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Son of the South. John C. Calhoun as a Case Study for Antebellum U.S. History. Purpose and Objective. Students appreciate a good character in history. John C. Calhoun is the near-absolute perfect character for the Antebellum period. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Son of the South
John C. Calhoun as a Case Study for Antebellum U.S. History
Purpose and Objective Students appreciate a good character in history. John C. Calhoun is the near-absolute perfect
character for the Antebellum period. Hook students on the character of Calhoun by
introducing Calhoun. Calhoun has a deep footprint on major historical
events of the Antebellum period. Connect Calhoun as a tragic character with strengths
and weaknesses to the brewing sectional conflict in the United States.
Standards SS.8.A.1.5 Identify, within both primary and secondary sources, the author,
audience, format, and purpose of significant historical documents. SS.8.A.1.7 View historic events through the eyes of those who were there as shown
in their art, writings, music, and artifacts. SS.8.A.4.1 Examine the causes, course, and consequences of United States
westward expansion and its growing diplomatic assertiveness. SS.8.A.4.2 Describe the debate surrounding the spread of slavery into western
territories and Florida. SS.8.A.4.3 Examine the experiences and perspectives of significant individuals and
groups during this era of American History. SS.8.A.4.5 Explain the causes, course, and consequences of the 19th century
transportation revolution on the growth of the nation’s economy. SS.8.A.4.8 Describe the influence of individuals on social and political developments
of this era in American History. SS. 8.A.5.1 Explain the causes, course, and consequence of the Civil War. SS.8.A.5.2 Analyze the role of slavery in the development of sectional conflict. SS.912.A.1.2 Utilize a variety of primary and secondary sources to identify author,
historical significance, audience, and authenticity to understand a historical period. SS.912.A.1.6 Use case studies to explore social, political, legal, and economic
relationships in history. SS.912.A.2.1 Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War.
The Famous Calhoun
Circa 1849
Background Born in 1782 in Abbeville, South Carolina
– Labored on the family farm Scotch-Irish descent
– Part of Ulster Scot migration Attended Yale and Litchfield Law School
– Southern families of means sent sons to Northern schools given lack of promotion of education in the South
– Litchfield - first law school in U.S. Aaron Burr an alum
War of 1812 - War Hawk Elected to House in 1810 to
South Carolina’s 6th District as Democratic-Republican
Excellent orator and organizer despite lack of charm
Became a War Hawk leader along with Henry Clay– Chairman of Foreign Affairs
Committee– Defend American honor
against British– New England objected given
pro-British views
Post-War of 1812 Nationalism Along with Henry Clay, Calhoun
pursued nationalist policies– Development of
infrastructure Bonus Bill of 1817 -
vetoed Public works and
transportation– Protective tariffs
Develop domestic industries
Hurts agricultural sector– National bank
Missouri Compromise of 1820– Proposed by Henry Clay– Calhoun supported as a
nationalist solution to avoid sectional conflict of slavery
– South objected given limitation of slavery
Secretary of War (1817-1825) During the Era of Good
Feelings Demanded extensive
reorganization and development of nation’s military while supporting nationalist policies
Developed bureaucracies in War Department– Bureau of Indian Affairs
(1824) Seminole Wars
– Requested censure of Andrew Jackson due to invasion of Florida in 1818
Election of 1824 Almost ran as President but settled for Vice
Presidency Election of 1824– 4 candidates: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams,
William Crawford, Andrew Jackson– Corrupt Bargain– Split D-R into Jacksonian Democrats and National
Republicans– South Carolina unanimously voted Jackson
Calhoun won VP by landslide as Adams running mate– Disillusioned by Corrupt Bargain– Turned away from National Republican platform– Ran and won as Jackson running mate in Election of
1828
Petticoat Affair/Peggy Eaton Affair
Peggy Eaton married John Henry Eaton, a close friend of Jackson
Eaton’s personal influence and “quick” marriage led to Cabinet wives and officials to denounce her including Calhoun
Resulting scandal led to Cabinet resignations
Development of Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet
Eventual rise of Martin van Buren
Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Abominations
– Protective tariff of historically high rates– Britain cut off cotton imports; South bought from North at higher prices
South Carolina Exposition and Protest– Based on Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions– Nullification: state vetoes federal law as unconstitutional– Concurrent majority
Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)– Jackson: “Our Union: It must be preserved.”– Calhoun: “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. May we all
remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States…”
Nullifier Party Force Bill
– South Carolina legislature nullified Tariff of 1828– Congress authorized Jackson’s military use to enforce federal laws– South Carolina legislature nullified Force Bill– Calhoun first VP to resign office
Tariff of 1833– Compromise by Henry Clay to reduce rates over the next decade to
appease Jackson and Calhoun
U.S. Senator (1832-1843) Merged Nullifier Party
with Whigs in opposition to Jackson Democrats
Issue of slavery and states’ rights drove Calhoun to become a Democrat
“Slavery A Positive Good” Speech
Secretary of State (1844-1845)
Appointed by John Tyler, a pro-Democratic Whig
Oregon Dispute– Avoided war with Britain by acknowledging 49th
parallel Annexation of Texas (1845)– Opportunity to expand Slave Power– No treaty, but proposed joint resolution– Led to war with Mexico
Conflict Over Slavery
Opposed war with Mexico as threat to states’ rights and slavery
Viewed party systems as a threat to sovereignty and welfare of states
Rejected Compromise of 1850– Endorsed reinforced Fugitive Slave Law
The End
Calhoun died March 31, 1850 His legacy continued on with the escalating
sectional strife between free and slave states