., 232

S 110 (1994), 179-180.


14/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


w ss bg b s s b -

s s sps, Sp c s b q ss ss l . i G v. arry,44

s s ag ab b

Gv aBS-cBn Bsg cp s

s vs ss,

g c 4, b k v by gv

g 1972, c s , s

b ps, s s s

ps s y g s tV S c 4

y b vsy s vss s pv , y g sg

p.

i t v. Gr, Jr.,45 s [] pvg

s xpys ss xpys qs s

by gv gv- -

ps gy v (Klby, i.

v. Gg, 232 Scra 110 [1994]) s s y

p s vv (Bgy cr develpme

crpr v. Lr, 176 Scra 240 [1989]). T, : s g

s g Klby l s vs, v

b p g sg ps s x-

pys s ps .46 Js mz sg

jy s sp s b s p

c Klby, irpre v. Mr.47 i s ss, s:

y g z, q z, g q

gv y xp p pb

p y vy q -

y b . V, 5 g j

. T v b v gz gv.

v b p p,

pv pb , v g.48

44 178 S 582 (1989), 586.45 243 S 436 (1995), 451.46ib.47 246 S 540 (1995)48 243 S, 476.


15/108

LOCUS STANDI


ts, Js mz c Klby,

irpre v. Mr, sp b l b v sp s. T c ps

sg s sy spkg, v ss s s,

s sg s p s s

qs s y vv. T ss s s s ps

ps s g r 3, 2

rs c qs evy s b ps

py s.49

further highlighting this aspet, the court said in dvi v. Mcpgl-

arroyo:50

L g pp

j gv q. pv , g gv

by -p- S 2,

3 1997 v P, . pv

every acti ust be prsecute r eee i the ae the

real party i iterest. gy, -py-

the party h stas t be beete r ijure by the juet

i the suit r the party etitle t the avails the suit. Sy

p, p g b g

g.

as jy, s sp s sg

js yby s gv p y ss. i s b

49 246 S 540 (1995), 562.

k b l , - p, q py , , Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve, 415 S 44 (2003), , er l:

T b g py b by : p ... g b

pb py pg, vy qg p p py py . g q g y p , g q p - , b py g pp jy .

* * * * * , q py

py b b j by jg, py v . ( 135, g Klby, irpre v. Mr,246 S 540 [1995], 562-563)

50 489 S 160 (2006), 216.


16/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


sbs k s s s

qy sy s p gv. i ss jy s g ,

s y sp sbs, s y p bg

p s y jsy s

xs s j. i pss gg

bg ss vs vv spg

ss y , k xs js

v sks by b s

s jsy pp yg ss jg

sps. t s b sg grve, , bs s-.51

w g v ssy

sg bg s, , c p s-

qs s b ss g

1987 cs , y pp s g

h :52

51 S Mell v. cvl serve cmm, 360 S 99 (2001), 104, tm

cl Memrl cllege, i. v. cr appel, 316 S 502 (1999), 508, , tv. agr, 272 S 18 (1997), 79.52 b bv g xp .S. Sp

g :

[] g b zp . y, []g g p q g. v g Sp by pg g px, kg vg jy v , vg pb b qb , vg v. T b gg p b ppy by

g g g gzg pvy p j by Sp . (b, p. ., 390-391)

g , p Ppp J P.P p p l g -p pb Klby, irpre v. Gg,

Jr., 232 S 110 (1994), 166.

b [] v g p g p. v, v b b k b v pg : p g g g y p j . jy p


17/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


T y g l public suits.

, p pb g g gyg , pv g pb.

y b p y y

p. b g g, gy

z, xpy.

, qy

k j p. , k

v pb

g z xpy.

j b z

xpy g pb .

Behmp v. slk,53 p

xpy gy p

z . I the rer, the plaitif is afecte by the expe-

iture public us, hile i the latter, he is but the ere

istruet the public ccer. by Yk

Sp Peple ex rel ce v. cll:54I atter ere

public riht, hever ... the peple are the real parties ... It is at

least the riht, i t the uty, every citize t iterere a

see that a public fece be prperly pursue a puishe, a

that a public rievace be reeie. w p xpy

, terr v. Jr55 the riht a citize a a tax-

payer t aitai a acti i curts t restrai the ulaul

use public us t his ijury cat be eie.

v, pv j b y p kg j

y py g

, v gv g

gg pb v, S Sp

g irect ijury test Ex Pre Lev,56

tle v. ullm.57 T

pv v vk j p

[b] yz yy . y b pg v h b. (Jk . , y Ky K, . , cvl

Prere, 328 [1985], by J [, J] v, J., Klby, irpre v. Mr, 246 S 540 [1995], 616)

53 275 Ky 91, 120 Sw2 765 (1938).54 19 w. 56 (1837).55 232 48, 59 S2 359 (1950).56 302 .S. 633 (1937).57 318 .S. 44 (1943).


18/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


vy xv gv , he ust sh that he

has sustaie a irect ijury as a result that acti, a it ist suiciet that he has a eeral iterest c t all

ebers the public.

T p irect ijury test j.

Peple v. Ver,58 p pg vy

v a persal a substatial iterest i the

case such that he has sustaie, r ill sustai irect ijury as

a result. Ver p y ,

, c v. Pree he see,59Ml Re Hre trer

a v. de l Fee,60Pl v. serery Pbl Wrk61

a-chee Lege he Phlppe v. Felx.62

v, bg p y, q

l y b v by x

. 1949 Eerecy Pers Cases,

are v. dgl,63 trasceetal iprtace

pp by. S by

y . aq v. cmele,64

v p p ar-reachi

iplicatis p g g -

p py .

, b py b

bv, g y z, b g,

v gz p vvg y

vy , g g.65

T, : Sgy, ss s gg

cs g sg.66

gg, b y s s

gz sg py s, s s,

58 65 P. 56 (1937).

59 G.. . 117, 7 vb 1945 (p).60 G.. . 2947, 11 Jy 1959 (p).61 110 P. 331 (1960).62 77 P. 1012 (1947).63 84 P. 368 (1949).64 62 S 275 (1975).65dv v. Mpgl-arry, 489 S 160 (2006), 216-218.66i., 221. dv , , yzg p

p p b , : T p v l . ( 224)


19/108

LOCUS STANDI


s s psy, , s p

sbsv qs s jj. i , c, s s bz

sg, s bs by jy

by s sss p s-

p bypss g l

. ts, , pss g jsp vp

bs ps g sv

pvss 1987 cs s pp p-

. ws, sg s v s pvss,

s s pssby c y b s sv b g, pg pssby

s pp sss ss ppg b ,

by vs pspss v y ps

c, s jy, y gv 67 sg gs

u.S. Sp c s b g s-

s bsy.68 t s ys pb jgs vg s

ss pg vs sy

v pv y p .69

67 J , g p Klby, irpre v. Gg,Jr., 232 S 110 (1994), 154, Sp k g g g, b p g yg l x v jy b ppg ppp j -

v .

g , J (, J) P, gg xde G v. cmm Ele, 208 S 420 (1992), : G b l ... v jy b ... ppp j v . (gp, 232 S, 177)

y gg pby , Kl-by, irpre v. Mr, 250 S 130 (1995), 136, : , g p pv g .

68 T pb ... e y wh ery h merl bee l le ve member h cr, pplyg evbly bre r, hve pre

. (Mller v. clr, 413 S 15 (1973), 29; p pp)69 J Bk, j by J w J g,

g bv Kgberg v. se Br clr, 366 .S. 36 (1961):

[] y v, jy g by pp y, b p y py, pvg bg . T


20/108

0 RENE B. GOROSPE


LS S VARIS SITRS

a svy ss s Sp c

s gz, vyg gs g ss,

l g: () zs; (b) xpys; () gss;

() vs; () p ps; ()sss gzs; ,

(g) gv s.

1) czes

as vy pssss s svg p, zs

s pps y v g s

ss f psv gv s. i

gs g sy, zs s gy b

s s g. t x s sg s

b gz.

i Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve,70 s

ps j p pg gs

c Js, by y ps xp vy ps

y vv, c Js s c s zs

ss:

w g ze, p g

y b p.

b b , y y gv

v, b g

yg y p Kgbg pb bp Py g b pp

v v pb g bg b p, p by b p yg p v p g v g b b y. T,

, v-p g bg pp y emph prlr jge gve mpeg

el vle. Jge, lke everye ele, vry remely her he vle.T py , , vb. B -vb y g pp b pp ere emph ere jge p p ere vle ereme. g, py g vv , qvy by B g vy p gg, y b by b vp jg k v y gy g v gy by . ( 74-75; p pp.)

70 415 S 44 (2003).


21/108

LOCUS STANDI


g jy ,

y by y. pp p pg b b b

g pvg y

b b bj b p by

p . , p-

g vv pb g,

z q p .

os s, z b s s

qs y s s psy s s

jy s s gy g

gv; jy s y b g ; jy s ky b ss by vb .71

i t v. tver, c, gzg sg

ps bg s p pb ps

s sss kp

s, c :

y 1910 sever v. Gverr Geerl,

g

b g pv v y

pv p b bv, p g b p, p

pb g, pb xvy

ppy pb g b bv [

v. B, 79 .., 469], v, whe he qe e

pbl rgh he bje he mm prre he

ereme pbl y, he peple re regre he rel

pry ere he relr whe g he preeg

re e ee hw h he h y legl r pel ere

he rel, beg e hw h he ze

h eree he exe he lw [g, xy

g , 3 ., . 431].* * * * *

T gv by gzg prve ze

legl perly ppy qy

p p. y, g g b by p-

pbl rgh gz by

71telemm Br arey he Phlppe, i. v. cmm Ele, 289 S 337 (1998), 343. S Fr, Jr. v. By, G.. . 166501, 16vb 2006, 3, v S.


22/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


. i pe er were llwe

e h preeg, wl ee be l eve y her per e he me, erg h he slr

Geerl, he gverme er geerlly empwere repree he

peple, h eere h ppere r repe h e.72

i Legp v. cvl serve cmm,73 c v

s t v. tver p sg z skg,

ps s g , gg

py ss s ps gv sv,

g s pg vvs ss

pb g, q ps s s ss by p s z, , p g

pb psssss g. agy, [] p, bg

z , s s s psy sk ss

g bs xs pb g.74

t g s s s s bss gzg

sg p chvez v. Pbl Ee ahry,75

p s p Pea ss s s g-

s pv p ps

m By. t c s p, s z, s

qs sg sg vv s-

gs qb s

ss s s pb p.

i Gzle v. chvez, s vvg g p

S G p s s s s g y

ps Ps css G Gv,

Sp c :

[] b p p

p , p rgh

he peple, g PGG pb, b p

72 136 S 27 (1985), 36-37; p pp.73 150 S 530 (1987), 536. sb v. Gr, G.. . 174340, 17 b

2006, 16, v S, [] t v. tver Legpv. cvl serve cmm v gz z py pb y bg p pb py p y.

74ib.75 384 S 152 (2002), 182-183.


23/108

LOCUS STANDI


by pb y z by . Te reqreme

perl ere e by he mere h he peer ze hee, pr he pbl whh pee he rgh.76

t gg s y s dv v. Mpgl-

arry, c ss p

ss s pb g, s s p s

z s s x s.77

dys b dv, c s ss g zs

s ssb py s gy p by Bs

Pbs Bg. 880 (BP 880, s k s T Pb assby

a 1985), s clbre Preempve Repe (cPR)py gv, g s:

P g b y g. T g

z gg p by x g

p, g by , y by

B.P. . 880 q p pby

b pk. y v, , p-

py gg pb b q p

p p b vy q

vg g. p,

, v g y p pb b p.78

r zs s b ss s. i Fr, Jr. v. He

Repreeve, c s:

[w] g l b z,

p vg b y y p

b ppy

vv , jg ,

vb vb , , re

jpp, bg b y b .79

76 205 S 816 (1992), 847; p pp.77dv v. Mpgl-arry, 489 S 160 (2006), 223, g Phl v.

Erqez, 235 S 506 (1994), Kpr g mg ngllgk Pmhl g Plp,i. v. t, 163 S 371 (1988), a smll Lwer he Phlppe, i.v. serery agrr Rerm, 175 S 343 (1989), B v. Phlppe ameme Gmg crpr, 197 S 52, 60 (1991), t v. tver, 136 S 27 (1985).

78By v. Erm, 488 S 226 (2006), 248.79 415 S 44 (2003), 138.


24/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


a, kg ss ss, s sg s op v.

Fr,80 g ps, s y ps j by spv ps, s xpys ss s

ssg g spsby ps[g]

g s s gs y b psv sv

ss by skg spy b s

gs y. T c :

T , v, p v . P

y p g

g y b. w y g y ,

v, g gg, . py b

g g y b b p

g pby g b

gy . S g,

xp, y y .

y. S y y

pby , er l, j p, -

z, g, v y

, , , , , , -

xp, vp-

z b qby b p g. y, vy g

pby x pv y y

jy b gy. P

y, g v-

, , p bg

p g g .81

o cs v gzg l

ps, Js s sp p :

L p ppy g l . l

g p v bj

. B vy b p

80 224 S 792 (1993). Pmeel v. oe he Exeve serery, 462 S622 (2005), v, g p, g 2 1,v p g - by P g x S S .

81 224 S, 802-803.


25/108

LOCUS STANDI


vv bp pp b

everye vg y pp vy y b xp b

p k q pb p

k, v y l . y

b b gzg beere rgh

v p, g b pb

v gy y pv p

pg vy vv.82

w g ss s Ps y s

sb y S s , c

Pmeel, Jr. v. oe he Exeve serery83 ps sg y vs s

gs, s zs y, b v s

y v ss ss jy -

s sg x r S S,

v qs sg. T y b pv

s p gs s

ps. t r S s p

s s. S s vb

s p zs gs gs vs ps ys sk ss y bs s s.84

y, sg zs bgg p s sss v-

pb ss s- -Hhel ps. i

tle v. serery Fe, c s: w p s

c s y j pv ss; pb s by

-h g ps gzb pv

y sg q cs; a.

Viii, 1, 2 c s sp vg s

gs.85 T c xp [] s Pss Js (Judicial

control o adminiStratiVe action (1965)) p by Js

h s ss Fl v. che, 392 u.S. 83, 119-120, 20 l. e. 2

947, 973 (1968) sgs b ps ppy

82i., 814-815.83 462 S 622 (2005).84i., 631.85 235 S 630 (1994), 686.


26/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


s ps pb s z sg

pb .86 Js h s s ss Fl v. che, s s :

Sy p g xpy

y pb xp ky

p, g

xpy-p g vy x

b. w gz - p

p ... xpy, b pv y-g. T

y p, g y p, b

y p ppy . Ty , g, -

gb y gp g g pp, xpy xpy k.

b, p P J p, pb

bg v pb g.

, v, bg by -

p x by vy

j .

v py v

g, g pv y-g, y v g

pv pb . ... T v y

by y, y b

xpb vvg p, , ,

b k , , - p

y x .

T pb y p by , y v, -

,

pp g ,

b p.87

Js h py pss h -

h ps k s b ps

ppy ss p, psv pb ss p pb . i

by sp ss vyg ss,

b s s sy , v, s

s s ppss sss.88

86ib., . 48.87 392 .S. 83 (1968), 119-120.88 . 5, 392 .S., 119.


27/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


r gg s Gz v. de Vll,89 s s

bg by y- (41) ps qs g svs p z ss. t ps g

y b ss m m xpys

s spv s. Ty y v

g s psv ,

p gs g p

s. Ty s ps zs m

m v s ss s s s p-

b bg b s c. T c , v, :

y g pb bgg xpy . w v p

v ppy g, he prblem lly r he

spreme cr. i blly e r he exeve eprme

r rl r.well eai citizes ith ly sec ha

klee the evets cat keep iiscriiately tssi

prbles the executive, the ilitary, a the plice t the

Supree Curt as i e are the repsitry all reeies r all

evils. Te rules cstitutial litiati have bee evlve r

a rerly prceure i the viicati rihts. y

b . py k y p v

by gv p

, py g bv p-

y b vv, y b .

ppg g b yg v

y.90

Js cz, s ss, s, gg: t g

ps pp ps s sps px . w

v bjs y b bs s

s qss s b . T y ss

ppyg s .91

89 181 S 623 (1990).

90i., 638; B pp.

91 181 S 623 (1990), 640.


28/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


2) txpyers

T zs, b s y bg p -

gv g py xs, v g

vs gy gy xp

v y y v b p s gv.

S s vs gv v b spp by

xpys y, gvs ssy sg qs

y y s pv b g, pp s

xp y.92 as c Pl v. serery

Pbl Wrk cmm:93

g, vy y b

y by jy q

. Y, y yg,

xpy, pvg b pb

, p y xp pb by

S pp g -

l mppl , y

b j q xpy. g

y, pvg v S

Jp :

g gv q g k y

g y p v-

y , b xpyer, hve e ere

preveg he llegl expere mey re by

x my herere qe he ly

e reqrg expere pbl mey. (11 .

J. 761; pp.)

Pl p y Ppp ss xpys

vv s qsg xp pb s:

[] Pv yb v. Pz (56 P., 257), vvg

xpp by Pv yb, (2) xpy

92 xpy, ... v g g pb g . T y y

vy pppg pb b xp pb by S pp xg pp . (Mll v. cmm Ele, 405 S 614 [2004], 625)

93 110 P. 331 (1960), 342-343.


29/108

LOCUS STANDI


v pp g

p bg p , y xb. v. P S (42 . Gz., 1243),

xpy py Gv p

q y ppp bkpy

b g. v, gz v.

Ppp B v. (84 P., 368; 45

. Gz., 4411), xpy pgg

vy ppp pb , v

. v, p k

p (2) p

p b. g, k p

gz B , p y x-py. pv z, p y

Pv Gv, pp p bv,

, xpy b b p b

x, Ppp.94

i s v. cmm Ele,95 c :

xpy, pvg b

pb y b j, p y xp-

pb by S pp

xg pp

.... p x-py xp pb y

y py g vy

pppg . v, g x-

py , jy p

. p , w x

vy y p p

p y b q .

Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve96 sysz

s p sp sg:

xpyer,

pb gy b, pb y

bg y pp pp, g

pb g v -

. B vk p j v, -

94i., 345.95 73 S 333 (1976), 358-359.96 415 S 44 (2003), 136-137.


30/108

0 RENE B. GOROSPE


v, py pv

pvg g xp y by x jy

q .

y g b pb.

i s, , s xp pb

s spk y b y js x-

py sg s. T c bsv Lz v. cmm

Ele:97

xpy, p y p,

g x y bg gy p. p

p , gy y -

pv bv, , vv xp

pb . y p , y

gv , vv g xp-

pb y - xpy y b

. w b k xp

pb y b g b b p

pp g p , b ,

y .

nvss, alb v. Reye,98 c

xp pb s s vv ss

vp, g p m i

c t (mict), sg s ys p

vp y g

s vv, pb s s y vv

s p g psy ss

pvs cs qs .

t g , ks k y p- Gzle v. nrv, c xpys s

ppy bg y s xs by cgss s xg

spg p.99 i s s:

97 120 S 337 (1983), 341.98 175 S 264 (1989), 273.99 337 S 733 (2000), 741.


31/108

LOCUS STANDI


[] y pp x by g

xg pg p. P by Pby v .. . 43, by .. . 70.

7 .. . 43, 3 ppp

p xp b

P.... ppp P z

by P, by g. , ppp

. , pprpr b g

gv z pb by

y y b p y, pprpr

me by lw g g p

gg p b py

b S . P k

P, x xv p

p 25 (5) V .100

o s y pb y Ps s b

by xpys qy s s s. i ss, xpys

s s g sbs pb

s, pb y s bg f y pp pps,

ps sk s sp sg

pb s g v s.101 i b s, sg s py

sg s xpy s spy pv s s s

pvg g xp y s by x,102

s qs b, v s v , y

s s by x s g s spg? i y

v, y s p pb sy

y b z y v g s-

xps, s s b bg k

p by xpy v z.

i u.S., s s g bg

xpy ssy py s sg

100i., 743-744. g k: w y yy? b pp y b y b ppp P?

101Brlle v. cmm Ele, 432 S 269 (2004), 284.102del Mr v. Phlppe ameme Gmg crpr, 346 S 485 (2000),

501, By (Bgg alyg Mkby) v. Zmr, 342 S 449 (2000), 478-479.


32/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


s s ss bs s pys s ys

tsy ... s pvy b p x, y py [tsys]

s, ... [s] , g . t, u.S.

Sp c xpy g yp

jy ssy sg.103 i Fl v. che, c

xpy v g vk

j p g g

xg pg g -

pv p x xg pg p. ... ,

q b y py,

b y v

g b p y vg

g b y

g b pb j . w k

Frhghm xpy k py

gz gv

b gv p

Sy.104

cg u.S. xpy ss v--v

Ppp sg, c Pl v. serery Pbl Wrk

cmm xp y b v sg

xpys s p Frhghm s s eerl s

. Ts s bs

p g p xpy .S.

Gv xpy p

p gv. , mpe y

gv xg .S., g

p erl vp, b, ehe jy y b vgy, bj

103Fl v. che, 392 .S. 83 (1968), 92, kg Frhghm v. Mell, 262 .S. 447 (1923).

Frhghm, xpy g g y , 45 y pb b g g bg by v y xpy. (392 .S., 85)

104 392 .S., 105-106.


33/108

LOCUS STANDI


p by . ,

by pv , pp .S., xp p

pp pv S, pp S ,

py , .

, v

b bg p pp .S. q

, , , hrgh pv

y z. T p b

pp Gv .S.

P, y, t by pp

.S., b by by eh se,

g y ( , 2, ).

b pp Ppp x-

py, , pb Ppp,

, bg b pp x-

py .S. Gv. ,

vp, xg b pp xpy

gv , xp y

pb Ppp v pp Ppp

mre lly re ,

mple ry yp gv bj

g p by - p , p p

Gv .

, gzg g xpy

y g pppg pb

b p by Sp

(p v. Zbk, 101 .S. 601) g pp

Ppp p p g

S pppg .105

Ts, y b s Ppps, xpys

s s b g p bs

u.S. nvss, sg s b s Sp c

s t v. Mpgl s s xpys s s ,

s c s v s s s b

.106

105 110 P. 331 (1960), 344-345.106 43 S 677 (1972), 680.


34/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


3) Legslrs

mbs cgss, s gv s py sk

p by cs b spsb

s gv g s S s zs

bs, y ss s ss

, s s k Ps y b x-

sg p kg s ppy bg

gsv b. i s s, s

pgvs s y v v s p

ss. h, sg qs y p

ps pgvs.

x p g p,

p b , g

pp x p .

xv j g

vv b b jy,

b q by b g. , y b

g v .107

o, gsv by s, y b he pp py.108 i see

he Phlppe v. Erm, c : Vy, S,

g s v bs, s sbs s

v vsy s he pp py ss

sy e.o. 464.109 T s ss cgss

S Ps Spk hs v ks

qs sg pv sp s pgv

cgss, s s vssg vs Ps

V Ps.110

107 slk v. Exeve serery, 421 S 656 (2004), 665, g Phlppec a v. Erqez, 235 S 506 (1994), 520. T g-z g g Gg, Jr. v. crge, 196 S 221 (1991), ople v.trre, 293 S 141 (1998), del Mr v. Phlppe ameme Gmg crpr,346 S 485 (2000), dv v. Mpgl-arry, 489 S 160 (2006), see he

Phlppe v. Erm, 488 S 1 (2006).108 S Gzle v. Mrg, Jr., 191 S 452 (1990). , g g

S, , gz.109 488 S 1 (2006), 37.110 Br lle, Jr. v. cmm Ele, 432 S 269 (2004), 284-285.


35/108

LOCUS STANDI


as y, , sg bs cgss

b p bs sg y jy ps s y bg,111 bs

qs vs gs gss

pssby s lgs.112 t

s s ber t v. Mpgl,113 v, sg [] s-

qs s s, S s sy b s s

pssss qs psy bg s.

, y bg gs jsy y ss

sg pgvs gy p bg

cgss s b by , v sy gsv b, s y p , s s css

apps114 e tbs.115 i Pmeel , Jr. v.

111Phlppe c a v. Erqez, 235 S 506 (1994), 520, ,By (Bgg alyg Mkby) v. Zmr, 342 S 449 (2000), 479-480.

112Bgg v. cmmee Prvz, 246 S 334 (1995), 346.113 43 S 677 (1972), 680. y Mbg v. Lpez V,

78 P. 1 (1947).114 T pp . g

bp b g, p g. T p g, b y . , g g. (c v. t, Jr., 5 S1 [1962], 3)

[]v pp p b g, x p xv gv. pp- g x p gv p- pp. (Pmeel, Jr. v. Erm, 472 S 587 [2005], 594)

115 T 1935 1987 , p y pp p b gv, g p jg g , q b g p,p -p by g py g pp (.., b). (Lz v.

He Elerl trbl, 168 S 391 [1988], 401)

B v. Pe, 201 S 792 (1991), 807, :

*** b pr g- b p. -p by p. w b pp b S pv:

T pp v g pv epee mprl rbl gv , ev prer, b p pvy


36/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


Erm, s qsg vy pp g cb

Ss v s cgss s sss, Sp c s:csg p css apps

cgss, s ps sg ps

s s bs cgss. Ps ays ss g

pps cgss s sss ps p

cgss.116 agy, y s ss-ps

bs css apps qs l

. n py-s psvs, by ss s ,

v sg y v g y ,

y v b by py-s gps b v by pv , ss hs rpsvs e

tb css apps.117

r gg s sg s gss

g v pps ps k by gs. as s

s Jh Hy Peple alerve cl v. Lm,118 []y ,

ps cv Y,119 s y s v gs

gg rs n. 255 (Ss 1994) sppg ss

g P n. 420, v g sg bg

ps p.

4) Vers

css pbs, vs p-

S, s zy s p

x by g pg b.

* * * * * b S

by p b b jg g q b gv , , , p b b p py, pv , y gv . (se v. che a he see, 81 P. 818.)

116Pmeel, Jr. v. Erm, 472 S 587 (2005), 595.117Pmeel, Jr. v. He Repreeve Elerl trbl, 393 S 227 (2002),

239.118 414 S 356 (2003), 372.119 y .


37/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


pp svgy s s sbs

y,120 s ssy v psy s pss b y . h s

v s Gv v pssb s s y

jy, p jsb ss, gv y

sf s .121

nvss, c Lz v. cmm Ele-

122 vs v qs s psy

qy ps p p

css es sp p vy

gs.

g p pg vy

v p b

, , jy

. b , g

p -p xg

v B Pb, g , vy

y gz z. P g

y b p p k g

, by b pb b

y b jy ppy by z. jy, ,

pb p v p

y pb j . w

gz gv by

q by g z,

y x j. v

, p v y pb p

k, , p z g

v g. P z

y g b

b k p b g y. v p v p

by b pb

y jy py p.123

120My v. del Ferr, 69 P. 199 (1939), 204.121ib.122 120 S 337 (1983), 341-342.123 S y , g p

g , J z, g Gz v. de Vll, 181 S 623 (1990),


38/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


, ps psg n czs mv

es (namrel), zs z qk g s, v s b sg

qs s css es s s pss

v s, ps s by

comelec s, g g

vssg vs s .124

as g pps, , v s gz s pssss

sg s s s s -

s b sy. os, s s s

g sg, b y l .125

5) Pll Pres

ivs y b b b v y y

p, b s s sy

v s svs. Ts s ps vs

g y gv , g s

pps s ps b ss. czs p

ps, , v s, bg p by

p, vs ps gv s sy pssss gv p. mv, s

b s sg p ps psy xs pps

bg pp v p s pp

gv. P ps gz spy pp

gv g pps, psps ps. as Sp

c s Perl v. cmm Ele:126

[P] p b -

pp. Gv v g pp,

v pv, y.

640, Lz g g b. Gz ,J z [] g p pp p ppx . (ib.)

124Brlle , Jr. v. cmm Ele, 432 S 269 (2004), 284.125 telemm Br arey he Phlppe, i. v. cmm-

Ele, 289 S 337 (1998), 343.126 82 S 30 (1978), 57. T Lb g demkrkg Plp

v. cmm Ele, 423 S 665 (2004), 686.


39/108

LOCUS STANDI


p py b

gz . p gv x gv. P p

p g

p, p bg pp

pb py. Ty pp b

y gv; , y, y

gz

gv. y p -

p b g

zy, y y b pv

.

w g sg p ps, c, see

he Phlppe v. Erm, By M, p

py sg q s b ss

hs rpsvs 2004 s s, ,

pp gsv pss s py

yg py s sys g zs bgg g-

z ps ss, gzs ps k

- p ss b

gs b .127 hv,

sp p py, PdP-lb, ssv s g sg v s sss s

s p c sv v s-

ss, c q s g b sg

g s p by qg s s

sbs (1) s ( s pb) sss

vv s, (2) ps s sg s-

127 S 2 T Py- Sy (pb 7941) :

S. 2. delr Ply. T S p pp p- pv pv g py- y g , g p g-z , b p z bgg g-z p , gz p, k- p b b ppp g b , b b pv. , S vp g , p py y b pb p py, gp pv by g p g, pv p pb.


40/108

0 RENE B. GOROSPE


sy pb by pb sp gy

sy gv, (3) k y py sp s sg qss bg s.

T c s s s s s

ps, pb s sss vv

ps sp ss s

vsy, PdP-lb s b sg. is g

e.o. 464 ps s gsv g s vg , bs

s y gz s ss s p

ps. c jy, , s sp-

sb sp svs p s -y pb j s. i , PdP-lbs g s

s p py s s g sg.128

o s, c xp ss

p ps, s

py-s gz (By M) p py

(PdP Lb). i s ss b

cs sg gs:

w b p v b g, PP-b,

k By M, p py- g-z. PP-b b g

p, t their party, b , .., gv

pv, g

. By M b g,

, py p py. ,

g py- y, pv By

M y b v b y y,

By M , py, v

v g v

pv. , g,

PP-b b g her vl pe.

, g By M pv

py g p g

, v y g py g

, y v

y ppy PP-b b g.

128 488 S 1 (2006), 39-40. .. 464 b xv B ppg g vg p .


41/108

LOCUS STANDI


By M pp gv

p y b PP-b.129

i Velre v. sl Je sey,130 s bg by p

py ssg pp p s gs s

sg p s, skg by s

s p s vv s j g

sp c S,131 c, sg ps

bgg ss gg sy ,

s s s y s v, b s

s ps v ss g

ssg s jy s s s , y s s y v b, b b,

s g pvg y y , y

b b sbj s bs ps by s

s p , bsv

g P y SJS

p py b g v b

vy by g p b,

q v. g

SJS b pv v p p. g y

b b g g pvg

b v pb y kg.

Flly, gy k b

z-xpy-g v g by

p by jp.

y p p ; k

vg, gy pv y q

g.132

i s b s g p ps,

ss ps b s, s s vby

v bg qs sg.

129 see he Phlppe v. Erm, 495 S 170 (2006), 180-181.130 428 S 283 (2004).131 p S b vb. (onst., . , 6)132 428 S, 296-297.


42/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


6) asss orgzs

i s p gs s cs vs

j sss gzs .133 i s

s g pp b v

vy vy. as syg gs, s sg.

ag, gzs sss ssy b gz

k p ps s pp s

gv. ty y b s pg s

ss. B v s g, y bs y s

b by s, ps pgs gv,

y y y k qs s. T v s ss s sg p js s

bs. Ts v ss g y ss

s bs. a ss s sg s s ks

sp s k s s bs by .

a gz s sg ss s s ss134

s b g s v bs sk

k v xpss vs ss

gvs.135

Sy, c s gz sg ss s gv sv by

gv pgs s gs g s

pss bs s. T c :

, p y pv

bv b vb g b.

y SG g p -

b qy b vy b

qg pv ,

py p g py

. y, p b v

133 g pp, g py pb pv, , , pp y b bg. (onst., . , 8)

S g -gv, y-b, g-z p . (onst., . , 23)

134Exeve serery v. cr appel , 429 S 81 (2004), 96. S Klg My u Lbr ceer v. Gr, Jr., 239 S 386 (1994).

135Exeve serery v. cr appel, 429 S 81 (2004), 97.


43/108

LOCUS STANDI


jy g y v b

q p.136

i telemm Br arey he Phlppe,

i. v. cmm Ele, v, c s

sg gz ys vs bsg

ps ssg s s s ys s zs, x-

pys, gs vs ssg sy g

pvs kg vs b-

sg ss py js ps. t c

, s s p gzs bs sg

b s b c:

p y BP v g

g v bg p.

Sg j er b gz y b

py g b py,

py g,

g py b py

p py .

p. T BP

p y b y

bg pv p.137

nvss, c p s s s

p, bs py, pp v qs

sg bg s g.

Psg gg, s y u.S.

Sp c s s gz sg pss

ss sy ss p ss

sp s. i Grwl v. ce,138 s vvg

ps pss gv pss v b , u.S. Sp c gz sg pyss s

s gs pp y

pss sp, g [] gs sb ,

136 Hly spr Hmewer a, i . v. deer, 497 S 581 (2006), 592.

137 289 S 337 (1998), 344.138 381 .S. 479 (1965), 481.


44/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


pss , ky b vsy ss s

gs s s vvg s v s k . lks, nl a r he

aveme clre Peple v. albm,139 s b g

ss ss qy s bsp s, a

Sp c j g ass k sg

ss s gs pg s bs,

ps g. i xp:

b b p-

g, gy p y

y g p v.

tle v. ullm, 318 .S. 44; b Kk, J

Sp (1951 .), 298.

b j

pb b v. see ahwer v. teeee Vlley ahry,

297 .S. 288, 346-348 (g p). T pp -

p g p -

y b b vy v xp

g ppp pv b . S Brrw

v. Jk, 346 .S. 249, 255-259; J a-F Regee cmmee

v. MGrh, 341 .S. 123, 183-187 (g p).

i Pere v. sey ser,140 pv ss p ss

sbsv pss gs ps s

ps. t ss cs s s

ps jy gs P p gs

( ss) reem rm ervve jry jy vg s

ss.141

w Ppp Sp c y v gz

sg sss gzs, s ss

b sv . i iegre Br

he Phlppe v. Zmr,142 s, c

gz ys g b s p-

g s g s vs sg p s

gz:

139 357 .S. 449 (1958), 459.140 381 .S. 479 (1965), 481.141 b, amer cl Lw. V. [3 . (2000)], 439.142 338 S 81 (2000).


45/108

LOCUS STANDI


v by BP y pv

g , by , g . g

by gp zy. B

bv-, BP p p

b . -

pp , S 2, 139-

, v p

pv j , b

by py .143

Y, v s c s sg iBP,

s: ts c, v, s gy iBPs bsy sg s s sss

. T iBP s, by y gs p, ssy s c

s s sk b j s -

vsy.144

o sg s g, , s ss c

ss by v gz, gzg y s

sg pg sbsq s p sgy

v y. i Klby, irpre v. Gg,145 c s

sg ps146

qs j v g- by Ppp cy Spsks o (PcSo)

pv p: t py ss l

ps s, , b sv v. a pys

sg b s c s p y y,

xs s s, s s v p

sss s.147 T g y, PcSo

eqp ls ag s s s

, Ksby s -ps Gg g c

143i., 100.144i., 101.145 232 S 110 (1994).146 Kby -k p p v-p

z, p, p, , y ,j, . T p, xp b g g p b xpy z, p b B Kby xpy z.

147i., 134.


46/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


qsg g. ts , v, c

y sg, s sg. t cz:

S y py. B ,

by

y b . pv g

g p v y b

p g p b

y vv. J b

g g py , qg

vy y, g

py xpy, z b B. (V v.Ppp y Spk, G.. . 78716, Sp. 22, 1987)....148

* * * * *

T -x g

g. T vg p g pv

, v (7) b g p

g x (6) yg p g bg . T

jy ky b

y bq g. , v b g

b , J z

B pp p

J . Gv y b g p g.149

T :

y p g g y b -

g . , y pkg, v

, g p

q y vv.

p p

g 3, 2 q

vy b p

py .150

i g pps gzs, c s -

g p slk v. Exeve serery:151

148Klby, irpre v. Mr, 246 S 540 (1995), 558.149i., 558-559.150i., 562.151 421 S 656 (2004), 667.


47/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


v g p pp gz,

v q py q vy p ,

Klby v. Mr:

pv S p

p pp gz b

pp p p,

k, g v

p g p ,

g v b pp v

, p, -kg

b bg. (. X, 15-16)

pv v g

y p g,

y b, y vk j p. j-

, v vvg

q, by vy q-

. V, 5. T q vy

j . -

kg kg p

p gv b bgg

by j y py.

t x, , ss sss

gzs s bs y by gv-

, sss y bg p s

bs b. ts s gz s s k b

ss ps psy s b s.

7) Ll Gverme us

T cs s s s bs ps g

y.152 i s y g y s s v

psy sg qs gv s

y -bg.

152 T S y gv. (onst., . , 25)

T g gv pv pv b gv g y z v , v, , g gv p, pb, , pv q, , pp v, , ,


48/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


i Jh Hy Peple alerve cl v. Lm,153 c

gz psy gv qs gy ps ss, g :

T g by gv g -

b v qv vg g g

, g

by g p b v

z. T, p, bg b

Bg, g gy P . 420, p

b y v

jy gv bg g.

, by p y q vv

, k P . 420

vy x pp Bg y.

i Prve Bg v. Rml,154 c

gv skg p v s

s , lGus, pg s

s xs i rv a (ira), s

qs sg bg s.

w s k , gv s v

g pss ss b pj

s by s, ps pgs gv. t

x s ss s y b p by s

gv s, x y gv s

sg p.

t gg vv s s c g

ys s sg, s gz s, g

pss ps ppg b . T s b

g cs sps s qsv p 1987 cs. a, s b s

sy, cs y s gz xp

p ss ps b .

p , g gz p . (. X, 3)

153 414 S 356 (2003), 371-372.154 429 S 736 (2004), 756.


49/108

LOCUS STANDI


TRASCEdETAL R PARAmT ImPRTACE CASES

w c y ss b

v qs psy qsg

sy gv , s s y g

s by vkg xps bg b by ss

v j s, vz., s s-

p p s s p.155

T pys sg s s s by sbsv

s s py s .156 i Lm v. Exeve

serery, c :

Gv p p vv,

v p :

g, v p p

g p,

, x , b p-

b k gz p, v

y Eerecy Pers Cases, :

*** y z xpy q

y v xv by

P Q g y vvg y

g

pb. bj y

pp p trasceetal iprt-

ace t the public these cases eas that they be

settle prptly a eitely, brushi asie, i e ust,

techicalities prceure. w v pp

xp y . [ ]

T pp bq gzales

vs. ComELEC, daza vs. Sis, Basc vs. Phil. Auseet

a gai Crprati, py :

g v p pb b, kpg y,

1987 ,

155 Klg My u v. drer -Geerl , nl Em develpmeahry, 487 S 623 (2006), 640, p pb g. del Mr v. Phlppe ameme Gmg crpr-, 346 S 485 (2000), 502, vg g.

156telemm Br arey he Phlppe, i. v. cmm Ele, 289 S 337 (1998), 343.


50/108

0 RENE B. GOROSPE


b gv v kp v

y v b gv ,

b p k

gz p. * * *

g, Kilsbaya vs. guia, Jr.,

p, the

curt ay relax the stai requireets a all a suit t

prsper eve here there is irect ijury t the party claii

the riht juicial revie.157

, c, Klg My u Lbr ceer v. Gr,

Jr.,158 svy ss bz sg bs

ss s, s gg bkg psy

p bgg s:

g rge p p g

, y b b p

y gz g g p v

p .

by j p. y Emergey

Pwer ce, x v

q pp py. Klby,

i. , e . l . v. te Gg, Jr., e . l., py

p, vz:

*** py g b p

y y, x ,

v p .

k gy P , [G.. . -2044

( v. g); G.. . -2756 ( v. g);

G.. . -3054 (gz v. p); G..

. -3055 (G v. ); G..

. -3056 (B v. ), 84 P.368 (1949)], b y b

p pb

y b ppy y, b-

g , , p. (v

v. , G.. . -2621). xpy

, v

157 380 S 739 (2002), 750-751.158 239 S 386 (1994).


51/108

LOCUS STANDI


b ,

( v. pg, 43 S 677, 680 [1972]) jy p . [S

v. , 73 S 333 (1976)].

* * * * * * * * *

b py l ,

y xpy, b g, v

p, -p v gz

p b q -

y vy , , , g, v

gv g . g

g y () .. . 3836

gy v kv S pv v

b g (Ppp , .

v. Gz, 15 S 479 [1965]); (b) xv . 284,

by P z . q 25 Jy 1987,

b b, , -

gv p (v b

v. xv Sy, 194 S 317 [1991]); () -

ppp b v G ppp

(Gg v. g, 196 S 221 [1991]; () .. . 7056

g yz ( v.

, 199 S 750 [1991]; () P.. . 1869 (

Ppp Gg p)

g y , pb py, (B

v. Ppp Gg p., 197 S 52 [1991]);

() .. . 6975, bg Ppp P.

(p v. xv Sy, 206 S 290 [1992]).

v b py gg

l kg vy gy ()

g p g pb

p by .. . 3452 ( Py P -

, . v. , 13 S 377 [1965]; (b) P.. . 991 1033 y pp

P.. . 1031 pv,

, , -pb 16 b

1976 (S v. , pr); () bg

3,179 q ppg, -k,

ky, Jp ( v. G, 187 S 797 [1990]); () ppv

g by B v pp-

B P p

p B Bg vy

k p y p /


52/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


q p g (G v. B v, 177 S

374 [1989]; G v. B v, 191 S 288 [1990]);() , , g, xv

Sy, Sy , v,

, v v B

xpg P p x

( v. g, 197 S 771 [1991]); ()

gy gy B 5 6 b 1990

g g pv

p p b -

x; ( v. gy gy B, 199 S 454

[1991]); (g) xv . 478 v p y

P0.95 p p p (G v. xv Sy,211 S 219 [1992]); ()

g pp, by , b v

b Sgg ( G v. ,

208 S 420 [1992]); () by

y g P Py y (Py

, . v. , 101 S 662 [1980]).

1975 aq v. cmm Ele (62 S

275 [1975]), , p qv g p-

py p, v v-

p p b -g

p p. w de G v. coMELEc

(spr) , g G pp

v l , g , p b

, b p y g

p vv, g

p x q v by pp,

p gg b v

by p.159

i ome v. cmele,160 c ss s-

qss vv, s p pb ss vv s y b s ppy

y, bsg s s ps. o ,

Velre v. sl Je sey,161 c, g

ss c s bz l q s:

159 239 S, 402-404.160 199 S 750 (1991), 756.161 428 S 283 (2004).


53/108

LOCUS STANDI


Sy ,

SJS P b p p pp. T py

p b , b k gv- y. T b p-

v , v b b. 162

i , g, c v v xp

s sg l q, s

b bs s ss b sv y-

y p s sgs.163

i , ss p p ss s- qss vv, sg qs y b x

s y b psp eve where here re jry

he pry lmg he rgh jl revew.164 Ts, s

bs l s psy bgg

s s x, s s s g p-

ss ps, psg bkg b

pppss py b . T py ks bks

sy p ps s sb , sbs

by, ss pss.

B ss sss s p? t

c pv gs Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve

s s:

bg p-

, g v by Sp J P. v:

(1) vv ;(2) p g

y pb by pb p gy -

y gv; (3) k y py p g q bg

. ppyg , p.165

162i., 297.163i., 298.164 c ol Reer a, i. v. trre, 465 S 47 (2005), 62;

p pp.165 415 S 44 (2003), 139; see he Phlppe v. Erm,

488 S 1 (2006), 35.


54/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


Js s s s s gs, c p

pv v:

, p b

l p p

b g pp,

p p pb.

sh lberly e , hwever, me h he reqreme h

pry hl hve ere he mer lly elme.

a pry m , he very le , ll ple he exee h

ere, beg e whh r ke jl e.166

i s b ks c, bsg s qs sg, s vby z ss s p-

y s xp y

y b ps ss. B s g

l s bg b s Js (,

c Js) P bsv:

y p b, v, -

x G.167 l

p . p p b

q v 1, V

j ly vvvg g gy b b.

T p b

py g g

. By gg q l p

b pb ,

g by j .168

i s b s g l y by

xps b v ps g

g qs gv s s s ssg

s ps s g p s. i s

166i., 139; p pp.167de G v. cmm Ele, 208 S 420 (1992).168 g p Klby, irpre v. Gg , Jr., 232 S 110

(1994), 177. p, : w p jyp, , p b by P. P g p pb . T q g j p. i merely ehlrle prere whh we re lbery regr. (p pp)


55/108

LOCUS STANDI


g, s s pv by v pvss cs

p s- Pp P rv 1986. tc s g pvss p pp

v g sy vsg s gv g

gs, x, , j.

TE PEPLE PER REVLTI 6

i by 1986, p pp sg s- edSa

Pp P rv by y s vg

xsg p vy p y

v s s v s s y sss vs.169 t edSa v 1986 s

y pps g s y.170

g s s v s sy s

sbsq p Pp P cs,171 v

s pvss sg g g pp

p v--v gv.172 t 1987 cs

s pp p s cgss s

pss s s v xs.173

nvss, g x - b, v, pps b y k

gs g. as c bsv By v. Erm, v

gvs s p pks spv

s ps sy b s v

Ppp sy:

169 g by 1986 v, vy p , ppy k pp p v p pp -v y xg g. (Leer ae Je Rey s. P, 210 S

589 [1992], 597)170Gr v. cmm Ele, 227 S 100 (1993), 103.171 J z, p p Lmb v. cmm Ele, G.. .

174153 174299, 25 b 2006, 4, v S.172 by 1986, v, pp x g

y v y b g v . T pp p v pb v z 1987 . X xpy gz g Pp gz .... (Grv. cmm Ele, 227 S 100 [1993], 109)

173Gr v. cmm Ele, 227 S 100 (1993), 103.


56/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


S G g g ,

kg, y b y pk . , Sk G,

b v g , .

, g bv B.P. . 880

vy y py pk

x vy 1985, 20 yer g, b

p gb. T pp v b k

g p

v 1986.174

t s x, s s l

pp p pvss c s p by

g 1986 Pp P rv s v b

g vk g.

PEPLE EmPERmET PRVISIS

TE CSTITTI

T [1987] cs s : gv g p

pp, y by gvg s v ss ,

b s by bg b vb ks -svs.175 a, s Js (, c Js) P g

pp p 1987 cs: i s ss, s

c s psz pp p s xp 1987 cs.

o ob 5, 1993, bsv pps g s g y

b cs. o Spb 30, 1994,

ps pp p b s k xsss gv-

y vz vss pps vs

g b j.... the c ll erge peple

empwerme blm ll.176

174 488 S 226 (2006), 263.175ag Bgg By-oFW Lbr Pry v. cmm Ele, 359 S

698 (2001), 719.176 g p sg v. cmm Ele, 270 S 106 (1997),

176-177.

T 1987 b v pp p b k x gv. (Gr v. cmm Ele, 237 S 279[1995], 282)


57/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


a g 1987 cs, s g

pvs ss, s s sv pv-ss , s yss sy, spp

pps y s bz pp ,

v , by c s

b g ss l . Sgy, s b

bsv ps c s ss sg .

by 1986, pp k

y. y pp gv

P b v. the c-

w rewre emby he le her experee.oe he le he lly mpleely rreerg he pwer

mke lw he leglre. , ppv

B, he ew c beme le rg

pbl l .177

os s, pp v s p -

svs y y v g v gv

s s.

ts sg v pp pg pvss

1987 cs s g :1. iv

2. og p yss

3. is s

4. rg sg zs qs

bss ssps pvg hbe

rp , p

p Sp c k s v

5. Pps Ps

6. ep vs p ps7. rg p -gv g-

zs

8. Py-s sys

9. Py spy, ,

10. exp j p

177 Gr v. cmm Ele, 237 S 279 (1994), 288, g .B Sg B, ty 6 Spb 1994; p pp.


58/108

RENE B. GOROSPE


ivy, s sp sp pvss y

b s g, spy sp pp p s

, y b s g bz pp

g pp v g sy s

gv, y, g y v pps

js pssv sps. i s their gv y

v p g k s s y

v g sy, s y y g v s

g gs, psy, s.

1) ive Referem

o xs gsv ps, cs pvs:

gv p b v g

Ppp S p-

v, xp x v pp by pv

v .178

* * * * *

T g , y pb, pv y

v , xp , by

pp y pp ppv jy p p by g g-

v by g p g by

per em b g v,

vy gv b p by

per em g v .179

m py, pvs pps

v g sp -kg ppsg -

s cs.

y k b y p-p by pp g v p p

v per em b g v,

vy gv b p by per

em g v .

b z v y g

vy v y .

178 . V, 1.179 . V, 32. p pv, g 1989 pb

. 6735, k T v .


59/108

LOCUS STANDI


T g pv p x-

g.180

i , g gs, p v

s s b ps zs:

g gv

pv pv b gv

g y z

v , v, ,

g gv p, p-

b, , pv q, ,

pp v, , , p , g g-

z p .181

css pbs, pp

pvs ss vs y kg ps

lgs. ts, 1935 cs spy s: t lgsv

p s b vs cgss Ppps, s ss

S hs rpsvs.182 t 1973 cs

vs Bsg Pbs,183 g Ps

180 . XV, 2. sg v. cmm Ele, 270 S 106 (1997), Peple ive r Rerm, Merz a (PiRMa) v. cmm Ele, G.. . 129754, 23 Spb 1997, Sp .. .6735 p, q g p v pp . Lmb v. cmm

Ele, G.. . 174153 G.. . 174299, 25 b 2006, p ppy x sg, p v sg p pp v Lmb py q. ,

v, , xpy xpy bg sg, p yp p: (10) b p, by v p y gv pg, pb . 6735 q ppv. ( 21 vb 2006, p://.p.gv.p/b.p, v 24 Jy 2007)

181 . X, 3. T by Gv 1991 (.. .7160), py g 120-127.

182 1935 onst., . V, 1.

183 T gv p b v Bg Pb. (1973 onst.,. V, 1)


60/108

60 RENE B. GOROSPE


xs ks, ps s a 6

1976.184

w 1987 cs, cgss s s s gsv

p pp svs, pp p

s b s pvs p.

T p gs s y by pp svs

y k k s. Ts, y

ys cgss y . Ty

svs s . a s pps, v185 s y

k , pss kg by pp svs

pp v gs ss psvs.186

i y b s, g, g v, pp

y g gg ss p y bgs

s p. S y svg, v gzs

pp rgl p gs.187

tg p ,188 pp s gv

gsv p pgv ppv j

pss by cgss. i sss y ppvg

184 wv jg P (P ), x gv gy , v BgPb g by b qy y y jg q , y, xgy, y , , , p .

185 v p pp pp pp g g pp. (3(), ... 6735)

186 sb By Merpl ahry v. cmm Ele, 262 S 492(1996), 511.

187 T , pkg v Gr v. cmm Ele, 237S 279 (1994), 298, :

*** T p p [ k p] k y g b y vgy pp, gp g g p v. y bg by v pp. b y g b gv.

188 p ppv j gg pp. (3(), .. . 6735)


61/108

LOCUS STANDI 6


jg s b p by gsv by

bs s pss vg sby ss px v.189

o v, pvs v s

s y pv 1973 cs,190

y, .191 ts ss p s s sg

spsby by. i yg, , s

v y b s s sgg

g pp v b gsp s

, s gp , gv, spy g

v py sg y.192 h, s gv-s b p gv y b

b y spsb ss

gsss ss.

By gvg pp p v, s b s

s s g pg by g

s gv.193 o v

s, s b s b s pp-p qs.

189sb By Merpl ahry, 262 S, 511.190 Bg Pb gv y

b xp by jy v b, g pv b gv v y ,g g gv p, pb, , pvg q, v, , ,p, , , g gz p . v, y g xg gv k by jy v pb pp. (1973 onst., . X, 2)

191 v pb by pp b

. T pp pgv v pb vg p b , p p gv p. S p b b pb pp pb . vy, qy b g pp pv y. (Gr v. cmm

Ele, 227 S 100 [1993], 108)192 T S y gv. (onst., . , 25)193 v p y by g pp y

pp . , gg k y b

v by g v. (. 14, Lmb v. cmm Ele, G.. . 174153 174299, 25 b 2006, 13, v S)


62/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


v, k ,

p y. zg - S pp p. k

pb, y xp pp vgy.

Ty g pp b

p g p x, pp, ,

pp gv; v

x py, by

. Whle he e h, her me be

m be relely rk w, he her, her legme exere

hl be relly rre zelly pree.194

T c s s []k s, v p vb s xpssg pp

svgy. a s c s py x

vy , p p g xs.195

iv s ks b v, g , s -

p pp g gv s

ss.196

2) Pll dyses uesrble

css pspy Ppps s pb s, ss pb p pp,

1987 cs s s s ps g

p yss. Ts, ps: T S s g q

ss pps pb sv, pb p yss

s y b by .197

a ss b cs

css 1987 cs s

pvs:

pv p b-g gg q pb . g

pv pk erve, b b

194 J (, J) Pgb, g g p sg v. cmm Ele, 270 S 106 (1997), 189.

195 sb By Merpl ahry v. cmm Ele, 262 S 492(1996), 517.

196Gr v. cmm Ele, 237 S 279 (1994), 289.197 . , 26.


63/108

LOCUS STANDI 6


zg p p. p

bj, b. Sxp pv :

By g pv, pp

p, yg pg p py

p p gv. w

v gv v p

p b, y xp g

. g

y p v

.

b p y v y pzg ppg p. , -

pb p y.198

a pb s psv gv pb s

spps b svg pp s

ss .199 agy, b b v

gv by bgg s

s g v pss gs p pb pks

g g k s y

. i p s y, g s v gver-me be rry gee. T ss p s,

g bk pp s x pp

s gv.

y, s s s py b

s cgss, ps vy pp y

v sbs p yss, s yg

198 Jq G. B, S.J., Te 1987 c he Phlppe: a cmmery

(1996 .), 92.199 Mqer v. Brr, 15 S 7 (1965), 9, q

p .. . 4421 pb p y bqv y p k b p-b pb S. [P]py q pb y pp j yg , p y p p vgy pp gv y , , , p y g v b v bp p v , j p-pp q ppy , p k, , gy, p, by pvy, b b pb .


64/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


b sp ps s 20 ys,200 s s v

b g s vvyg sp, spy pp p.

3) term Lms

a v pvs 1987 cs b s

s s pp-p s pvs

s, g 1935 cs s y

, b y Ps s sv

g sv ys.201 t 1987 c s Pss

sg y,202 V Ps y v sv s.203 w g Ss, y v s b

sv s204 gs hs

rpsvs v b gv sv s.205

Ts py pps ks v s.206

200 B g pp pyg p y, z S, pv py p pp, vy pbby b xgyg g. (B, p. ., 92-93)

201 p v P g v y. Tp v b v P. Vy y g b p y v b . (1935 onst., . V, 5)

202 P b gb y . p P v y b q y . (. V, 4, 1)

203 V-P v v . Vy y g b p y v . (. V, 4, 1)

204

S v v . Vy - y g b p y v . (. V, 4, 2)

205 b pv v v . Vy y g b p y v . (. V, 4, 2)

206 v , xp bgy , b by , b y v v . Vy y g b p y v . (. X, 8)


65/108

LOCUS STANDI 6


lg s v s y s

pg pp v g pp s gv. i s s ss

pg p ss gv s g b pp

js bs s, s sss

g p yss.207 i y s, g s p

py s-pp, b v g s

spy bs y y p, b y vy

s pb s. as Js (, c

Js) Pgb : S pp [ s gp

s p] s y.

208

4) Prlm f Mrl Lw r Spe f he Prvlege

f he Wr f Hbe rp ze S

i s sg 1987 cs s xpy

pv g sg z qs

sy p ssps

pvg hbe rp, s bvg y ss-

ss b l s py v s s s

bg. T cs spy pvs:

Sp y v, ppp pg

by y z, y b p-

p pvg

x , pg

y y g.209

207 . 8, 8 1987 , b :

T pb p - p pv,, p p b b ,, , gv yg g v b p y v pk , b. ( S. , Phlppe cl Lw: Prple ce[V. 2], 1991 ., 507)

208Peple ive r Rerm, Merz a (PiRMa) v. cmm Ele, G . 129754, 23 Spb 1997, p p J Pgb Lmb v. cmm Ele , G.. . 174153 G.. .174299, 25 b 2006, . 3, 12, v S)

209 . V, 18, 3.


66/108

66 RENE B. GOROSPE


w gg cs, s s

q py bgg s b y sbsy j by Ps. is, y z

s q j ss b j s s

b vs qs psy g y Sp

c b zs bs ps

jy y v b, s ky b,

zy s y q by c

. Ts s syb, sg,

s vsg sg zs. is vg

ps g c b ss sg xs s ps Ps p

ssp pvg hbe rp,

cs s y kghe y ze g spreme

cr s qs l ey y legl

r l bss s ps s.

5) Presel Helh Peples Rgh ifrm

i s sg cs s pv-

s psbg sps sgs b k v ss ss bs Ps. Ts, cs ss:

P, pb b

. T b b

g y g

S Ppp, b

P g .210

ts g js b s ms ys

pp kp gssg s s sg-

. . Bs xps, g, [] pps s ss g pps g k b s Pss

, y sv p gvs.211 B

s y, b k s pp-pg pvs

1987 cs, sg ps pp

svgy gv p s b

210 . V, 12.211 B, p. ., 751.


67/108

LOCUS STANDI 67


v s psy gv

y s s s yby s.

i y v, s pvs s b k sgy

pp v, g, g k v

s gv, x bg gv g

b s -bg Ps. t pp

b s s s sps, s

gbs sy kbzs kg pv ps s.

ty y by y

sks xs pgvs y vs .

i y Ps, s, s g pysy,y y pb sgg s s

, pp g k v s -

y v . i , Pss s js s

s s ys . i s s, .

6) impehme cmpls by ivls

T cs, s s sg pb by

s s pyg g pss gv, s pv

p s spg s. w s y ps pvs s s z v

p. Ts, sys: a v p y b by y mb

hs rpsvs by y ze p s

s by y mb , s b

o Bsss sss ys, pp

c sss ys .212

t pvs ss v y s pvs.

ip s py gsv kg s s.

u 1935 cs, hs rpsvs, by v -s s mbs, s p p,213

S s p y ps.214 u

1973 c, s Bsg Pbs, s

gsv by xsv p , y, ss

212 . X, 3, 2; p pp.213 1935 onst., . X, 2.214 1935 onst., . X, 3.


68/108

6 RENE B. GOROSPE


p.215 ng s s b g ps by

zs.

t s b 1987 cs s psss

y b s s s sg

pp by pp s

gv. i y cgss k

s p pss vg, y svs y ,

sbj s vb s y b

hs rpsvs. T sg g js b g

ss vyg .

7) n-Gvermel orgzs

t S s g -gv, y-bs,

s gzs p .216

ts s 1987 cs b -gv g-

zs. Pvg sbs s py, gs

g spy:

S 15. S p p

pp gz b pp p p,

k, g v

p g p .

Pp gz b z

py p pb -

b p, bp, .

S 16. T g pp gz

v b pp v ,

p, -kg b bg.

S , by , b q -

.217

i s g, s y p pvs

pps gzs s s s edSa Pp P

rv s. T c Gr v. cmm Ele

[] sss s pp p v pb s

215 1973 onst., . X, 3.216 . , 23.217 . X.


69/108

LOCUS STANDI 6


v s s sz

1987 cs. is a Xiii xpssy gz r rgs Pps ogzs.218

Spkg S 16, a Xiii bv, Js (,

c Js) P s: ts s v pvs 1987

cs sgg ss svgy pp.219

, pyg c s slk v. Exeve

serery220 []s pvss v g

y rel pre ere r he wh g, s s y

b, y vk j p, s y spy b g

pp-bg v, spy k b pvss sy p g

p zy. ws gs b vg

gss by sp ss pspy

sg.

8) Pry-Ls Sysem

a v bg b by 1987 cs s

py-s sys. u s s-p, y p

(20%) hs rpsvs s py-s p-svs.

pv b p

y b, x by

, b gv pp g

pv, , p

b pv b, b

pgv , , pv by

, b g py- y g ,

g, p gz.

T py- pv yper em

b pv g

py . v

, - py- p-

218 227 S 100 (1993), 109.219 g p sg v. cmm Ele, 270 S 106 (1997),

175.220 421 S 656 (2004), 667.


70/108

70 RENE B. GOROSPE


v b , pv by , by

b, p, b p, g -, , y, y b pv by

, xp g .221

i s b s py-s sys s

bg pp pp gv.

i s s by gz ps ss

sy gv b gg b ps

g sy g -kg. t

cs s : gv g p pp, y

by gvg s v ss , b s by bg b vb ks svs.222 ts ss y

b, ps, sk, b p, gs -

s, y, pp, , y, vs, vss ks,

psss.223 [t] py-s sys sks b

p zs spy s bgg gz -

ps ss, gzs ps b hs

rpsvs.224 a s s py s []y,

p p s ssy sz s s-

y; , s ky s y b

s bk s.225 as c xp:

j pp v v

. py- y b

v . gv g pp

g p g p. g

pj, v g,

g pb. v

b z ppy.226

221 . V, 5, 1-2. T py- y pb . 7941 (1995).

222ag Bgg By-oFW Lbr Pry v. cmm Ele, 359 S 698(2001), 719. S Veer Feer Pry v. cmm Ele, 342 S244 (2000).

223 S 5, .. 7941.224ag Bgg By-oFW Lbr Pry v. cmm Ele, p. ., 721.225i., 722.226i., 732.


71/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


i s b y z py-s sys s js

s pp p, s b pp s g v y b

v s spy bs ss q

p pss.

9) Ply f trsprey

T cs s: Sbj sb s ps-

b by , S ps ps py pb s-

s s ss vvg pb s.227 i ,

s s [] S gzs v -bg.228 Ts sgs k

bs g g pp b .

g pp pb

b gz. ,

, pp pg , ,

, gv b

py vp, b z, bj

y b pv by .229

a ssy y pspy pp psy svg p s k b

b s ppg gv, y

s gv b s s, ss

vs s gv p s b s

. o gy gby xs

s pgv s s-k s s y

k , s ss. ay jg ky b -

s g rmeps. hsy ss

s gv s ys vy; sy s s

227 . , 28.

228 . , 24.

229 . , 7. w pv p pv 1973 -, pv . , 24 28 v y p.

Legp v. cvl serv e cmm, 150 S 530 (1987), 537, g g pp b b p py pb .


72/108

7 RENE B. GOROSPE


pg vps sv gs s.230 agy,

spy gv ps s pp k s p k jg s

s gv spy k ss b-

ps g.

10) Expe Jl Pwer

rv pp p s v

1987 c xps j p. T cs-

s pgp 231 g

j p Sp c s by g :

J p y j

v vvg g gy b

b, b

gv b g k x j

p y b y Gv.232

expg bkg s pvs, Js Gz

s:

pv p

g p q v vg

k py b y v, pg

P g, y pp, y

b g .

bv

p q g

230 J g, g ue se v. Rhr, 418 .S. 166 (1974), 198.

231 1987 pv . V, 1: j p bv Sp y b b by . T by p gg pv .

X, 1 1973 pv: T J p b v Sp y b b by . Bg Pb v p , pb pp j- v , b y pv Sp jv S v .

, V, 1 1935 : T j p b v Sp y b bby .

232 . V, 1, 2.


73/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


y bk p, , pxy

, q x-vgy xg j p

x k x p. P-

y, p

g vg . ( p)

p q .

gy . w p by

g v p p g -

v p q . w p

v b -jb

pg .233

i s v s bsv Js mz:

j p y

b gv b

. V, 1 y gv jy vg -

g y g pv b prele r rm

vkg he pll qe re rer eve he e

er e v v v b g.234

i spssp sp s pp, c Js,

cs css, rb cp xp:

[]his is actually a pruct ur experiece uri artial

la. , p, b the

rle the juiciary uri the epse reie as arre

csierably by the circustace that i a uber cases

aaist the veret, hich the ha leal eese at all,

the slicitr eeral set up the eese plitical questis a

t aay ith it. q, pp g

py hbe rp, , y

p ,

p b gv- p p q. Sp

: w, p, v y p

p . he Cittee the Juiciary eels that this as t

a prper sluti the questis ivlve. It i t erely

request a ecrachet up the rihts the peple, but

233 g p Mr v. Mglp, 177 S 668 (1991), 708.234 Sp p crz v. serery Evrme nrl Rere, 347

S 128 (2000), 314; p pp.


74/108

7 RENE B. GOROSPE


it, i eect, ecurae urther vilatis there uri the

artial la reie.235

hggg sg s g p p-

s y p c Js (, c Js) P

:tw le b

1987 . r

g xp p v x

p -- by P ey

y re ele exere. T e

p cr be pr-ve by xpg j ,

, j bk g g gvb p y b y

gv.236

* * * * *

, xp g py y y

k x -- p

P.

p v p q . 237

expg p s ssy s p-

s s p qs . rx

sg qs s y xps j

p.238 t ps c Js s s s []

sbb s s sss k

l s pb xps j p

S 1 a Viii.239 Sgy, v b 1987 cs-

, y b bz pp

s byg sv ss. ts,

s pssg aq v. cmm Ele,240 1975 s:

235Fr, Jr. v. He Repreeve, 415 S 44 (2003), 125, g ecord of the onstitutional ommission.

236 Sp p iegre Br he Phlppe v. Zmr, 338 S 81(2000), 132; p g.

237i., 135.238 J P, g ue se v. Rhr, 418 .S. 166 (1974),

188.239 g p Klby, irpre v. Gg , Jr., 232 S 110

(1994), 169.240 62 S 275 (1975), 308, by J v, J. Kl-

by, irpre v. Mr, 246 S 549 (1994), 618.


75/108

LOCUS STANDI 7


k g p,

vg y pb g pg g v. T j p

pb g g b p

kpg pb yg p .

p by J: p pv g

pb , vy,

- b pv g.

Pv pb , b bv p-

, p y g . v,

p v vgy py x-

py, g b py .

b b pp Pv. Sy Pb wk , by v y

Pp v. V y ,

y . k pp k

p. p, v, k bk

Sp v. g,

p p

by pp pvy -

y b j p

. pk gg byg ,

v S. J w y p

v. , b p b y b . k

p q pp.

o sg s s c s b vs

s b p qs s s

s v pvs cs:

g g, 1987

p q .... Herere , he jr y h

e he h h l he c re e

g he exere jr. Wh he ew prv,hwever, r re gve greer prergve eerme wh

pv gv b g k

x j p y b y

gv. clerly, he ew prv j gr he

cr pwer g hg. y yy

pv 1987 g

p k.241

241Er v. deer, 353 S 452 (2001), 491.


76/108

76 RENE B. GOROSPE


iy, xp j p y v ps

y bg s y s sg v s- p qss, l y s b sz p

s s v svg sss s y b

s s sbs sg p qs

.242 B s s b s. o y, xp-

s j p s s b s y

sg b x bz. i s g, , s

pb p y vg v243 xp qss

y bss g bz pp sg

.

242 xp, b, g bv:

, v, g v p g vb px b p q j p vbg g b p g ppy b . g p g, pp -gz b k g b() bg v, p, xg pq j; (b) pp j g gv g j .(amer cl Lw. V. [3 . (2000)], 392)

243 slk v. Exeve serery, 421 S 656 (2004), 664-665, p p:

g S G P- . 435, g b x, . , j , jp bg l rvere. v, q, , pb p yvg v. T b .

b, P y 1, 2001 b

p P PP pp b g P. 38 G . 1. , gy v b xpv, , b p, b, yp p bk g. P b g vy P . v y , v, P . p L v. Perez pyg p g y .

pv q gg, z ppy y y vy b x P g p, p -g.


77/108

LOCUS STANDI 77


i g p s s ps y

s s p s sg vv- ss p qss, s x s

s b s s s zs g

ss j y s y svg s sss

y s, y s s zs s xpys. t xp

j p s b s s js pp-pg

ss s 1987 c. t x s

v g vsg s s p p-

s, x s s sgy pps g v

j y s k gv s s.

11) oher csers

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