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NaNa22COCO33 + MgBr + MgBr22
2 NaBr + MgCO2 NaBr + MgCO33
No acid involved hereNo acid involved here
4 things “drive” a reaction4 things “drive” a reaction
Make a precipitate Make a precipitate (insoluble substance)(insoluble substance)
Make a gas Make a gas Make water (HMake water (H22O)O)
Movement of electronsMovement of electrons
““MatterMatter” can be classified two ” can be classified two waysways
Pure substancesPure substances ElementsElements CompoundsCompounds
MixturesMixtures Uniform mixtures are Uniform mixtures are
called…called… HomogenousHomogenous Non-uniform Non-uniform
mixtures are called…mixtures are called… HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Matter can be classified Matter can be classified into two categoriesinto two categories
Matter
MixturesPure
Substances
MixturesMixtures can be broken can be broken into two categoriesinto two categories
Mixtures
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Pure SubstancePure Substance can be can be broken into two categoriesbroken into two categories
Pure Substances
Elements Compounds
Chunky peanut butter would be Chunky peanut butter would be considered a ________ mixture.considered a ________ mixture.
HeterogeneousHeterogeneousWhy?Why?It isn’t “uniform”. It’s partly It isn’t “uniform”. It’s partly
creamy (peanut butter), and creamy (peanut butter), and partly chunky (peanuts)partly chunky (peanuts)
Chunky peanut butter would also Chunky peanut butter would also be considered a ________be considered a ________
Good snack right now Good snack right now Put it on some toastPut it on some toastMmmmMmmmYou’d probably want some You’d probably want some
milk too eh?milk too eh?
If something is If something is solublesoluble it it means that itmeans that it
Can be dissolvedCan be dissolved
““Dissolution” is just a fancy Dissolution” is just a fancy word meaningword meaning
DissolvesDissolves
If something If something cannotcannot be be dissolved we say that dissolved we say that
substance is…substance is…
InInsolublesoluble
In a solution of water and In a solution of water and sodium nitrate, the sodium nitrate, the waterwater is is
called the…called the…““SolventSolvent”” The The sodium nitratesodium nitrate is called the… is called the…
““Solute” (sol-yute)Solute” (sol-yute)(Or in Sam’s case: sol-hjute)(Or in Sam’s case: sol-hjute)
In a solution of water and salt, In a solution of water and salt, the salt is called the…the salt is called the…
““Solute” (sol-yute)Solute” (sol-yute)The water is called the…The water is called the…
““Solvent”Solvent”
In a mixture, the In a mixture, the substances that make up substances that make up the mixture the mixture retain their retain their individual propertiesindividual properties
Mixtures come in three categoriesMixtures come in three categories
SolutionsSolutions ColloidsColloids SuspensionsSuspensions The difference between each of these has to The difference between each of these has to
do with the size of the particles.do with the size of the particles.
When mixtures are made, When mixtures are made, the properties of the the properties of the
mixture are a mixture are a combination combination of the properties of what of the properties of what
makes up the mixturemakes up the mixture
We discussed three types We discussed three types of “mixtures”:of “mixtures”:
SolutionsSolutions
ColloidsColloids
SuspensionsSuspensions
Mixtures that are made up Mixtures that are made up of of very small particlesvery small particles are are
called…called…
“ “Solutions”Solutions”
There are a wide There are a wide range of range of
solute-solvent solute-solvent combinationscombinations
Types of Types of solutionsolution combinations: combinations: Gas-gasGas-gas Gas-liquidGas-liquid Liquid-gasLiquid-gas Liquid-liquidLiquid-liquid Liquid-solidLiquid-solid Solid-liquidSolid-liquid Solid-solidSolid-solid
The alcohol from grain The alcohol from grain is “ethyl alcohol”. is “ethyl alcohol”.
This can be consumedThis can be consumed
The alcohol from The alcohol from wood is “methyl wood is “methyl
alcohol”. This cannot alcohol”. This cannot be consumed.be consumed.
Rubbing alcohol is Rubbing alcohol is “isopropyl alcohol”. “isopropyl alcohol”.
This cannot be This cannot be consumed.consumed.
The term “proof” in alcohol comes The term “proof” in alcohol comes from the “proof spirit” of a beverage from the “proof spirit” of a beverage Sailors in the UK were paid with rum.Sailors in the UK were paid with rum. To make sure the rum wasn’t diluted, they To make sure the rum wasn’t diluted, they
would “prove” that there was enough would “prove” that there was enough alcohol in the rum so that if you poured the alcohol in the rum so that if you poured the rum on gunpowder, it could still be ignited.rum on gunpowder, it could still be ignited.
The minimum amount was a 4/7 ratio of The minimum amount was a 4/7 ratio of alcohol by volume.alcohol by volume.
A solution is a mixture A solution is a mixture of two different of two different
substances that are substances that are evenly distributedevenly distributed
Mixtures made up of Mixtures made up of a a little larger particleslittle larger particles are are
called colloidal dispersionscalled colloidal dispersions
a.k.a colloidsa.k.a colloids Colloids scatter light Colloids scatter light
(Tyndall effect)(Tyndall effect)
A colloid consists of a A colloid consists of a dispersed phasedispersed phase (what (what there is less of) and a there is less of) and a dispersing medium dispersing medium
(what there is more of)(what there is more of)
Colloids Colloids appear appear homogeneoushomogeneous but are but are
actually heterogeneousactually heterogeneous
Types of Types of colloidcolloid combinations: combinations:
Gas dispersed in a liquidGas dispersed in a liquid Liquid dispersed in a gasLiquid dispersed in a gas Liquid dispersed in a liquidLiquid dispersed in a liquid Liquid dispersed in a solidLiquid dispersed in a solid Solid dispersed in a liquidSolid dispersed in a liquid Solid dispersed in a gasSolid dispersed in a gas Solid network dispersed in a liquidSolid network dispersed in a liquid
Identify these types of Identify these types of colloidcolloid combinations:combinations:
ExampleExample Dispersed Dispersed phasephase
Dispersing Dispersing mediummedium
PaintPaint
SmokeSmoke
AerosolAerosol
JelloJello
Identify these types of Identify these types of colloidcolloid combinations:combinations:
ExampleExample Dispersed Dispersed phasephase
Dispersing Dispersing mediummedium
PaintPaint SolidSolid LiquidLiquid
SmokeSmoke SolidSolid GasGas
AerosolAerosol LiquidLiquid GasGas
JelloJello Solid networkSolid network liquidliquid
Identify these types of Identify these types of colloidcolloid combinations:combinations:
ExampleExample Dispersed Dispersed phasephase
Dispersing Dispersing mediummedium
ButterButter
Whipped creamWhipped cream
MilkMilk
Identify these types of Identify these types of colloidcolloid combinations:combinations:
ExampleExample Dispersed Dispersed phasephase
Dispersing Dispersing mediummedium
ButterButter LiquidLiquid SolidSolid
Whipped creamWhipped cream GasGas LiquidLiquid
MilkMilk LiquidLiquid LiquidLiquid
““suspensions” are…suspensions” are…
mixtures made up of mixtures made up of particles so large they must particles so large they must be stirred (agitated) to keep be stirred (agitated) to keep from falling to the bottomfrom falling to the bottom
A solution is made up of A solution is made up of particles that are very…particles that are very…
SmallSmall (less than 1 (less than 1 nanometer in size)nanometer in size)
If COIf CO22 is “dissolved in” O is “dissolved in” O2 2
this would be athis would be a
Gas solute (COGas solute (CO22) )
in a gas solvent (Oin a gas solvent (O22))
If COIf CO22 is dissolved in water is dissolved in water
this would be athis would be a
Gas solute (COGas solute (CO22) )
in a liquid solvent in a liquid solvent (water)(water)
If sugar is dissolved in If sugar is dissolved in waterwater this would be athis would be a
Solid solute (sugar) Solid solute (sugar) in a liquid solvent in a liquid solvent (water)(water)
If water is dissolved in airIf water is dissolved in air
this would be athis would be a
liquid solute (water) liquid solute (water) in a gas solvent (air) in a gas solvent (air)
If alcohol is dissolved in If alcohol is dissolved in waterwater this would be athis would be a
liquid solute (alcohol) liquid solute (alcohol) in a liquid solvent in a liquid solvent (water)(water)
An alloy is when two An alloy is when two metals are mixed. So this metals are mixed. So this
would be awould be asolid solute (tin) solid solute (tin) in a solid solvent in a solid solvent (copper) to make brass(copper) to make brass
Liquid solutions can be Liquid solutions can be classified as either classified as either
electrolytes or electrolytes or non-electrolytesnon-electrolytes
What does GatoradeWhat does Gatorade®® replenish?replenish?
ElectrolytesElectrolytesPrimarilyPrimarily Na Na++ and K and K++
““Electrolytes”Electrolytes” are substances which are substances whichDissolve in Dissolve in
waterwaterConduct Conduct
electricity electricity (current)(current)
““Non-electrolytes”Non-electrolytes” are substances are substances whichwhich
Dissolve in Dissolve in waterwater
Do not Do not conduct conduct electricity electricity (current)(current)
Electrolytes conduct electricity Electrolytes conduct electricity becausebecause
They form They form ionsions in water in water Examples:Examples: NaCl NaCl Na Na++ + Cl + Cl--
NaOH NaOH Na Na++ + OH + OH--
KK22SOSO44 2 K 2 K++ + SO + SO44--
Electrolytes conduct electricity Electrolytes conduct electricity becausebecause
They form They form ionsions in water in waterAnother word for this is they Another word for this is they
““dissociatedissociate”.”.
What does GatoradeWhat does Gatorade®® replenish?replenish?
ElectrolytesElectrolytesPrimarilyPrimarily Na Na++ and K and K++
Where do these sodium and Where do these sodium and potassium ions come from?potassium ions come from?
Sodium comes from NaClSodium comes from NaCl NaCl NaCl Na Na++ + Cl + Cl-- KK+ + comes from KHcomes from KH22POPO44
KHKH22POPO44 K K+++ H+ H22POPO44--
What really happens What really happens when a chemical when a chemical
dissolves in a liquid?dissolves in a liquid? Water molecules Water molecules surroundsurround
molecules of the solute molecules of the solute chemicalchemical
This process of the This process of the solvent breaking apart solvent breaking apart and surrounding the and surrounding the
solute is called solute is called “solvating”“solvating”
RatesRates of dissolution of dissolution(dissolving)(dissolving)
How fast something How fast something dissolvesdissolves
Three things can be done to make Three things can be done to make most solids dissolve faster:most solids dissolve faster:
Stir it (agitate)Stir it (agitate)Increase the surface area Increase the surface area
(make the particles smaller)(make the particles smaller)Heat up the solution (most of Heat up the solution (most of
the time)the time)
Why do each of these help to Why do each of these help to solvate the solute?solvate the solute?
They make the collisions They make the collisions between the solute and between the solute and solvent more frequent.solvent more frequent.
(i.e., bring fresh solvent into (i.e., bring fresh solvent into contact with the solute)contact with the solute)
Electrolytes conduct electricity Electrolytes conduct electricity becausebecause
They form They form ionsions in water in waterAnother word for this is they:Another word for this is they: “ “dissociatedissociate”.”.
Solutions that cannot hold Solutions that cannot hold any more solute are any more solute are
called…called…
“ “saturated solutions”saturated solutions”
Saturated solutions are in Saturated solutions are in equilibrium becauseequilibrium because
If some undissolved solute If some undissolved solute dissolves, then some already dissolves, then some already dissolved solute will dissolved solute will recrystalize. These processes recrystalize. These processes happen at the happen at the same same raterate..
Solutions that can hold Solutions that can hold more solute than they more solute than they
presently have are called…presently have are called…
““unsaturated” solutionsunsaturated” solutions
A “super-saturated” solution is A “super-saturated” solution is one that one that
Has dissolved more solute Has dissolved more solute than a similar solution would than a similar solution would under normal conditions.under normal conditions.
(They are very unstable) (They are very unstable)
A “super-saturated” solution is A “super-saturated” solution is made bymade by
Heating the solution up so Heating the solution up so you can get more solute to you can get more solute to dissolve in it, then letting it dissolve in it, then letting it cool.cool.
Molarity (M)Molarity (M) is a measure is a measure of a solution’s…of a solution’s…
ConcentrationConcentration
Which is more concentrated, a Which is more concentrated, a 1.40 M NaOH solution, or a 1.40 M NaOH solution, or a
0.55 M Na0.55 M Na22SOSO44 solution? solution?
The 1.40 M NaOH The 1.40 M NaOH solutionsolution
The formula for The formula for calculating Molarity (M)calculating Molarity (M)
is:is:
Moles of solute Liters of solution
How is soda pop carbonated?How is soda pop carbonated?(How do they get the CO(How do they get the CO22 gas gas
in it?)in it?)They force it in by bottling it at They force it in by bottling it at
high pressurehigh pressure (5-10 (5-10 atmospheres of pressure) atmospheres of pressure)
So we can say that as the So we can say that as the pressure of a gas above the pressure of a gas above the
solution increases, the solubility solution increases, the solubility of the gas…of the gas…
IncreasesIncreases(more pressure means more gas (more pressure means more gas
will dissolve)will dissolve)This is known as…(whose law?) This is known as…(whose law?) ““Henry’s Law”Henry’s Law”
Two cans of pop are opened. Two cans of pop are opened. One is placed in the One is placed in the fridgefridge;;
one is placed on the one is placed on the countercounter. .
Which can “goes flat” sooner Which can “goes flat” sooner and why?and why?
The one on the counter The one on the counter because the warmer the because the warmer the pop, the quicker it loses pop, the quicker it loses
it’s fizz (COit’s fizz (CO22 gas) gas)
So, as the So, as the temperaturetemperature of a of a solution goes up, the solution goes up, the
solubility of a gassolubility of a gas in that in that solution goes…solution goes…
Down. Down. Less gas will dissolve Less gas will dissolve in a warm solution than in a in a warm solution than in a cold solution.cold solution.
Ions that do not participate in a Ions that do not participate in a chemical reaction are called…chemical reaction are called…
Spectator ionsSpectator ions
A colligative property on one that A colligative property on one that depends on the _________, not depends on the _________, not
the _________the _________ConcentrationConcentrationNot the identity (so it makes Not the identity (so it makes
no difference if we’re talking no difference if we’re talking about sugar, salt, lithium about sugar, salt, lithium bromide….bromide….
A colligative property on one that A colligative property on one that depends on the _________, not depends on the _________, not
the _________the _________ConcentrationConcentrationNot the identity (so it makes Not the identity (so it makes
no difference if we’re talking no difference if we’re talking about sugar, salt, lithium about sugar, salt, lithium bromide….bromide….