Some social problems manifestedin the novels of Manuel Galvez

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Pflueger, Ina Hudspeth, 1904-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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SOME SOCIAL PROBLEMS MANIFESTED

Approved:

IN THENOVELS OF MANUEL GALVEZ

by

Ina Hudspeth Pflueger

A Thesis

submitted to the faculty of the

Department of Spanish

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

in the Graduate College University of Arizona

1940

iL''Director of Thesis Date

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Contents

Chapter#

Introduction#I# The Novels:

1# La Maestra Normal#2. Nacha Regules.3. El Mai Metaffsico#4. La Historla de Arrabal.5. Los Caminos de la Muerte.6. Humaita,7. Jornadas de Agonia.8. La Sorabra del Convento.9. Miercoles Santo.

II. Problems Discussed and the Solution Offered1. Education#2. Social Conditions#3. Government#4# Religion

Conclusions#NotesBibliography

Page#

1 •

3.5#6.7,9.

11#

13#14.16.

17#25.39,44#51#54.68.

i 3 1 7 b I

1.

Introduction.#'

• ; . . • . .. . : - : : U:

Manuel Galvez was born In Parana, Argentine Repmblio,July 18, 1888. He studied at the college of Salvador in Buenos Aires, graduating from the school of law in 1904. In 1906 he was named Inspector of Secondary Education, an office which he has held up to this time. In 1903 he started, in collaboration with Ricardo Olivera, the review Ideas, to which the best writers of the younger generation contributed. His first two works to be published were Sendero de Humidad and El Diarlo de Gabriel Gulroga. At the end of 1913 he publish­ed El Solar de la Raza. Two years, after its publication the National Government awarded the author ten thousand pesos, to encourage more work of this kind. Since the publication of his first book of verses, El Enigma Interior in 1907. Galvez has worked constantly in the literary field and has given us a series of works of marked value: verses, novels,, assays, and theatrical works•

Manuel Galvez was not satisfied to draw sketches of man­ners but desired to write psychological novels. The descrip­tive element in his novels, however, is much better done and more interesting than the psychological element*! In his novels he discusses the vital problems of his day. His work is intensely realistic, painting a true picture of the lower

strata of Argentine society. He takes one section of social life or spiritual thought, observing and studying it thorough­ly. Usually he has one character fired by an ambition to re­form, who fights against prejudices and social injustice*Nacha Regales i s a novel of the Argentine province and deals with the problem of education. La Soabra del Convento is a novel of the great spiritual unrest of that period*?

While Galvez shows a realistic, penetrating quality of observation we feel that he is capable of feeling and under­standing human unhappiness and misfortune. He reveals a great sympathy toward suffering, although in some places he seems to think that suffering is the means of salvation for some of his characters. Through suffering society exacts a penalty for their wrong doings.

2.

3.

I. The Novels.

1. La MaestraMoraal describes the life of La Rioja, a city in the interior of Argentina. Here life is ordinary, commonplace, and very monotonous. La Rioja is situated on the slopes of the Andes and life has not changed its charac­ter for a hundred years. Here Raselda loves and suffers her tragedy. The plot of this novel is the very commonplace one of seduction. It reveals the lack of morality, and educa­tion of the school teachers. Raselda is a very romantic girl and was intended by nature for motherhood rather than for the schoolroom. She is forced by her poverty to take up some occupation and through the influence of some of her political friends receives the appointment to teach in the primary grades.

In La Rioja she meets the different social circles of the town, the aristocratic daughters of an old family unable to find suitable husbands and thus condemned to a life of gotsip and idleness as well as the women of the lower class that live in the suburbs, the rancheria. which is one of the characteristic parts of every Argentine city. 8he become# involved in tbs intrigues of the school where she teaches,

herself the victim partly of h#r own incapacity as a teacher and partly of the ambition of another woman who wishes to turn out the principal of the school. As. a .refuge for her

troubles she finds Solis, a young man who-has ruined Ms-' a health;in dissipation in Buenos Aires and *ho has come to La Rioja to seek restoration of both health and fortune. Solis beooaes: the reader.1 s guide; through the intricacies of msou- line society: the group of older men that nightly discusspolities in the drugstore of the plasa* the younger men that plot revolution in the cafe,rand the still younger men whofrequent questionable danees in the rancheria. h . :•

. ■" ‘ w ' ' "™ rrThe director of-the sehool. laments:the laok!of .prepara­

tion, effioienoy, and training of theteaeherswithwhon he has to work and the fact that.he is allowed no choice in the selection of these prof psoras. Raseldawas every good ex­ample of the badly prepared teacher. When she came toLa Rioja she realized that she should.review before the opening of school, She finds that she doesn't even know how to study. Her classes are such a dismal failure that the supervisor re­ports her to the director^; He reprimands her and she promises to do better. Conditions are unbllovably bad and Raselda is later dismissed;as a teacher because of inefficiency and be­cause of a scandal which is circulating about the town con­cerning her relations with Sells, r: : _ w

An inspector issent to invesitgate condition*; but even he fails to find >. the root ■ of the evil • The story ends with Soils going back to Madrid and Raselda taking a position in a far away village where she works very hard, asiif seeking re­demption for;her earlier folly#

4.

5.

2. Nacfaa Regale# has as Its theme the redemption of a woman In love. - Nacho is .the woman who attempts the rehabil­itation of the drunken poet in El Mai Metafialoo. In the story of her subsequent life, she attracts the attention of Monsalvat. He is a man with some property, a lawyer by pro­fession, who has read many books on sociology. He rebels r ; against-the social system. He devotes his time to practis­ing what he preaches. The property that gives him his incomeconsists of a tenement house, one of the dreadful kind in

. " :n-'/ r - ‘i, i ; V ' :::a - v f 1 £UV .Buenos Aires which the people call a cenventlllof where tenhuman beings live in one room. He mortagea the tenement

with the intention of remodeling it into a modern apartment house for the same tenants. He meet# their opposition since they cannot understand his purpose. He proposes marriage to Macha, because he thinks he is in love with her and because

' -'''' - ' :■ f/' ' .v.f t vVh;, .ff-rhe believes that he is expiating some part of the evil thatman has done woman. She is too decent to accept his offer

; 'v: - d.:, dd- d -d ddr. \ ■ -l ddv.";;.'and avoids him. He hunts for her through all the evil re-sorts of the city and finally finds her. Monsalvat con- tinues his social service work by giving lessons to illiter­ate workman. Finally he suffers a nervous breakdown, after a complete loss of his property and the kidnapping of Naoha by her former lover. He is taken to a sanatorium by his

' ' : f d - d d . .-d- .d!'=;:y .. : d f v ; ; 'r,. .

friends.; ■ffddZ;' dd ddddrd-: d ;r; • . f.v f ;

After Nacho escapes, she finds Monsalvat by accident, just before he goes blind. She has inherited her mother's

r 6.

boarding house, which gives her a living. She solves the problem by marrying Monsalvat. The atmosphere of the board- ing house is purified by the spirituality and social ehthusi- asm of the blind man. Monsalvat clings to his view of society though it brings him by degrees to ruin. He knows that he is a social outcast, yet he clings to his determination and acts

*. ... ’• '■ • ’ * * • • ' *m .• •• ; - ;, T % . V • % - « * " - «v « > J,, - •* ' .r ' -.i * - ' •• .+■ - It— • \ ^ , r

consistently.V.v - v . .

3* El Mai Metafiaico is also a novel of great social significance. It pictures-, the desperate struggle, failure, and death of; the poet^ .Carlos Riga. He is a poor young man who has come to Buenos Aires to go to school. He feels thathe will:be a:better poet than a lae^er, mo his university ^ career becomes secondary^ His father stops his;allowance and he attempts to support himself by:writing. The book is the^lb story of Bohemian life in Buenos Aires: some of it good, some of It very badt , -b v -.. . b v7-..';;i>v T-b bi,

: Carlos Riga and Mu&rdo Iturblde undertake a literary - Review together:; Here we see some of the social Injustice that other characters of Galvez have rebelled against. Car- e los does^practically^ all the work while Eduardo, who belongs to a very aristocratie family, furnishes the money. Eduardo { is able to accomplish things by mere prestige that Carlos may have worked at in vain for many days. The work is a failure. This means little to M u ^ d b but to' Carlos it represents the

:v7- ;Lbb„.:: 'b b “ v-' :;r i. bv-:v.l- v . i i f 7 lb.''. jA ,V=:~ i -loss of all his savings and many months of useless labor.

; 7;bo ir- r- Vbtubv V-'- 2 * b bv--b>-ivi - l.i-u b7'bi-'-b.bAll sociaty, and especially Eduardo * s family, has no use for

7 lx; ;-7-b >x:bK. Vbbb ::r '.- 7 7 : .r bq-r - .• br-/.bbr.n b-: ;:v. ;L

a struggling writer. Carlos is tolerated lintilhefalia in .

love with Edvwurdo’a sister; and she .with his* Lita is then } i: rushed away for a tour of Europe and Carlos, who understands the plan and the reasons behind it, turns to drink for ror lease from his sorrow;;\ U:.o 1-: ■ Flnanolally things go very badly for him. In followinghis struggle we see a clear picture of the life of the poorer class in Buenos Aires * Galvez shows us all the squalor, %, .: struggles,rand mieery of'the poor:people* Seeial conditions are Unbelievably bad;; ; :o r.

Carlos * friends find him at last in a hovel too filthy for description. They try to help him but in M s long strug­gle , his want and misery, he has oentracted tuberculosis* . Even in M s darkest moments Carlos had remained true to his love for Lita; although he realized that he could never at­tain his ideal. T M s ideal was a home and family with Lita* His friends know that he has only a short time to live and try to make life as pleasant as possible for him.; He seems unaware of approaching death and makes plans for the future• He obeys the doctor•s orders and gives up alcohol. One day he learns of Lita*s engagement to another man and turns again to drink.. He dies a few days later*

4. In La Historic do Arrabal the picture drawn is so realistic as to be almost repulsive. Rosalinda lives with her father, who is a widower. He is a weak-willed individ­ual and comes under the charm of Saturnina, a shrewish woman

6.

whom he later marries.Satorninahasoneson.ElChino. At a very early age he shows great talent for vice and crime. This is the man whe through supernaturalpower gats Rosalinda tinder his control. He has only to lookat her to command her obedi­ence, although she despises him and loathes the thin# that he orders her to do. At the timethat Rosalinda1s father and

Saturnine sire married/ El Chino ii away- from home. He has fled to esoaps the authorities who are after-him in connection with some crime that he has committed. He returns later arid covets Rosalinda, a very beautiful girl who is planning to be

married to the man of her eheioe when they can save enough money. Rosalinda's father has suffered a stroke arid is unable to protect his daughter. The helpless old man is treated with dlsgtistlng cruelty and brutality by El Chinei ‘i r v r '' i.. El Chino forces Rosalinda to go away with him. They live

in a hovel where he carries on his life of crime. She is starved, beaten, and forced to become a prostitute by El Chino. He takes all the money she gets from this degrading life inorder to live without working and so be free to plan moret . r x ; ; J " c : ‘•-x r x - j I . / ' ' - 1.;, , t - • v; xxx" ■' i 'A'crimes. Rosalinda escapes several times, but each time heev Cxrt ; -•:xx f:: ,x- /w-v: ; > xx h:r x2.1:1 v-. v-a-./x.x-xfinds her and after more brutality by way of punishment forcesT-Xf i-X" , X XX'-x ... ' . "V-'. x / xX*.: ■' "* . L-vX'X x-xxx.; . xxher to return to the base life she leads with him.•lXxv,:::; v:' X XX:;: ; ; xiXu x ■'X X X.iX ‘ X X X uxXx

Rosalinda, because of this horrible slavery, loses all1 v . x x ; x - n . X X F X X ; ; ; \ X ' -XX: t n . X ! ::X x x , . X ; x , , X • X X V x

ambition and works constantly to appease the wrath of El Chino.1 L X X * - X X : V x . X X X : ! X X " ; : X x v x X . . , , x X , / X :- x . ' X . x . / X X x . V X X X x ,

The one way to do this is to bring him money, which is his God.v v x , X r f x x x x ; . ; . X i X . r . x V ’ . X ;'X' - - . - . x , - : . X x v - ; , :x X f - x - x - ; . , 1 Xx:

She loses her youth, beauty, and all hope of escape. Toward

9

the end of the novel she again meets her former lever,Daniel Fort!. He still loves her and realizes that she has not been to blame for the terrible life she has led with 11 Chino. He takes her away and plans a life of happiness for her. He tries to comfort her, but she feels in her heart that El Chine will never let her escape. As they sit that night drinking wine to celebrate their reunion, El Chine and his henchmen arrive. 11 Chine leeks at Rosalinda and commands her with a glance to kill her lever, which she does. He then takes her away to ply her loathsome trade so that he may be free to go on with M s criminal life.

After he has forced her to kill her lever he pushes her toward the deer, saying again as he had when he took her from her father's house years before: "You will go my way. You will go my way."

5. Galvez has written three war novels. The first of these is Los Canlnoa de la Huerta. The action begins in Buenos Aires about Easter time in 1865. Notice has been brought that the armed forces of Lopes would take the city of Corrlentee on April thirteenth. Y/ith her allies Buenos Aires prepares for war. There is a feeling that the war is something of a joke; that it will probably last only about three months. They seem to think that Paraguay would have

little chance against the three allies, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. We find all the usual propaganda of war in

10

Baeaos Aires. Typical families are those of Guevara and Car- vajal. Dorila Carvajal and Antonio Guevara are married on the eve of his departure for the front.

The first battle takes place at Corrientes* A pictures­que and important charaster here is Rudecindo Taboada, avalient gauche chief, who covers the whole province with his little band of one hundred gauchos, fighting in his own fashion. In a battle at Corrientes, the Argentine here, Del Cerro, has been severely wounded. He is brought to Tabeada's

: : - ' • ■ ; ■ - - ■ . - . . ■ . v , , . ; . . . ....

house where he is hidden and nursed back to health. He falls in love with Braulia, the wife of the gauche chief, and she with him. Braulia remains true to Rudecindo and sends Del Cerro away, helping him escape through the enemy1s lines. On his way back to his own army, Del Cerro meets Rudecindo in his camp in the forest. He does not know him and in telling of his wounds, hide-out, and escape, he casts some perfidious insinuations about Braulia. Rudecindo then begins to doubt his wife, and goes home one night and stabs her to death as she sleeps.

As Paraguay still is in control of Corrientes, the Ar­gentine vanguard starts a terrible march over the lagoons and forests, often in the blackest might, in that direction. All the horrors of war are pictured very realistlcly. Terrible hardships, hunger, cold, disease, wounds, lack of supplies of

all kinds are experienced by the army. Meantime, Dorila, the

11.

bride of Antenio, has gone with her family to Corrientes, in order to be near her husband. In a battle near the city he ie killed, along with many other friends of the family.

The leaders now see that the war is only starting. The tyrant Lopez is really a great power. The allies seem to be no match for him. The president-general Mitre now begins an

offensive campaign and orders M s army into Paraguay.

6. Humaita is the second war novel. In May, 1866, the allies find themselves face to face with Lopez. He occupies the fort of Humaita, near where the Parana and Paraguay rivers meet. In the allied army is Evaristo Sauce, whose unfortunate devotion to a pretty Brazilian nurse is one thread among the many interests that form the plot. Others are the episodes of the Paraguayan family, Cienfuegos, in the camp in Asuncion. Here we have an assortment of person­al reactions to the cause and to the Paraguayan chiefs.There are the Cienfuegos brothers who follow the dictator. Domingo, a boy only thirteen years old, who was brutally trapped into service, Justo, and Eusebio, a student of The­ology (and entirely loyal to Paraguay, although he hated the tyrant for his cruelty to his family). In the life of Euse­bio we see the results of the supreeslon of similar hatreds; for there are many like him. They hate Lopez personally, yet they identify the dictator with the country and for this reason do not turn traitor.

Up to this point, there has been only one battle in

12

is bloody and in-deolalvei: • Now, meeting between the ranks ef the army. Mitre, the: general of the allied forees, and Lopes try t® see If:, they can finda formula of peace satisfactory to all* Tiwy meet in Tain. Peace,according toMltre, can come only if Lopez leaves the government and is exiled. The allies then attack Curupaytl,verynear Hamaita where!they;are defeated and saffera great loss of men.' DelCerro falls dead on the very parapet ofu the enemy• ao&mp. jCholera: attacks the men of both camps; Lopes saves himself as does Evaristo Sauce, but there are many victims. The love of Sauee for the beautiful nurse grows. He is indifferent to hisrivals, among whom is numbered the Brasilian Andrade.t:Evaristo fears that his love will never be realized because of the jealousy ef: this bully. ^ Eusebio hasmany occasions to know;the superstitious veneration ih; which Lepez is held by the .lower! classes of Paraguay; This attitude is shared by Father Mafz, an old professor @f Eusebio»s in"Asuncion.- Little by little the ; army:of Lopez is drawing n e w ; The appearanceof Brazilian ships of war at Asuneioh about the middle of February ®f 1868, proves that the campaign has ended; Lopez withdraws all ’ but three thousand soldiers from Humaita and goes to the north.

Mitre returns to Buenos Aires. Evaristo is killed at the in­

stigation of Andrade. The unfortunate Eusebio Ctenfuegos, fleeing with the last survivors of Hcmaaita^ kills his own brother Gerardo, f ighting, on the other sids, in A night at­tack.

13.

7. Jornadas de Agonia Is the last war novel. Now the bloodyLopez definitely is in the last stages of his defen­sive war. No family suffers mere beeause of him than that of Rosales. Candelaria Cuenoa de Resales and her children are forced to leave the capital and flee to the forests in the northeast of Paraguay, escorted by brutal guards. The orders of the tyrant are: "These are traitors; it is neces­sary to segregate them and to guard them."

The martyrdom of Eusebio is equal to theirs, since he is made the secretary of Pai Mafz in the bloody tribunal of-y:'"" 'San Fernando. Lopez has executed more than two thousand Paraguayans, men and women, accusing them before the said tribunal of treason. He shows terrible cruelty and injus­tice. If the victim admits the crime he is accused of, he is killed, and if he does not admit it voluntarily, he is tortured until he does admit it and is then killed. Lopez even puts to death members of his own family. Damascene Fragoso, captain of the Brazilian army, is desperate, think­ing that his beloved wife, Joaninha, who was in the capital before the war, now will be in danger of suffering similar atrocities. The Argentines and Brazilians take by assault the camp of Caraguat£. The war ends with the allied victory of Peribuey.

Fragoso goes out with a troop commissioned especially

to look for Joaninha and her Paraguayan friends. It is im­possible to describe the pitiful travels which the latter

14

have made, er the lamentable state In which he finds them. Inexpressible also is the bestial ferocity of Lopes, witness­ed by Eusebio. Finally the Brazilian chief penetrates the last retreat of the tyrant, and the latter dies, together with Eusebio and the last one loyal to Lopez.

8. La Sombre del Convents presents the religious view of a section of Cordoba's leading citizens. The city is full of churches and convents. It has a religious conduct of life among the people that belongs in spirit to a past age. The upper classes and old families form an intellectual arlsteora cy and have traditions that are out of harmony with modern life. The courtship between Teresa and Jos© Alberto is the main plot of this story. Through this courtship one sees the prejudices and habits of a people and their reactions to events.

Jose Albert© is a very liberal -minded youth. Be has spent a great many years of his life roaming around Europe, as a result of being disowned by his father. In his school days he neglects his studies and spends a great deal of time and money in gambling. This was considered outrageous at that time. Finally he runs so far in debt that he has to appeal to his father. Fearing his father's wrath he tries to commit suicide. According to the religious beliefs of his father this was the unpardonable sin. Teresa is the daughter of a sternly religious father. This combination

16.

leads to; 6(W very M^appy moments for the young people* r Belderraln is extremely intolerant in his religious ▼lews. Unbelief is absolutely incredible to him. He has little or no sympathy for any. reforms. Especially is this true if they ©an in any way be connected with the Church.He had been a member of the Argentine Congress when it adopt­ed the law permitting divorce. In consequence he has resign­ed, and since that date no newspaper from the city has been admitted to his house. The members of his family are per­mitted to read nothing but the "Catholic Daily" published in Cordoba. One night a priest hears Jose Alberto speak lightly

of religion and sends word to Belderraln that he is an un­believer. Belderraln calls Teresa in and they have a storey interview in which he tells her of Jose Alberto*s attempt to commit suicide. She has been raised in this Intensely re­ligious atmosphere and finds it hard to exeuso him. After the interview she enters a convent for a period of probation.

Jose Alberto grows more and more bitter against the Church. He rages against the Jesuits publicly, thus increas­ing his sins in the opinion of Belderraln. Only by conversion to religion is Jose Alberto able to get Teresa out of the con­vent . One questions the sincerity of such a conversion, but the stern father is satisfied. He dies begging the pardon of the young couple with whose happiness he has interfered. Hie last words are: "Fear God. Be good Christians. Always obey the Church."

16.

9, Ml#reelea Santo is a record of the sins of the human race as they pass in array before the confessor. He suffers for the sinners, advises and counsels them, and prays for them. It is typical of human weakness that many come to con- fees the same offences over and over again.rc or oi,. ..u':ory, .oi o --r .o -- :: r -'' ~ \ vc o

17.

Ir-,;irV.;v do i - ,1 "Problems Discussed and the Solution Offered.• •• ' ; . - -• - • ... • •• •

Manuel Galvez is obviously intensely interested in the welfare of his country. In his novels he has treated some of the outstanding problems which are interfering with the pro- gross of Argentina. The problems with which he is particular­ly concerned, which 1m has pictured in his novels and strug­gled to remedy, are: education, government, religion, and social conditions, i.e., the working conditions of the middleX i y t* ' : r -" ; - • ;• ^ y- -y - . ■ •; • •, ^ . ; •. - - y- *■".

^ - 1 — V *- ' «* - ♦> ‘ y» „■ - ^ ‘ ■ 1- 1 y -* i - r ». ■ *• >: * r ■ n* 1

classes, better wages or at least a living wage for manual- y 1; : X . y ' . u - y X y y x X X x 1 . r y : . : . n . . y : ; t X h : ■ . . y ;; y I X : : , ' • *labor, vice and alcoholism. I shall attempt to point out

- X X •: i ; - y ;• . . i-yv. yv; :.y; ..riX-Xi.y, yx .,y < L: ,.X x-X: - yhow he has considered and treated these problems and what'XX-yy X'.: r //. . x v ::X Xy :"..X'c.:. '■;t'X"::v.v =: :x, ‘ JX i.x >-.;-solution he offers for them.■ yx, X :.i X C X;.: X’ • ■■ii.ZQy.r: > y-. X X X r ".X X: X ,

X' XX'--If:.'-- y X : 1. Education. yr xxx r -UX x x . v 1’x y’. ';:x r': ; h-..-.:: X < ; L ' u x l X . . x r X y X - y - X , . ' : x * y - x y X / . X x : x y x y - / x i t u x . x U x x

As has been pointed out, education is the chief concern-XxX.wx x y-.: ' X-. ...tX'X . y. - / .x";xV/; xXx X'XX' xxXx'v xx' 'y..rxX::of his novel. La Maestra Normal. This pictures a typicalX y •< - .• * *l"•X1* f w* - v t ri > r * **■' : ** ' i X, ** '•**» ■ .* ■* >'»♦ -*• ' •1 „. -* • •»* *elementary school in the province of Argentina. First heL-x-y.y ;XY.:‘,xr:'':- xx ~x:-x . . . . „ x-Xnx<- -x-: :.;xi xx-xXxX;,; X:xxshows the great need that the people have for education.:svXly-Li:.-. cX, .x'.- y,v:.rx x.yv,. : x. v. x,-:..X yxxvxyx-y x. - xx-xTheir lives lack the culture and interest that educationxxxv r.xx vX.j • rvX' y .X : :* xv. x.-:.. X • "V : x.y X :...XXv*r-‘ - - -y:.., - r.,,; yalone can give them. Against this background he shows the-x:x r..v.x X: . y x x - X: .. Xv- x '■ x.. • X" x*v x X:.x x. x xy xx.x xxa X.'.-.V- A x x-y .weaknesses and defioiencee of the educative system as it thenn --y •' X f : x y , XX'Xyxx.'X Xy xx-- X:'Xv;y,X XX,:, vxxxv x:.xX.y..xx •• x;x,.X'- ->existed. The director is ambitions for more power and not

for the success of the school. He and his teachers obtainXyX-: Xxx ': .' : X X > .. X ■ .-u.x:,r iV xv X* X y'V; ■ --'X v. -v,.- XV;their posts through political Influence and not by ability.

These conditions lead to the appointment of teachers with; In­sufficient training who do net coae up to the moral staMarAa required by any good school. - ;

The director of the school.t although certainly no model for teachers himself, laments the iack of preparation in his teachers, who are hired by the minister of education. He says; The school, sehor don Nuaeraldo, ought to be pleasant, but these people!" He is referring to'the professors, whe :

hate pedagogy.Theyare ignoramuses, failures* The minister should never listen to them. The worst are those lawyers without any eHeats.those.doctors without patients, who take a job of teaching achooluntil they canget somethingintheir own field; They lack pedagogictraining, professional spirit; they do net want to study methods without which it is im- v possible to become a good:teacher.3 "r.; : r

Haeelda exempliflee the poorly prepared teacher who has obtained her post by influence. In explaining the situation Galvez says; "RaseIda had to study; the fifteenth of iJlarohf that is to say ten days later, classes weald begin, and she, badly prepared as she was .... Since she had received her certificate; eight years ago, she had read nothing except some hovels. For this reason, *. fearing failure g shs toek up

her books with earnestness. Nevertheless she.did net study -

sufficiently; Frequently she found it impossible, to comprer ;; hend what1 she read. She would.surpris# herself with her book open in her lap, her thoughts wandering and her; gaze far away.

1*,

Agalaj after she had taught a few days, her laak of pre­paration beeeaes more manifest-..From.the beginning of school her: classes were a failure. She was forgetful: she showed herself so, totally unskilled in conducting*a class>that s^i seemed like a student in the secoW y e a r s h e was confused, mixed; up. 1 At times she had inexplicable distractions and she

said.feolish things» :She resolved to,study all year♦ -She,be­gan to study with enthusiasm. Meanwhilet ineachclassitwas

proved daily;that she lacked toe most essential thing: praeti- eal pedagogy.5 :. \ v ' j . : . " - ' . ■'- v : In talking to Raselda^lafter she had been.reported to, him for.5 inef f iciencyf the ; dire#ter assured her,? as if talking to himself, that he did not understand how with such little pre­paration i people seeepted;, posts of - such great respensibility.The5 blame was not; in reality hers, but of these: W w got her elected; The teacher.- that accepted a grade without prepara-5 tion enough did a great harm to the sohool,- to the pupils, and to herself. In short, the harm was done. In order to remedy it she ought to study with true zeal, with a realization of her duty.6 Iv 1 -''.'■•-A.r :.n: c

The morals of the town and the schools of:,La Roja were very low. The•school wasaccording to the directorj a hole of immorality* The boys of the school knew all manner of vice

and corruption* They went to the oonfiteria. plaved billiards, always walked behlM the girls, and some even frequented cer­

tain ra^fhos.; They stationed themselves insolently, without

20.

respect for the authority of the director, on the eeraer of the school, to see the girls•pass. They talked with them and even tried to seduce the most timid. But the authorities of the school^ indifferent, neither intervened to stop;sueh scandal nor would they let M m interfere.7 -

The directer, himself a very immoral person, would like to have authority to rule net only his school but the town, as a :tyrant* His idea is that the greatest harm is done in not giving directors more power* Direeters ... lacked the authority to settle for themselves the conflicts that:the dis­cordant and rebellious people in every school raised daily.He lacked the means to orient pleasant and:agreeable teaching with modern pedagogical^methods.He could not carry the V school into the home, better the customs, stop the fathers of families from settingia bad example for the children.r There were fathers who got drunk and thus:destroyed the educational work of the school. Why weren* t the directors empowered -to-. Stop this?8 ;r : ■ ■< : V.

The;teachers under the;director.resent .the great authori­ty that the director has taken. He treats,themcas children , who have to be ordered about in school, and tries to rule, their private lives;outside of school. Many of his instruc­tions cause the professors to protest^ because thoy seem.to►

be made with the object of making the teachers spend longer: hours inthe classroom. One in particular, made at the be­ginning ef the school year, causes vieleat pretest. By it

Si

the teachers must, during the noon hour and after-school^ re­port in a certain book the incidents of each eiass. It was accessary to tell what the conduct of each pupil was, whom they questioned and what grade the answer merited, the pre­paration that the class showed in each assignment, and other minute details.9 --- ' - / r - v - -

The teachers talked of the evils of the school. The school would discredit itself* The teachers had to endure too many humiliations; they could not live in this manner, among disagreeable conflicts,- all;of them subjacted to an unworthy espionage, obliged to conspire^ t@ disregard their teaching and filled with bate.- The situation had no solution unless the minister recognized that the director was the only one- to blame. 1° v'.v- /I ■■■■■ ::.- - -- r / ■

When conditions in the school have reached this point, BaseIda is dismissed as a teacher, because of inefficiency and because of a scandal which is circulating about the town concerning her relations with Solis, There has been for some years a similar scandal about the director and the regent in the school. New the gomaips of the town add their bit to the already deplorable condition of the school. When the director reprimands Raselda for her conduct, the author tells os that there were as many versions of the story as there were indi-.

viduaIs to tell it., De$a Grlspula, in spite of very definite information from Raselda to the contrary, said that the di­rector had employed words unworthy of a gentleman. The long-

22.

est tongues came to the point of assuring one that it was a stratagem of the director who, tired of the regent^ tried to replace her with Raselda. The director offered peace to the unhappy; teaeher on the condition that s W smreMer *wr shares to him.11 • : // . v,'. ;■ •;- : The situation becomes so bad that an inspector is sentput to investigate the case; The investigation lasts six days.. Olasooaga hears innumerable denouncements against the school, from tlwi- vice-governor who orders him to call at his house in order to complain against the regent, to the janitor who reports various arbitrary acts committed against him by the director. All the town brings its accusations.18 ;

v, Olasooaga.... had not limited himself to finding infcr­eation about the quarrel between the: viee^overner and the regent whieh had caused the investigation. He had gone to the bottom of the matter, exposing the evils which he had noticed in the school: the formidable opposition of the pro­fessors; the high-handedness of the director, whose recall he advised.13! " ; > :■ V - . -;:

There is through the whole novel a member tone, a feel­ing that the charaetore are fighting against conditions which they can never conquer. Selfs, in speaking about society, shows his rebellion againstiths conventions. nI am afraid of society; of people1* j he says. "Does this seem little to you? There was never a worse tyranny. The people obliged us to live according to their desires. Liberty? It did not exist. At heart we were slaves of what they would say, of moral eon-

23.

eepts which perhaps that same society considered, bad or ri­diculous. Besides, the State else had Its morality. Was there anything more stupid?. It was c onsidered absurd that the State should have its religion andthat it should admit that it had morality .... Of what does it consist?. You have a love affair.withra teacher and they leave you without your Job, with the teacher. Take year•leveiaffairs to-some other place:- TheiState is a strict.puritan.”14:; • ii: ; Rase Ida, herself the child of free leve 9 tries} to, ex­

cuse her vice. Shelanalyges the history ef her life andshe does;hot - judge herself so culpable. Hers was a sad destiny.She thought with that: fatalism of her comti^ aadv^ir race, that it would he useless to fight against misfortune. Doubt­less it was God1s-will that she sheuldfall.;With this she excused the fault and;even Justified her inevitable surrender.. Ah, now she understood these laws of heredity:that:some:pro­fessors talked about so much in.eleuis.■: She was only a victim of heredity and in surrendering herself to the man she adored she was only fulfilling her: destiny, realizing that Invincible fatality of her being.15 : ^ j- Manuel Galvez has worked hard in behalf of education in his country. During M s years;as Inspector of Secondary:Edu­cation he has done much to improve it. It seems to me that he attributed conditions as they existed in this novel to- - several causes. T M teacMrs were poorly paid and therefore poorly prepared. With the small salary they received they

were unable to maintain themselves in pleasant surroundings

and t© be free from financial fearsv leeroat1®R had to be got as cheaply as possible' and the teachers could hot be censored too strongly if they went to places which did notcome up to the moral standards desired by the town. They

’ > -- . . ‘ : “* * .* • - ; .

could afford nothing else.Politics were allowed to play an important part in the

selection of teachers; Politicians had too auchpower in tht school, and more important still the poor social con* ditions of the people had a direct bearing. The eolation he offers forth© educative problem is a divoroe of poli­tics and education, better training andhigher requirements for teachers; and, to compensate for these better standards, he would have more agreeable working conditions and better salaries for M s ' teaehers. ‘ vr.,t:-"!

Through all hii novels, to a dortain dogrss; runs the thread of rellglSa. In this novel it is secoMary, Of ©ott se, to the educative problem. Hswovor; mention is made of the:, fact that the early environment of his most important charac­ters contained religious training; They revert to this train ing either by asking God's helpto keep from doing what they consider wrong, or by asking His pardon for the wrong deed after it is committed. --v

The thorn# of government is not so strongly stressed in this book, although the belief that the stato mast Intervene for the welfare of the school, that politics must be taken

out of the school, and that school laws most be passed to regulate conditions then existing, does bring us face to face with the fact that the government does not take care of the people's needs.

2. Social Conditions.

Manuel Galvez has written three novels that deal prima­rily with the social conditions existing in Argentina, Under this main heading he has treated several aspects of the ques­tion. Chief among these are the poor living conditions of the middle class of people. These in turn lead to many forms of vice, especially alcoholism. Crime of many types is also a factor caused by this situation#. Part of this he blames on the exploitation of the country by foreign capital• Na­tive labor is not valued at its actual worth. Capitalists are not interested in the future and the progress of Argen­tina but in getting as much wealth out of the country as is possible in as short a time as possible. Working conditions are unbelievably poor; hours are long and shlary is out of all proportion to the labor required. Many turn to drink in order to forget their sorrow and misery.

Society as a whole seems to feel a disdain for manual labor. We find the wealthy characters greatly given to

artificial display and show. The working class rebels a- gainst this situation but it has no power to remedy the evil* Law, medicine, teaching, and the clergy seem to be the only

26.

professions wMchthepeople in society consider dignified. Work in stores and newspaper jobs is very poorly paid. 'One;-ft is impressed with the pathos of the situation in which these working girls find thenselves.Theystrugglefor a time to earn an honest living by Marking." S®ie #f thep;, as inf the case of Nacha, make several attempts, but all face the im­possibility of this method of llvlihood. - Accepting a;lover is their last resource. Their lives often inspire horror bat they are a part ef the lower class in Argentina of which the author :tis drawing a true pietare * tThe characters are made - -- the victims of their _ own - vices; They have a strong feeling that fate holds ear tain things- in store for them and that it ia useless to fight against desti^. i - -v r ?.The selutien which tfcw anther believes would be most

effective fer this problem he has already tried to put into practice. This is to :.br ing - the situation forcefully before the people. The country is so wealthy that this unhappy. : *state of affairs need not exist for any stratum:of society;As soon as thecpeeple recognise:these evils, reforms may. be passed to end them. Again and again he emphasizes the worth of individual effort in offacting these reforms. The book under discussion;: Nacha Regales, is especially forceful in making the people conscious of the need for reforms along , this lino. ho oarr.-oO OivO /A \;. hOiOu: ho: :'XO:0 1h f Through;all the book there is a sentiment:of rebellion against social:injustice. Monsalvat even dFcams of it.in

27.

the shape of a terrible monster comeito devour him. : Hie dream consists of a monstrous phantom, covered with gold, silk, and preciousstonest'with the gullet of. a beast and terrible fangs. It approaches his bed, opens its gullet, is* going t# devemr him. That terrible monster ...which held;infinite genera­tions of human sorrows, was social. injustice;*® ■:r j ' At a party one night: Menealvat speaks of ; the horrible social Inequality; of how some possessed millions, while others did not have anything with which to buy bread, of how some lived in colossal palaces; with magnificent parks, while there,: in a bare, dark, cold room of a conventlllo. were -

crowded in horrible promiscuity ten human beings. ;Some had an excess of everything::goods, cbmodities, pleasures, cul­ture , education; and that excess really helped no one,•* since it did not extend to those who lacked everything.

When asked why these people did not work to earn a llv*" ing, he replies: "Because you dont give them work, Madam. Be­cause the rich prefer to buy them. Or because labor, which now is found to be organized, is another injustice which we ■ selfishly maintain."*- - n v -,.

r : Daring this-time Monsalvat is working toward a definitegoal. He: is trying to reconcile M s esriisr life with his present ideals. ; He explains the ideals that torment Mi* hha

without which he cannot now live; He has feeftd the meaning ef existences to give'oneself for othbrs, to give all for

others, to live our lives for those who heed us. :

' He proposes marriage to Nacha but she refueeS Ma, fee- ■ ' i«mse: she knows that society consider# her much beneath him. Mons&lv&t has told her many times that one works out one's salvation fey suffering. Mac ha refuses a life wf eii## With Monaalvat toexpiate her sins by working and suffering. -She" obtains work as a clerk in a store. Hero workings conditions are extroaely poor. The store is owned and operated for- eign capital, hours arelong and salary is very small.Nacha has to work eleven:hours a day for only thirty dollars a month. There are fines for everything;? Once She’Is ordered- to carry a manikin down five flights of stairs. The labor­

ers are not allowed to use the elevator. She protests that the weight is tee great for her strength. She’is threatened with-dismissal-if shb does not do as ordered. On the way down she faints and the manikin fails and is broken. When Kasha- regains eonseieusnese, the man in charge is standing over her with alwateh and she is fined for all the time she l o s e s I n addition she has to pay ten dollars a month until the manikin is paid for^ This leaves her scarcely enough to^buy:food with.

‘ After Kasha M s been working a while in the store- she and Mensaivat again meet and this time she does not send him away. -While Nacha spends her( days atJ thes store he spends his doing social work. He gatWrfe the children-of the neighbor- hood and teaches them to read. He renders the sames serviee- to the~laborers * in the evening. One time Nacha voices her :

doubts toMonsalvat. she safej "Wfey do you5sacrlftoe year

Si.

very.lifef yourtranquility for others?"If aisery of theworld is so great, what•good is individual work, small and slow? And why should he give all his heart to a, thing without visible.recompense? Msmsalvat answers: “To sacrifice our­selves for others is a duty. It is the only reason for living. If all the world would do this, life, would be a beautiful thing. Our lives should be in agreement with our opinions and ideals. It is a duty toward these from whom we have taken their share of happiness. ; We have to be pardoned for our sins toward our brothers -t for the great fault of society, in which

all of us have our part. Individual work:has the great virtue of example. a good work never is lost. It will wake up an-

0^F:f8P1.r>* each one of these spirits will open the eyes of other sleeping spirits and thus, little by little* the Day will come. Injmstlce;will disappear. Misery will be only a forgotten word.1,18 r -v

&1 Mai Matafislco is also a novel of great, social signi­ficance. Galvez describes in it .the literary life of Buenos Aires. Capital cities such as Buenos Aires are the ehief. South American seeial centos. ■ In many regions caste dis­tinctions still exist. Leadership is generally in the hands of descendents of Portuguese or Spaniards, who constitute an intellectual aristocracy. Social aristocrats are often mem­bers of a bureaucracy, and occasionally become a more or less

permanent class. In certain countries alcoholism is much in need of wise reform; This need is seen in the case of Carlos

Riga. El Mai Metaflalco brings before the public a picture

ef the desperate struggle, failure, and death of this poet.-Hie sufferings and death are brought about by several

factors: by the great differences of social classes, by lack of literary atmosphere and understanding, by the incompre­hension of the public as a whole. One is made to feel a great pity for the wash and the failures. Carlos is too 'weak-willed and too idealistic to persevere in his plans.19 *

He is generous to a fault and dies as he had lived, ever faithful to his ideal as a poet. There is to be found in this novel much of the same individual effort to better so­ciety through education of the working man that is noticed in Nacha Regules. Orloff 'takes Riga one afternoon to "visit the celebrated poet Juan Castilla, who uses as a signature only his pseudonymjAlmabrdvu. Riga1has known him a little while before, meeting him through Orloff in a miserable room of a little inn on Guy© Street- where the poet lived. Now he has gone to Maldonado, close to Arroyo, on the outskirts of Busnbs Airbs. There he lives the existence of a saint, teaching the -workmen of that district to road, supporting two poor families that he has taken into his house, dividing among the needy of his neighborhood his bed-clothes and al­most all of his salary from a job together with the little income from his verses.2® : c *

Here again we -have especially stressed the author•s idea of religion. -His discussion "of this idea clearly states M e

solution ©f the" problsae Almabrava believes that lack of ebpistiahity is- the cause of some of the troubles of the low­er clams. The country W aWmye#-; and he longs only for the day that is destined to arrive within a few years. Then he will go to Buenos Aires, he will speak in the theatres,: even in the streets* to rebuke the young men, to urge them to be pure, to be Christian#; "I am.a.christianand I proclaim it; because I know, I understand, I love and I feel Jesus Christ*"2*

The need for a better, wiser, and stro^pir government is also discussed by the young men in this book. They talk a great deal of the reforms needed. They have great faith in what they call the Idea Moderns. This1 will-eesw te werk for. regeneration of the re^iblic, to restore the did ideals* to model the conscience of the race, and to weld the links of ihelscattered nationality in order to give unity to the ; ‘ country, m t this easy program Is not all. The Modern Idea proposes also the great work of destroying untruth, called by some the national vice.2 2 r v’.."i; v>, o-; .

: ■ Later, after Riga has failed to conquer life, he feels the uselessness of all discussions One night, while drinking with some companions, he expresses his'views oh life. - During his companions' discussion, he does nothing but drink. An ab­normal thirst dominates:him and he drinks and drinks until ~ drowning himself inunconsciousness. But suddenly in a sad and strange voice he exclaims, me if answering the ideas of hie companions: "Life is pure, mire, it is pure misery."?3 ^

Tbe p@et:lires In Sbe selitude of his nisery and poverty and has literally nothing to eat. He.realizes, that Buenos Aires Is no place for him, that he will,have a much better chance of sueeess somewhere else, yet he does not seem to be able torgo away. In speahlmg of It, he says: "Thlstolty Is net for theweak.', Healsois weak .lacking In will power. Surely: he can still savej.hlmself, if he were capable of aban­doning Buenos Aires and going to Santiago; But the can not leave the city. The horrible tentaclesof the formidable - city have improsined him foreverg and only a grave illness . will oblige him to emigrate.24 , , •. ; ; :: - j- ■

The unjust spoial divisions and distinctions of the city are plainly shown in his relations to Lita.-She realises the exact situation when'She is analyzing her feelings for him. Well did she realise that;.^Society, that implacable tyrant created by men to oppress themselves; would not permit that ehe; an Iturbide* related by marriage to Olozagas, toLan- teroe, to ao many people of ancestry, a^descendant of the glorious chiefs, should marry a bohemian, the son of a--'pro­vincial attorney; a , poor devils without''name ror anything.2^- ; Many-years later, a meeting with. Lita recalls to him all

that he has suffered at the hands of Society.. Lita surely: has not been to blame for his misery, or: even the cause of it but,on seeing himself face to face with her all the tragedy, of his life passes before his eyes. The.old days add.up to the desolation of the present, and he sees, in all the full-

33.

aess of his great horror f ■ Wls Mkarii of hunger, his hours of ▼lee, tils hours'of humiliation, his hours of great misery;"And in order to forget he knows no other reeoursethan al­cohol. He lives by the little loans made toihim by some ef M s comrades, from the collections, on some Terses sold to certain reviews; and all this money is spent on alcohol to drown; his.powerty^-to;relieve his sufferings*26 - A

His situation finally becomes so acute that he is: ( Adriven to begging on the•street, which for him represents the lowest depth to which one can fall* Hehasnothingto eat, and: his dirtiness, his eletti^j, his face are such that he

does not dare to go in search of any ofvhis friends'»... He has reached the height of M s misery. In two days he has not eaten and be does not have in his pocket one sad five cent piece;. Besides, he is1 ill.27* - r

r - Such are the conditions, when his friend Eduardo and others find :himU Ihsy^wltvallAjbMj'Mght that he is out begging on the street, for his return. The description Of his room is very enlightening as to the living conditions of the poorer classes; Eduardo ... goes toward the room that an old woman points out to him* Under the stairway that leads to the second and last floor of the house, there is an infamous hole, a nauseating meat of rats, without - air and without light; where it seems absurd and humiliating that ahuman being can live., So dark;is:the place that the straw which covers the floor can hardly be seen; Eduardo does not wish to believe

that his friend lives there; and when he accepts the sad.re­ality he feels remorse, imagining himself to blame, he does

met kne* shat for,2® — - r :, ; v; . Riga-in one of his last speeches gives us something efthe author’s philosophy of life. He is at a public dinner honoring his friend Eduardo Iturblde for a book that he has just published, when he is called upon for a speech# ;Aad. : then feeling the necessity of making a public confession of his life, he speaks of himself.% He has been attacked and disdained, and he has not known how to fight. It is neces­sary to defend oneself against enemies both within and with­out, the barbarians that surround us and the mlaerable man that is within us. It is neeessary to live^ to live, to live at any east, It is necessary to oppose exterior obs­tacles , to conquer doubts, to destroy the serpent of our vices, to conquer our , d e # t i m y . r o v . ri ; Jn La Historic do Arrabal the author vividly describes .. oxisting social conditions for the public. Vice and crime , are pictured in their ugliest and most repulsive aspects. r The religious theme is very definitely-brought;out in this novel and^ again and again, Galyos stresses the fact that the government must;institute reforms for these existing, evils. He deals with a life of crime and its effect on the life of an innocent young girl. - Impossible social condi- tions, vice and crime,reach their height. It is the story of the utter misery and suffering of those whose lives come ^

35

under the influence of these criminals. We have definitely the fueling of fatalism in the story.Rosalinda, the prin- cipal character,doesnothing t© deserve the terrible fate - that befalls her and is helpless to escape.^ Shefights . -.against her destiny all.through life; praying,to God. for re­demption and pardon. At the very end of the story shethinks that s W has conquered her fate and goes away with her lover. But at the last moment victory is snatched from her and 11 Chino arrives and makes.her-stab her lover and return to the horrible life.that, she has;been living with him. It is a very depressing novel but it draws a true; picture of the life ef these people, which isaeeording to Galvez* plan. In order to promote the reforms for which he is -working he- strives to get the misery and poverty of this elass ef society before t W public. i

The note of fatalism was struck following 21 Chino's first attack on Rosalinda. She could not think of her lover. She saw•him as aivery distant thing, dead; • lost forever ;...She now belonged; to another; w m * ! Thus destiny wished it* She would never be able then to belong .to Daniel Fortl* And this idea, that-she belonged to the evil one, she was unable to tear from her thoughts. She hated;El Chino. Nevertheless, the eyea of the evil one conquered her.; The evil onerlooked at her, and it was like feeling herself, on, the edge of a black well that called,to her:to, sink,herself in it.3 0 ; . -

A atriking contrast■is shown between the homes of Daniel

36;

and Rosalinda. She goes one day, before the return of El Chino, with her lover to’ visit his radther a M is struck by the cieanlineas of hia home; That room/; that home ifflpreaaes Rosalinda. Everything there te elWlineaa; order, affection,1 the opposite of ttor house where, at each step; appears filthy tice, disorder and hate. Oh, how happy she would be if she could leave Saturnine and enter that home, so kind mad de­cent.* ';v: :;r 1 - v j-:t r*r'

This home is also Contrasted with the place to which 11 Chino takes Rosalinda to live when he first takes her away r frCm her father* s house. The evil one takes her to live in a - miserable hovel, composed of two rooms, next to the red light district of Las Ranas. It is not a house but a filthy iigsty, flooded by the rain waters and where enormous, repug­nant rats come and go.

And here begin for Rosalinda the desperate, ifnominious days. She suffers the most brutal blows, the most injurious words; scorn, filthy jokes, hunger, everything abominable that ah unhappy creature can suffer in this world...• She iswatched over day and night by 11 Chino and by the evil men

and women that live in the same house. Worse yet is the guilty conscience of Rosalinda on seeing herself obliged to be an accomplice in those crimes, on hearing their criminal conversations, their proposed robberies.3 2

Poor Rosalinda finds no spark of help or comfort any­where because even the other women in the same situation as

m .

she; hate her. At times, when El Chino has to hide from the police, she is watched by the.women of his companions,...The :fear of those men who dominate,them and envy toward Linda, who is beautiful and whose desire for cleanliness and order in her person constitutes a reproach to their filth* are strong­er than the solidar ity of sex;and .of slavery which those women should have felt toward the victim of SIlehinoe33

Through all her apffaring and degradation Rosalinda re­members her faith and religion* although she does not under­stand why her prayers are not answered. On one occasion her prayer , takes this form* "Why am I so unfortunate, 0 Get, and why doesn't tbs Virgin protect me* since;that is what I pray for every night?• Didn't those ladies who taught me to pray when I was a; child promise-the:help of the Virgin???* > r :; This is .after she has learned of the latest crime of El

Chine. He has had to abandon the pigsty in company with his two companions and itheir women because the authorities are looking for them. With, the othericriminals El Chino has en­tered at midnight the home of an old;lady and, after- killing her, has stolen her money.3 5 / of ir.:;;-;;:-, . :;.-f Up to this time all the^brutality of El Chino has not

been able to force Rosalinda to become a prostitute.: But one night he commands her to follow him and, because of the supernatural power of his look, she is forced to go. He takes her to a house where she is sold to; a sailor for the evening. The atmosphere of this place Illustrates well the

38.

dept!) to which human beings can fall. When they arrive,.there le a moving picture being ebewn. Galvez deaeribes. it for us in a Boat realistic manner. "On the wall of the inn there was showing a film of the free type, a aerie# of the greatest obs­cenity that it was possible to eoneeive. There was seen human misery in all its sadness; all vices, and the worst of every- thing that consists in dealing with bestial instincts."36

Her utter helplessness to break away from.the power of El Chino is shown in the last scene of the book. When El Chino comes into t M room and finds Rosalinda and Daniel-to­gether he gives Rosalinda a dagger euid tells her to obey, him. She knows what he means without being told. She, pleads with him but he only looks at her. Once again she seems to be under; a spell and unable to follow her own will. Rosalinda, then, seems as if torn by a terrible inner struggle. .She passes M r hemd over her forehead and face, as if to clear them.. Her eyes, enormous, frightened, go from El Chino to Daniel.. The, evil one cuts her with his look, ferocious, burning, commanding,Daniel Fortl witnesses that incompre­hensible scene, with the certainty of tragedy. He awaits the:Instant in which Rosalinda will drive the dagger into El Chino. But why has the evil one given it to her? . Why does she hesitate? Shy that tyrannical and imperious look of the

thief. . ; v.. And suddenly Rosalinda draws near him. Daniel believes

himself saved. Rosalinda hesitates, as if drewaing, emhraoes him. Daniel embraces her also. He does not see the eyes of El Chino, flashing and imperative, resting on the face of Rosalinda like a whip. And harshly he feels the dagger in

his breast and the gash of blood.3?

3. Government.

The great problem of government, as presented by Galvez, is much the same as that of today. The necessity of exiling dictators and tyrants and of giving the people a share in making and carrying oat their laws is very great. For many years there were revolutions, following Argentina's breaking away from Spain. During and after these revolutions, the common people suffered the brunt of the hardships and priva­tions . Here again Manuel Galvez attempts reform by putting the picture vividly before his reading public. In his war trilogy he shows all the needless suffering and woe brought to innocent victims through one dictator's selfish ambition for power. He believes that when the people realize that they are being used merely as pawns in a game for power they will demand their rights and refuse to take part in other disastrous revolutions.

We might mention the many revolutions and uprisings in South America in connection with poor social conditions. The poorer classes of society in any country torn by such internal strife naturally suffer most. One of the characters in 11

39.

40

G a m he de^Loa Carrillea". in speaklngof, the government @f -Me country, says: "Since-1810, when me gained mu* freedom from Spain, not one year has passed withoutr revolutions. \ We have known every;imaginable form of republican government••*• Revo­lutions, seizures, confiscations, shootings, that is our his­tory; for eighteen years. "3 8 Such; is the history that Galvez deals with in his trilogy of war. -, N •

The historical facts which are the foundation for the action developed in these three war novels are as follows: In 1860...Francisco Solano Lopez succeeded his father in the _ government; of Paraguay. In 1865 war started between Paraguay and the three allied countries,;Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina One can mention as the principal causes of, this war the jeal­ous and at the same time challenging attitude of Lopez toward his noighbor Brazi1 ; #her oomplaints that had their origln in this|rivalry; the disposition of Lopez to meddle in.the? civil conflicts of little Uruguay. -Lasti though perhaps, the great- est,; reason-for this war of conquest w^s his drearn that he , could play the part of an American Vapoleon. The war ended in 1870-with thejdeath of Lopes. -Of the splendid?armycwith which the dictator started the war, there remained in 1870 only a few thousand wretched old men and young hoys.- - Brazil gained'little, Uruguay remained independent, and Argentina began an epoch of astonishing expansion. Galvez,c ,

in hisnoveIs, portrays not only the horrors of war which are necessarily a part of it, but the sufferings of the innocent

41.

victims as.well, and vehemently denounces all wars in general;t The main character of these three war novelsas has been

said,- is Francisec Solano Lopez.• He was an unparalleled ty­rant, and his shadow ebscared half of the South American con­tinent* He. was able to command the devotionofhis.troops to the last degree^ yet he was capable of condemning to death persons:of bis own family. In Lopez one sets pictured all the South American dictators.r He could hardly have been other­wise. He lived during'the time when this type of tyranny flourished and:innumerable:crimes were committed* Now it has disappeared.3? , :y r.-. I -■*' -

: -He was loved frantically; like Napoleon. ? At one word from him thousands of men went enthusiastically to their death. His oratory produced terror andj among the -common people, the madness of throwing themselves on the ground, - weeping, and tearing their hair;w*. He was genial^ a talented governor, a man of fine manners and agreeable conversation, familiar with French and English. He possessed in his soul, nevertheless, a dark well of b a r b a r i s m . ■ u: ;' Father JMaiz, wlto was one of the judges of the bloody - tribunal, and who should have'been the first to condemn the bloodshed caused by Lopez, looked on him as some sort of superior being. . Lopez,. in his words, appeared as the great­est man in the world, as the representative of God, as a sub­lime being full of kindness, of good will, of greatness of soul, of mercy.^

42.

Vi Eusebioasked himself what sort of man Lopez was. He did not onderstani'theretotive for,the sltootiag of his father, who wasignorant ofallhia sen## motions* Eusebio had passed Corrientesonatwod&ystripfroa Asuncion. Father and semi, had not seen or corresponded with each other• Of what evll^ then, was his father condemned:as guilty? Eusebio remembered other ;things equally:wieked; soldiers shot: for getting up late, for:having been heard to laugh at the stoutness of Lo­pes, for saying that it would be well to make peace. On the other hand^ what a powerful will to carry on wari If he had notexiated,vParaguay already would have been lost. Only he could:raise armies in a few weeksi Only he:could.enthuse the hungry, and half naked'multitides* -Perhaps Diaz would have defended his country with skill,' patriotism and sourage. Be­sides him, neither Barrios,:berges, nor Resquim,- nor anyone, . was>capable ef the titanic defence of Lopez. FranciseoSola- no Lepez, wickedness and all, was the foremost -Paraguayan, the greatest patriot* He,Eusebio^:recognized it, although that man was the killer of his father. Oh, how he would:like to be-able tor love him! But those uselessvcrimes, his tyranny. .. the imprisonment of .Father Maiz, all • interposed so that he could not even , admire, him.4 2 * r . " v : ; v; - 1

In Jorma4 aa.de Aaoniai v mor e of the tyranny - of Itojmizvioj shown.V When he Vwithdrew what remained of his army-from the : fort of Humaita, he was badly in need, of money and men to carry on the war. He established headquarters; in San Fernando.

Whileha organized his defense there, he arrested persons of the greatest fortune, culture,-and importance in the country, including distinguished foreignore,accusing them of having , tried to establish a government in Astmeien, in order to deal with the enemy. While these persons suffered in prison, Lopez took possession of their wealth.43

;Here it was that he established the dreadful tribunal which condemned so many innocent vie tiros to death. Lopez sometimes watched these executions. They were horrible in the extreme, yet he seemed to enjoy them. On one ooeasion... as t her ©were a great number of convicted persons, Lopez ■: ordered excavated a-long.diteh, two meters in width. He sat down close to it, in the presence of the judges and high % efficials, and ordered the executions. The condemned ones were awde;to kneel with their eyes bandaged, facing the ditch* They were shot through the back or stabbed* Some were decapi­tated. Their heads, or their lifeless bodies, rolled toward the bottom of the ditch. Eusebio observed the tyrant. His face would contract into,a hardly:perceptible grimace;of ; satisfaction when a man fell into the ditch* The fiend felt the pleasure of vengeance. ,>His pride, hurt by defeat andi ■ /. failure, was soothed by those unfortunate ones.4 4 ;; :r;:vWhile the men fought him, Lopez sent the women and child­ren into exile to die of hunger, cruelty, and exposure. There wereitbsuaamde of these miserable ones, many of them old and •ick.i With them went the old men, the sick^ tJm blind, and ,

44.

the children^leas -than ten years old. Very fee of these : weald again see their.homes. The caprice ofthe crazy despot ordered that incomprehensible exodus - truly a mareh of death.

Through all his tyranny, cruelty, and wickedness, Lopez was consistent. This seems to be a marked characteristic of the c harac ter a portr ayed in Salves * novels. ’ They carry on their Ideals though death be the penalty they pay. Such was the case of Carlos Riga. Lo pe z had one dr earn and ambition - to get more power, to rule supreme. The bloody tyrant pre­ferred the death of'all Paraguayans to his own abandonment of the government. There is the assassin of his brothers; of hi# best generals, of many thousands of soldiers and many thousands of women. Through love of his country^ he killed his country. In order to save the principle of absolutism,

he Condemned to hunger, to the most horrible sufferings, and to death, the entire: Paraguayan nation.*®: •£;■-;••• -viv.*;-

"4'•' ‘ -..y ;■ r ' 11?'4. Religion.' ' ' T :• ... . . . t->r tr.',

The last problem treated in hie novels which I shall dis­cuss is. that of religion^ Galvez himself is a catholic,- and so we find the dogma of Catholicism running through all of his work.; This is his most prominent touch of didacticism. The religious theme"is treated most fully in Miercoles Santo:and La Sombra del Conventoi although it - is touched upon in every novel mentioned in thisrthesis^ In the first of the above;: named books, we see it from the point ef view ef a clergyman.

45.

and in the second, as a layman sees it. Even the lowest e£ kla characters, the women of the streets, believe In God, pray to Him for escape- to a better lifej and fear a final awful destiny of their-souls. Belief in God, adherence to religious teachings and practices^ is given as the thing meat needed and most sure to better society and solve man's prob­lems on earth. -:x' -v ; .'-r.

In the storyt La Sombra del Cenvento. the religious Ba­rest of the perled Is emphasised; Jose Alberto, who is more modern than those who have lived all their lives in Cordoba, feels a certain unrest and longing for the comfort of the

orthodox religion. In describing this;unrest, the author ; says: "In the last months, and corresponding to his nervous affliction, there had appeared in his spirit torturing re-v ligious preoeupatleas. the idea of death did not leave Mm.

In' the "midst of M e pleaiM-esjbf'whatever type they might be, he felt attacked - inevitably by dark and horrible visions. HO was terrified . imagining theagony, the cemetery, the being closed in the black and frightful walla of the casket. But not only this aspoet of death preooupied him. The Idea of boasing to be| the possibility that there was no other life, very often upset h i m . =• " : a;'ov. vr; . . 'r;a: ■. ■

At first, befere Teresa enters the convent, he decides that he can find help in the Church. On the other hand, he heeded a solution to. certain spiritual problems of human life, and it was said that only in the Church was one able to find

asolution which, if it were not definite and final, was they

ealy @ne.4? U:■,; e-z-;'. .1 -:nThis answer does not help Jose Alberto in his seeking

for spiritual truth, and once again-he condemns a faith that is so;dogmatic that it cannot understand and:help one whoihas repented - and wants to be forgiven. He rages against such a religion. He sayesNZ speak of a possible help, and in plaee of-stretching out your hand to me you repel and even offend mef: And that you call Christianity! Yourehriatianity, like that of many people of Cordoba^ is a Spanish Catholicism,:a fierce feeling of religion - a fierce feeling. You should have been born in the time of the Inquisition and of Phillip II. .You lack charity, a true levs of self,%human sympathy."f® y ; Galvez, being such a devout catholic, believes strongly

in his religion. Hence we find Jose Alberto struggling to ' 1

believei Bto recognises the fact that those who do:believe whole-heartedly find great.comfort in it and an answer to many of the perplexing problems which have.to be dealt with.in life After he falls in love with Teresa he tries harder than ever to accept her faith. ‘He has forgotten God. But what if he has never believed;inrGod? On losing his catholic faith, something remained-for.him of those idea from college, some­thing that he believes he had felt in the Spanish cathedrals .wv But it is so,confused that he does notcdare to call it Godi; He does not doubt that there aaists a spirit of the; world, a beginning force of things. But that was not the God

47.

Teresa. "Oh that he oould believe, believe with her, pray

with her to that God that m s t be beoauae she levWl amd be*, lleved in Hi® . " 4 9 ^ --■ -x". "c

Belderrain, for all his professed;Christianity, iseea* tent to condemn Jose Alberto without in the least trying to': help him.- When he finds that Teresa is in love;with himj he refuses to admit him to the house. "I have learned", he be-gan in a tremulous voice, "that you have accepted the atten­tions of a man .;. unworthy of yon. All this must end. .That man is not a Christian. He has no fear of-God nor reepeet for odr saintly religion. Yes, he is without morality. A man without religion oannot be moral. The foundation ef-n morality is the decalogue, the law of God, it .cannot be other- wiseilnthischristianhomejWhere GodandHlsChurchhave always been respected, one oannot permit. the presence of a man who denies Ged,cwho:denies His Church, who denies Christ and the saints, who blasphemes,.who would be;a perpetual insult to our religion. Hover, never, I repeat, shall a man of this type enter my hemei ; v c v ' : . - : ; ...v-v v when he learns that Teresa wishes to marry JoseAlberto,

he points out the horrible results of a Christian being mar­ried to a non-believer, "If you aecept that there is a just =

God, that there is another life after death,. hew earn you think svsn for a moment, of joining your life to that of a man whe denies God? Doyou Ignorothe fact that he who marries without confession commits a sacrilege? Dontyou sea, poor creature.

48

that there will always be' an abyss between-yeti, and him? And deat you know that in the other life, you, who are a Christian andliveassuch, will go to Heaven, while he will go to the itwll and Hell? The man who does not believe in the Divine Providence, who denies the existence of the Supreme Being; has to be a monster'ef pride, of wanityt and of blindness.; He trusts only in M s own strength, and he makes of Mmself his own Sod: What is the object of living as a Christian? Whydo I penalise myself in life, depriving myself of pleasures, if it is to serve me nothing, if I am to disappear like a ; dog?"5^ / -- -\V.: ;v'\‘; I, :',;V It.

Jose Alberto's aunt becomes very ill. She has M m read to her from her religious booksi Jose finds himself in mdr» tal terror of death.: The priest comes to Tfa Isabel. - He talks:with Jose Alberto also, jess begins to think of M s conduct toward ethers, instead of their injustice to him. He remembers how he has insulted and slandered Teresa's father, how he has written an infamous article against his old pro­fessor, and even how he has hated Teresa. He feels an in­tolerable :unrest.■ - He arises and goes to the church in searchOf a COnfeSSOr.88 ’ ;:'Cr - } ; : ■ r.z-.'\Zy i-li'-;:

In accordance with his own1 religious beliefs we find the author solving the problem by Complete1 conversion to the catho lie religion. One feels more or less sympathy - for poor Jose Alberto.: It seems that all the world oonspirss against him to make him religious; or at least to say that he is.

49

I think that he describes the attitude of the Belderrain

family and of his own fia Isabel when he says that they shouldhave lived in the time of the Inquisition. Theirs is a grimdetermination to make him accept their faith whether he can

or cannot, in his heart, believe it. In one of Salves• later. • . ,books. La Tragedia de on Horabre Fuerte. we see Jose Alberto

as a modern man of his times, which makes us rather doubt the sincerity of his conversion. But the story ends with his acceptance of the faith, with all the usual glow and glory which indicates the Church's victory in gaining another soul for God. The description of this conversion speaks for it­self* ; :

"On the following day he received with emotion that God■ . . " . ■ ■ ■

Whom he saw as a light without beginning or end; he prayed humbly that He would give him patience for the sufferings of the sad life that perhaps awaited him; and he begged that to­gether with His divine grace He would put into his soul one drop of perfect joy. In the very instant that he confessed he thought a great whiteness spread inside his soul and en­wrapped him, and when he went out into the street it seemed to him that there was more light than ever, more purity than ever, more joy than ever, and that people were better and things more beautiful, and that the universe shone as in a celestial spring as if evrything were reborn to life and as if that great light that he carried in his soul were the same that beautified the world.1,53

50.

The novel gives a very good picture of Cordoba. It hasbeen said that if one followed the descriptions in La Sombra del Convento he could find anything in Cordoba. It pictures

struggling with budding liberalise.V- -vd":---;T , V l . ' In n - " v v • 1. .I believe* however, that Jose Alberto is sincere in hie

acceptance of the Church. After all his mental sufferings he finds great peace and happiness in this acceptance, and, in trying to explain it to a friend, he says: "in my judg-went there is nothing so sad, so completely sad, as he who--"i --nv : - 'n,y: n r n! w: c V >/ £:..-c \ j .believes in nothing. I do not speak of catholic beliefs. We may be protestants, spiritualists, simple deists, but let us believe in the Divinity, in the soul, in the hereafter."5 4

51.

Conclusions•

- , - " ■' -' ' ' -■ ’Manuel Galvez is a tireless worker for the progress ofhis country. Although at times in M s novels he lets evil, weakness, egoism, incomprehension and ignorance conquer, it is evident that the author has faith in the future society of his country and tries to contribute to its perfection by exposing its present defects. Some remarkable reforms have already been accomplished since the writing of these novels. In the last fifteen years, the moral and economic indepen­dence of writers as well as the rights of women have been established to such an extent that the present laws would make it impossible for such tragedies to take place as are pictured in the Buenos Aires of jgl Mai Metafisico and the La Rioja of La Maestra Normal.

Education is one of the factors which leads most di- rectly to progress. Hence, in M s novels, we see Galvez* characters striving to teach the poor to read* T M s is the case with Almabrava and Monsalvat. In La Maestra Normal, he shows the harm that insufficient training, immorality, and politics can do to a school. Education for the betterment of society is the constantly recurring theme of M s novels.

One feels that Galvez suffers keenly because of the ad­verse social conditions that he pictures. He is greatly pre occupied with society as a whole. WMle he is studying,

52.

analyzing, and picturing it vividly for us in his storisa, he is also considering reforms nvhioh weald benefit this strata® of society. [.He is especially concerned with living condi­tions , which in many eases were abominable, and with the labor situation. Since Argentina*s period of great development be­gan many foreigners have come into the country to exploit it. This is the thing that Galvez deplores. That foreign capital

should grow rich while the people who belong to the country work under such heart-breaking conditions, is to him a great injustice.

His war novels bring out many weaknesses of the govern­ment of that period. Any country, breaking away from its mother country, must perforce go through this stage of ex­perimentation and development. Galvez is opposed to war, and pictures all the horrors of it. Since the writing of the war novels many of the evils pictured in them have been remedied.

The idea of religion is present in all his work. To the lack of religion, generally, he attributes much of the suffer­ing described in his novels. Several of his books deal di­rectly with the Church and the clergy. Religious unrest is presented as the cause of great suffering; certainty of be­lief, he feels, results in mental peace and happiness.

Galvez is always hopeful and full of aspirations. He favors tolerance that pardons because it understands, net

merely becduse it is considered divine to forgive, and art

that sees beyond external beauty to interior harmony. He

63.

sees beauty in suffering, because pain has the power to purify acral errors and to redeem the lowest.

Notes.

1. Coester, Alfred, The Literary History of Spanish America,r> 493.'; : - - - -

2. Assens. R . Canslabs. Nosotros. s.v. Sobre Los Camlnos dela Muerte. da Manuel Galvez, vol. 63-64. pp. 146-149; 1 ■; '. cr :■ ,■*■> . .. ■

I'- . --3. Gilve.,.M^mel- :&&:,W.tra.Mof*aA, pp.; 'aw-Sl.. ' ^ '

__ "La escuela, senor don Nuoeraldo, debla^ ser agradable,peroiesagenttt2a' Se referia

a los profesoree, a quienes odiaba pedagogica- mente.Eran unos ignorantes, unos desaforados.XI ministeriono debla elrloa jamas. Lee peorea eran esos abogados sin pleltos, esos medicos sin enfermos, one tqmaban las catedras como vulgares empleos, Careclan de preparaclon pedagogics, de espiritu brofesional; no querlan estttdlar la metodologia, sin 16 coal era lapoelhle llegar a serunbuen maestro."

4. Galvez, Manuel, La Maestra Normal, pp. 72-73._... "RaseIda tenia que/estudiar el quince de

marso, es decir. dies dies despues, comenzaban . las clases, y ella, |que mql preparada estaba!

....Desdb que reelbio su titulo, hacia ocho aBos, no habia leido sino algunas novelas. Per esto, temiendo el fracaso, tome los libros con

■ ablnco. . ., ' /'':: T .. _: ;. .Sin embargo, no estudiaba suficientemente.

Con harta#frecuencia, que hacia imposible toda comprension perfects de aquello que leia, se sorprendia con -el libro abierte sobre la falda, el pehsamlento vagabundo, la mlra^la lejfma."

5. Galvez, Manuel, JU M a e s ^ p. 103.

# "Deeds el cemienzo de los cursossu,class fue un fracaso. Estaba olvidadisima; y se mos- traba tan Inhabil en llevar la class que parecfa

6 . Galvez,

7. Galvez,

8 . Galvez

55.

ima alusma de aegona® e&e. Se confundfa, se enre- daba. A veceetenia dietracciones ln«cplleablee y dec£a comae desatlnadaa.... Mientras tanto, en cada clase, dtariamente, comproba^a que carecia de lo esencial; la practlca pedagoglca.0

Manuel, La Maestra Normal.p. 107."El director aaeguraba, como hablarido conslgo mismo, nc^comprendia per que con tan redmelda preparacion se aceptaban puestos de tanta res- ponsibilldad.Pero la culpa no era en realidad de alia, mine de quienes la patrocinaron y la Mcieron nombrar.•.. La maestra que aceptaba un grade sin la preparaelem eafieiente, hacla . an SPao.daiao a la escuela, a sue aluonos, y a ella misma. En fin, el mal estaba hecho.Para remedlarle debla estudiar con verdadero celo, con la conciencia de su deber." ^

Manuel, La Maestra Normal, p. 36."Ademas, el colegio era, aegoa el director,

un antro de inmoralidad, un podre. Los mucha- ohos del colegio conoc£an todas las corrupciones. Iban a la coqfiteria, jugaban al billar, andaban siempre detras de las muchaehltas yalgunos hasta frecuentaban ciertos ranches. Se emtaciombem insolentamente, sin respeto a la autoridad del director, en la esquina de la escuela para yer pasar a las nihas.# Ligaban con alias y trataban de seducir a las mas humildes. Pues las autori- dades del colegio, indiferentes, ni intervenian para cortar tales eseandalos hi le dejaban a el intervenlr."

Manuel, La Maestra Normal, p. 98."Los direotores, segun el director, carec£an

de autoridad para resolver per si misses los eon- fliotos quo suscitaban dtariamente personas dis­co las v rebeldes que habia en todas las escuelas. Carecian de medics pwra orientar la ensehanza de acue#do con los modernos^principles pedagogicos.Mo podian llevar la accion de la escuela hasta el hogar, mejorar las costumbres, evitar que los pa­dres de familia diesen mal ejemplo a sub hijos.Si habia padres que se embriagaban, destruyen^o asi la obra educativa de la escuela. 6Por que no eatarian faeultadce les direotores para impedirlo?"

/ .‘-ij • ‘ r ♦ • r 1 - -i » . * ■'. ' , ' " -■ -* • •' «• ,9. Galvez, Manuel. La Maestra Normal, p. 101."Per alia los profesores debian. despues de las boras de la aiaSana; y de la tardet redactor en un libro las Incidenclas de cada clase. Habia qua ref^rir como fuela conducta de los alumnos, a , quiettee luterrdgardn y que clasificaeiea merecle la 'reside##, la preparacion que la elaee re wlo en cada asIgnatura y otros detail## ainuciosos."

■,..c"

10. Galvez, Manuel. La Maestra Normal, p. 116 J . . :

"Hablaron del malestar que;se notaba en la eeeue- la.' La escuela se desacredltaba. Los profeseree bablan sopertado demaslddas humillaciones. No se podia vlvirdeesa ■anera} eatre cohfllctos des- agradablee, sometidos todos a un espionage indigno, obligados a conspirar, a descuidqr la easebeasa. a llenarse de odios. La sltuaelon no tenia eallda, a menos que el mlnlsterio reconoclera al Director oobo el solo culpable."

* • - V - " . -• » v * r . + - ^ . **

11. Galvez, Manuel, iml. :

Per#' habla tantas versiones cojbo individuoe.DoftaCrlspulareferla,apesar del informe dis- tinto de Rsselda, que el Director bob la et^pleado palabrasindignaa deuncaballero. Las mas len- guas largas llegaron a asegurar que todo era una

Director ofrecio'la paz a la infeliz maestra cob la condielon de cederle sue encantos ~

12 • Gelve2. ^ u . l V ^ . M £.stra Norfal,■r<

. -

1 :„ ,*E1 sttearl© duro seis dlas. Olazcoaga re-cibioinnumerables denunclas contra %a escuela. Desde el vicegobernador, que le mando llamar a su casa para quejarse de la Regents, basta el portero que reflrlo inflnitli arbltrariedades cometidas contra el por el Directed, toda la jpoblacibn le llevo sus acusacibhesw11 :

V."- ;.r::

13. Galvez, Manuel! La Maestra Normal, p. 261. v /.

"Olazeoada...no se habia limitado a informer sobre el altercade entre el Vicegobernador y la Regent#. Habia idoal fondo del asunte, exr poniendo el malestar que advertise en la escuela, la opbsicion formidable de,los profesores, las

arbitrarieaades del director. e«y® destitucion a e o i i e e j a b f t ^ f - o ' w .• -v" ;V. a:.;

, ‘.y-r;. :;.vV- a-.; ‘ra::-; : ■ a ,51 '' .14♦ Galvez, Manuel, La Maeatra Normal, p. 816.U:, 0.-.] ' . .

"Miedo alasociedad, a l a gente; die parece poco? N© habia ^irania peer. La gente nos osligaba a vivir segun stwe deseos. 6 La liber tad?. , p. ex^s- tia. En el hecho eramos esclavos del quo diran, do conceptos morales quo tal, vez la oiamq socie- dad conaideraba males © ridiculos, Ademaa,Estqdo tambien tenia su moral. AHabia algo mas estupidof So conaideraba absurdo que el Estado tuviesereligiony seadmitlaquetuvieae moral...; 4En que forma? Tenga Vd. amorea con una

maeatra y 1# dejan sin su puesto junto con la maeatra. Vaya Vd. con aus amorea a otra parte.El Estado ea un puritano inaoportabl#.?'

15 . Galvez , Manuel , La Maeatra Normal. p . 8 5 5 # , : ; v , r

,"Analizo la historia de su vida y no se juzgo tan culpable. Era.su destino triste el suyo. Fensaba, con aquel ^ataliamo de la tierra y de la raza, que aeria inutil pretender comba- tir contrala desgracia." ; :

16. Galvez, Manuel. Nacha Re gules, p. 38."Un fantasma monetruoao, cubierto de oro, sedas y piedras preciosas, y eon un$a fauces de bostia apocaliptica y unaa -garras tragicaa, eataba alii, en su cuarto. Apenascabia. Se acercaba a la oamay abria sue fauces, iba a devorarle. Y ©se ■onetrue de vientre repugnant©, dead© yacian in-

. finitas generaciones de los tristes del mundo,era la Injustibia Social."

17. Galvez. Manuol. Neoim Reaules. P. 60. »• "4De que hablaba Monsalvat? De la horrible

desigualdW s^ial. De que unos pros ©an mill ones mientras otros no tengan para comprar pan. De quo qnos vivan en palacioa colosalea, con parques magnificos, mientras alia en el.inmundo, en el eseuro, en el frie cuarto del oonrentillo se amon- tanan «i promiscuidad oonstruosa diez seres hu- manosi De que a unos les eobra a tede; biemes, comodidadea, placeres, cultura, educacien; y que eae aobr^te no sea para nadie, que no vaya a los que carecen de todo.... ; -

Porque no lea dan trabajo, senora. Porque

'l ' Iv los ricos prefierencomprarias. 0 porque oltrabajo, tal como ahora 39 ha11a organizado, es otra Inlquldad que mantenemos egoistamente.*

Y-v- Y. ; v Y.:.'-v."'= ;1 •>18. Galvez, Manuel. Nacha Regales. pp. 156-157. 1. . :

"Pero una vez Nacha dijo sus dudas. iPor qua sacrificar la propia vida, la tranquilidad, la felioi4ad, par los o^ros?f Si era -b&nta la ai- seriadelmundo,iquepodia/la obra individual, pequeha y lenta? &Y por que dar toda el alma a una cosa sin reeompeqsa visible?

;; „ h ■- Monsalvai contesto: Sqcrificarqos por losdeeas es on debar. Es la tunica razon de vivir.Si todos lo Moieraaos asi, la vida seria un granbelleza.Es undeberde conciencia, por» que siempre debemos poner nuestra vida de acuerdo con nuestras opiniones y nuestros ideales. Es un debar hacia aquellos a quienes les hemos quitado su parte de felicidad....Tenemos que ser perdonados por nuestras culpas hacia nuestros hermanos, por la inmensa culpa de la sociedad, en la que todos tenemos nuestra parte....

La obra individual tiene la prodigiosa vir- ? y a U j tud del ejemplo. , Una obra ;de bien nunca es per--

dida. Deepertara,a otras almas, y oada una de estas almas abrira los ojos de otras,almas ador- ■eeidas. Y^asi,poco apoco,llegara ei Dia.- Desapareoers la in-justicia, la miser la no sera sino una palabra olvidada." . ; y y

19. Torres-Rioeeco, Arturo, Nosotros. 1938,p. 415.

20. Galvez, Manuel. El Mai Metaflsico. p. 74.Y "Orioff le lievo una tarde a visitar al

celebre poetaJuan Castillo, que no firmaba sino con su pseudonlmo Alraabrava. Riga le habia cono- cido hacia poco, presentandose fpor Orioff en un cuartucho miserable de tm fondin de la calls ■ Cuyo,donde vivia el poeta. Ahora se habia ido aMaldonado, cerca^del arroyo, en las afueras de Buenos Aires. Alii vivia una existencla de Santo, ensWiandd a leer jgratuitamente a los obreros de aquel arrabal, sosteniendo a dos familias pobres que habia acogido en su oasa, repartiendo, entre la gents neeesitada de las inmediacidnee, sus ropas de cama ycasi tod© su sueId© de un empleo y las poems-•ganancise: de sus versos.M

$*.

2 1 . Galvez,

22. Galvez,

27.23. Galvez,

Mamiel. El Mai Metafiaico. p. 78. i*ir imis eetaba jmdrido, y el no d e s ^ M eltto qae llegara eldiaque tenia destlnado, dentro de algunos aftos. Entonees iria a Buenos Aires, ha- blaria en los teatrbs, hasta eh la ealles, para Increpar a los jevenes, para incitarlps a ser puro8,-a'; eer: orIiitlahos:. ^ ;-::':'

Yo soy cristlano, y 16 proel^oi |^rq%e y© conozco, yoydomprende,- yd amo / y alento a Jesu-#FiStO# 11 • ' * • ' « * ‘ - * **• -* i,'.:' ' "r

> •': «. >' ,<-A - l+, k' 1Manuel. El Mai Metaf i'slco n. 91. ‘ - fi •v " , T r T T " - , ; :':r :: - r.'--:,- ::i ■ "La I^ea Mederha ^enia a trabajar porla regeneracion de la republica, a'reetaorar les viejea ideals#, a modelar la concieneia’de la raza y a soldar los eslabones de -la naclonali- dad difpersa para dar unidada la pairla. Pero eete facil progra^a no era todo, La Idea Moderns se proponia tambien la obra Mglenlzante "de des- truir la mentira, llam&da por algulen el vieio naeional,"

f .v 1 . n . i-- :Manuel, El Mai MetafiaIco. p. 256,

"Riga, mientras sus compareres discutfan, no hacia sino beber. Unased anormalledorai- naba, y hub!era bebldo y bebido basta anegarse enlainconciencia* Pero pronto, con una voz doloroeayextraha, exclamo, comb contestando a las ideas de sus compafieroa•I La vida ea un puro lodo,unapura mlseria!"

24. Galvez, Manuel. El Mai Metaffsico. p. 273."Esta ciudad no fs para"los debiles, perdue el tambien era undebil, unenfqrmo de la volantad. Cierto que podrfasalvarse aun, si fuera capaz de abandonar Buenos Aires e irse a Santiago.1Pero el ya no podia dejar,1a ciudad! Los horri- ble»;tentaculbs de=la cosmopolia formidable Is habian apriaionado para aiempre, y solo una : grave enfermedad podriaobligarle a emigrar." >

25. Galvez, Manuel, El Mai Metaffslco. p. Illi ■ ’"Bien aab£a que jamas llegaria a enamorarae del

;- i „ . p o e t a y quo la: aooiedad, ese Sir an© implacable oread© por loshombres para oprlmlree a si mis- mos no permitirla quf ©1 1a, ana Iturbide; em- : parentada con los Olezaga, con los Lantero, con

60.

tanta gente de abolengo, una descendant# de caudillos gloriosos, se cqsara con un bohemio, hijo de un procurador de provincia, un pobre diablo, sin apellido, sin nada."

26. Galvez, Manuel, j . Mai Metafislco. p. 277,"Lita no habfa sido seguramente la culpable

de sue miserlas, ni siquiera su causa; pero al sentiras frente a ella, toda la tragedia de ,su vida desfilo ante sus ojqs. Los antiguos dias ae avunaron a la desolacion del presente, y vio, en toda la pleriitud de su gran horror, sus horas de hambre, sus horas de vieio, aus horas de huaillaoion, sus horas/de multiple miserla, y para olvidar, no conocia otro recurso qua el alcohol. Vivla de pequehos prestamos que le hicieron algunos camaradas, de cobrar algunos verses que le debian ciertas^rovistas; y todoe aquellos oentavos se oemvertian en alcohol, engaftaban sus penurias, atenuaban sus sufri- aientos."

27. Galvez," « y - . Manuel, p. 312."En la ultima semana su situacion se hiz©

angustiosa. No tenia ni para comer; y susucie- dad, su ropa, su rostro eran ^ales, que no se atrevia a ir en busca de ningun amigo....Habia llegado al colao de su miseria. En doe dias no habia comido y no tenia en su bolsillo n^ una triste monedita de cinco centavos. Adeoas, es- tabaenfermo."

8 8 . Galvez, Manuel. El Mai Metafislco. p. 306."Muard© ... se dirigio al cuarto queyle in-

dloara la vieja. Bajo laescalera que subiaal segundo y ultimo piso de la easa, habia un agu- jero Infame, un nauseabundo nido de ratas, sin aire y sin luz, donde parecia absurd©, huoillante, quepudiera vivir un ser humano. Tan oscuro era el lugar, que el jargon que cubria elsuelo apenas podia ser visto. #Eduardo no queria ©reer que su amigo vivlese alii; y cuando aoeptaba %a triste realidad, semtia remordieiento, inaginandose cul­pable no sabia por quo."

89. Galvez, Manuel, El Mai Metafislco. p. 329.

■T entonoes sintiendo ia necesidad de haoer una

confasion publica de auvida, hablo deal,mismo. Habla sidt ceaN i W a y desdenado y no babia •abide lumbar..,#ra.pgWlae,=d*(#md*rae,eeatra lea enemigos de fuera y de dentro; los barbares que

v, , - xaes rodeaban y el bombre miserable que llevabamoaen nuesira interler. H preeiso vivlr, rivir, vivir a toda costa* Era precise epenerae a los obstaculos exterlores, dooinar■las incartidumbres, aplastar la serpierite de nueatros vieios, veneer al destine*" - 0- -:- A n - y v 'l--;. - . ?

>'V:_ _ / . i- h : ' n . . f v ? - :,;r i , v , . .30. Galvez, Manuel, Hlstorlade Arrabal. p. 45. ;. ;

•He ped£a pensar en su novio. Lo vela comeuna eesa lebana, muerta, perdida para siempre.... Ella era ya de otro bombre lAsi lo habla que- rido su destines Nunca podria, pues, ser de

34 . 1- ' , r.Damlql Ferti. Y esta idea de que pertenecia almalevo, no ae lapodia arrancar de su pensamiente. Execraba al Chino, y, sin embargo, los ejes del malevo la vendan. Miraba el Chino, era come sen- tirseal bordedeun pozo negro quela llamaba a hundirse en el." v-. - , r:; v - V-v.- : ,

31. Galvez, Manuel, Hlsterla de Arrabalr p. 64.•A Rosalinda aquel cuarto, aquel hogar, la

impreaiemaron. todo all£ era limpieza, orden, earifto^ al contrario de su case, donde a cada paso:aparecian la suoiqdad, el vleie, el desor- den, el odie. iAh, que feliz.seria ella si pudlese dejai’ a Saturnine y entrar. en aquel ho- gar tan simpatico y tan desentel"

32. Galvez, Manuel. Historia de Arrabal. p. 75.•El malevo se la lleve a vivlr a una eaqueba miserable, eompuesta de des cuartoa, prexima al siniestre Barrio de Las R a w . He era aquelia una oasa, sino una porcilga maloliente, que se inundaba con^el ague de las lluvias y donde en- traban yrsalian enormee rates repugnantes.

7 empezaron para Rosalinda los desqsperados dies:igneminieses• Sqfrle los golpes mas bru- taies, las palabras mas injuriosas, el despreeie, las burlas sucias, el hambre, todo lo abominable que una infeliz eriatura puede eufrir en estemundo. i ' u V V V' . „ ■

: Vigilada, dia y noche.. por el .Chino y per losmales hombres y mqjeres qua en la misma case Vi­vian* Peer era aua, para la eoneieneia- hearada

68.

de LIMA, el verse obliga^a a ser. coinpliee de V aquallos delincuentes, oyendolessuaconversa- ciones criminaleSjSua proyectosderobosi Li ^

33. Galvez, Manael. Hlstorla de Arrabal. p; . 80; "A voces, cuando el Chino debia oealtarse

de -la poliofa, la acoBipahaban las Jinjeres dev aus comparieros.... El temor a aquellos hombres que las tenlan dominadas y la envidia hacla Linda,que erahermosa y cuyo gusto per la llapleza y el arreglo de su persona constitute un reproche a la mugre de ellas, podia mas que la eolldaridad de sexo y de eselavitud que f

:: debleron sentlr las dosmujeres hacla la vic­tims del Chino."

34. Galvez, Manael. Hlstorla de Arrabal. p. 85."APor qaq era e 11a tan desgracla<|a, Sehor, y per que la Virgin no la protegia sierado-asi qqe le rezaba todas las noehea? iNo le prooe- tlan el auxlllo de la Virgin aquellae sefterae que le enseharon a regar ouando era chica?"

35. Galvez, Manuel, Hlstorla d e Arrabalr p. 84."El Chino debio abandonar. la poreilga y la companla de los dos malevos y sus nujeres per- qua la autoridad le buseaba. Con otros delin- euentes, el Chino imbla pewtrado a medlanoche on la casa he una anciana y, despues de asesi- narla, habianle robado el dlnero."

36. Galvez, Manuel. Hlstorla de Arrabal. p. 100.11 En la pared del fondo iba pasando un film de genero libre, una serie de las mayores obseeni- dades que sea peeible eoncebir. All! velase en toda su tristeza la miserla humana. Todos los vieios y el peer de todo que consists em nege- eiarsobre los Instintos bestiales." vv

37. Galvez, Manuel, Hlstorla de Arrabal. pp. 160-161. :' ,

"Rosalinda, entonces, parselo oo^o agitadaper una terrible lueha interior. Paeabaee una nano per la frente y la cars, come despejarse. Sus ojos, enormes, asustadee, Iban del Chino a Daniel. El malevo acuchillabala con su mirada feroz, torcida, oonminatoria. DanielForti

58.

39

Galvez,

Holmes,

aslsifava aquells es eiia- Ineoaprenslble, eon la certidumbre de la tragedian Ssperaba el instants •n que Rosalinda elavase aquel pui al en el Chlno. Pero; 6por que el malevo se lb habia dado? : #iPor queella vacilaba? 6Por que la oirada tlranlca eimperiosadel ladron? # y :

T de pronto, Rosalinda se aceroo a el,Daniel ae creyo salvado,;.Rosalinda, vaeilam^e; como somnambula, lo abrazo. Daniel la abrazo tamblen.; Re vela los @|es del Chino, relampague• antes e imperatives, cayendo sobre el rostr®vde Rosalinda como un tajo. Ybruscamente eintioel punal en el pecho y on etorre de sangre." VManuel.ElGaucho de MLos Cerrlllos", p. 14.' ' V . - T y V.hK.'. / ' I W

"Deede 1810, en que nos 1ibertamos de Espafia, ni an aSo Ihumi hemos pasado-sin revolucioness - Hemos conocidotodas las formas imaginables del goblerno republicano; juntas, triunviratoa. direc­tor les, ^esideheias. Nunca ^stuvieron unidas estasgrovineias. Hay aqui germenes de discerdia, anarquia; Revoluciones,destierros,confieea- clones, fusilamientos.eso es nueatra hlstoria en dlez y ocho ahos." v, - v w ^" " ': ' :v . L>.i- <VV 7V 'V. ■ rv-. -V: v-v "I Vi %

Henry Alfred, Revlsta Hlspanica Moderns, a.v. Una Trilogia de Manuel Galvez; "Eacenas de la Guerra

^ » tomo III, 1936-37, pp. 201-212.40. Galvez, Manuel. Humaita.n. 86. : ;

: " " v y ' 1 -' f ■ v ,:-v f v , " r v_ v .. v ; . l c v - - ,?Amosele fanaticamente; como a Napoleon;

una* palabra suyq ilevaba a la muerte, con . entusiasmo frenetic©, a miliarea de hombres.Su oratoriaimprovisada,violenta,produciael terror la paltdes, y, en el bajo pueblo, la locira de arrejarae al suelo, llorar y tirarse de loe ea- bellos. Voluntad genial, talento de gobernantf,

? hombre de finos modales y agradable ctmversacion, conocedor del francos y del ingles, Mbia en su alma, sin embargo, unoscurofondo de barbaricataVlCa." V .V ^

, ;V-:V;’"V . V > :V7V- r- , : \ j-/ Y , :■41. Galvez, Manuel, Humaita, p. 254. v , . ■ ' v

" .v - - ■: ' " v -7 . V rv . . , . ;v.;. ' . •: v r ■ ■,,■11 Mariscal,en bus palabras, aparecia como

el mas grande hombre del mundo, come un represen- tante de Dios, como on ser sublime, amasado de bonded, de genio, de grandeza de alma, de miser1- cordia."

64.

42. Galvez, Manuel. Hmnaita. pp. 818-81S#*Preguntabase: 4que hombre ea el Marlscal?

No comprendia el motive delfusllamlento desu padre: ajeno a Iqs acciones de su hijo, aue •• habla pasado alia enCorrlentes, a doa dlas de vlaje de la Asuncion. Padre e hijo no ae hablan vlsto $1 eserito. 6Por que maldad, pues, se le condone oomo culpable? Eusebio reoordaba otros

_ eases, igualmente inicuos: soldados fusilados por levantarse un poco tarde, por haber oido a unos reiree de la gordura del Marlscal, por decir qye serla bueno hacer la paz. Por otra parte, Iqye voluntad poderoaa para llevar la guorrai Si el nq ex|stiese, el Paraguay,ya habria perdido.S9I0 el podia levantar ejercitos on unas seoanas. Solo el podia entusiasmar a la? multitudes ham- brientas y 3emldeenudas. QulzaDiaz habria de- fendido con talentq, patriotismo y coraje a su patria. Fuera de el, ni Barrios, ni Serges. 91 Resquin, ni nadie era capazde la defense tita- nica del Marlscal. Francisco SolanoLopez,#per- versoytodo, era el primer paraguayo, el mas grande de los patrlotas. El, Eusebio, loreeo- nocia, aunque ese hombre fuese el matador desu padre. IAh, comole gustariapoderquererlei Pero qquellas maldades inutiles, su tirania,la prision del Padre Maiz, se interponian para que el no llegara a adrairarlo." ' -

43. Galves. Manuel. Jornadas de Agonfa. p. 35."Mientras organ!zaba all£ la defense, pro-

oesaba a las personas de mayor fortune, culture, o importancia del,pais, incluso a distinguidos extranjeros, acusandolos de haber #etendido estableoer un gobierno en la Asuncion, para que pactase con.el enemigo. Y,mientras estas per­sonas padeoian en la prision, Lopez se apoderaba de sus bienes."

44. Galvez, Manuel. Jornadas de Agonia. p. 47."Itea vez,... como,hubiera gran numero de conde- nados, Lopez mando cavar #una larga zanja, de dos metros de anetara. Sentose junto a ella, y, en presenoia de los fiscales y altos jefes, ordeito las ejeeuciones. Los condenados eran puestos de rodillas, con los ojos vendados y en direccion a la zanja. por la espalda los fusilaban o los laneeebaa. Algunos fueron degolladoa. Las oa-

66.

bezas oortadas, o los cuerpoa sin vida, rodaban hasta el fondo de la zanja.... La fiera seniis el placer de la venganza. Su orgullo, lastimado por la derrota y el fraoaso, se deequitaba en aquellos de3graeiados.M

45. Galvez, Manuel, Jernadas de Aaonfa. p. 303./'Allf esta el tirano sangrlento, que pre-

flrlo,envezdeabandonarel/goblerno, la muerte de todos lea paraguayos. Alii esta el asesino de sue hermanos, de sus mejores generales, de varies miHares de aoldados y de muehos millares de mujeres. Por amor a su patria, extermlno a su patrla. per salvar e% principle de la abqoiuta independencia, condeno al hambre, a los mas horribles padecimientos, y al la muerte, a todo al pueblo paraguayo.*

46. Galvez. Manuel. La Sombra del Convento. p. 22.su

muerte no leabandonaba. En medio de sus placeeres, de cualquier indole que fuesen,#sentiase asaltado, inevitablemente, por visiones funebres y horribles. Le aterrorizaba, hasta producirle un extrAno desa- sosiego; imaginar la agonia, el cementerio, el esiar encerrado entre las tables negras y espan- tosas de ataud. Pero no solo le preocupaba este aspecto de la muerte. La idea de dejar de ser, la poeibilidad de que no hubieae otra vida, le in- quletaban tambien muya menudo.”

47. Galvez, Manuel. La Sombra del Convento. p. 30., :, "Por otra parte, el necesitaba de ana eolu-

eion a ciertos problemas trascendentales de la vida humana, y se decia que solamente en la Igle- sia se enoontraba. una eolucion, la,que, si no definitive e inobjectable, era la unica."

48. Galvez, Manuel. La Sombra del Convento. p. 46."Te hablo de una posible ayuda, y en veg de

tenderme la mano me rechazas y hasta me ofendes.IT a eso llamas cristianismoI Tu oristianismo, como el demuchos Cordobeses, es un catolicismo a la Espahola, un sentido feroz de la religion — un sentido feroz. Wbieron haber naoldo on

"En los ultimos mazes, y neurastenia, Imbian aparecido

coincidiendo eon en su alma tortu-

raatma mraonunanlAnaa ralicrinmaa. IHaa Ha la

66.

tieapos de la Inquislcion y de Felipf II. Les falta earidad. Verdadero amor al proximo, sto- patia Humana.";;

49. Galvez, Manuel. La Sombra del Convento. p. 69.•Se hab{a oivldade de Dloa. iPero si ni

alqutera erela en Dloet Al perder su fe catoliea, alga le qqedara/de aquellas Ideas del colegio, algo que el erela Haber sentIdo en las oatedrales esp^olas y en los prlmltlvos flamencos. Peru era ellf tan oonfuso que no se atrevla a ll&marlo Dies. El ho dudaba de que «cistia una alma del mundo,un principio generadorde las coqas. Pero ese no era el Dios de Teresa. IQjala, el pud1era ereer, ereer junto con ells, resar een ella a ese Dios, que debia serlo, de verse, ya que ella is amaba ycreia en El."

5di Galvez, Manuel. La Sombra del Convento. p. 92."He sabido.coraenzojcon voz tremuia, que:

Has aeeptadb Idsgalanteos de un hombre ... in- digno de ti. Tododebe cone luir. Ese hombr end es un eristiahe. li tlene tqmor de Dios, ni respeta nuestra santa religion .... Si sin moral. Dn hombre sin religion no puede teher moralV 81 fundamento de la moral es el Decalogo, la Ley de Dies. Mo puede seretre. * ,

En este hdgar cristiano, donde' slemprese ha respetado a Dios y. a su Iglesia, no he de per- mitir la preseheia de un hombre que nlega a Dios, quo niega a su Iglesia, que niegaa Gristd y a 1 los Santos, que biasfema. que seria una perpetua ofensa^a nuestra religion, jamas, lorspite, ; entrara en mi hdgar tin hombre asi.*

51. Galvez, Manuel. La Sombra del Convents v o p . 94-95."Si aceptas que hay un Dios jysto, que hay otra vida despues de la muerte, icomo puedes penear, ni porun sold instante, en unir tu yIda a la de un hombre que niega a jgids? ilgnoras quo quien se casa sin confesion comete un sacrile- gle? iNoves-pobrecriatura-quehabiasiem- pre un abisso entre tu y el? iNo sabes que enla otra vi^a tu que erps cristiana, y cumplqs com? tal, Iras a goqar de Dies, mimntras que el sera paste de Satanas y del infierne?

El hombre que no oree en la Divina Provi- dencia, que niega la existeneia del Ser Supremo,

tiene que ser un,monstnie de orgullo, de vanidad y de ceguera. Solo confla en sus proplas#fuerzae y h&ce de s£ mismo suunico Dios, igon queob- jeto vlvlrcrletlanmente? iPsr* que he de mor- tlficarme en esta vlda, prlvaroq de placeres si de nade ha deservlrme, si habre de desaparecer como on perro?"

58. Galvez, Manuel, La Sombra del Convento. p. 187."Reeordo su conducto despuea que le fue

cerrada la eaaa de Belderrala. ..T al pensar que habla injuriado y calumniado al padre de Teresa y que habia escrito aquel Infame artlculo contra su antifuo prqfesor, y que hasta habla odiado a

: Teresa* sint^o una inquietud intolerable. Se levanto y fue a la sacristia en demanda de im

'-eonfeser."- _ '53. Galvez, Manuel, La Sombra del Convento. p. 188.

(r/, ; t “Al d£a slguiente recibio con emocion aquelDios a Quieq vela oomouna Luz sin prineipio ni fin; le rogo humildamente quele diese paelencia para loe sufrimlentee de la vlda trlste que tal

■v vez le esperaba; y le pidio que, junta cam sugracia dlvlna, pusiera en su alma una gota de

•■■'■iv.:-;, la perfeeta a%egrla. En el instante precise de eomulgar ereyo-que una blancura inmensa se des-

1 - parraaaba den^rode su alma y que lq envelvia, y ,cuando sail© a la qalle le parecio que ba*ia

: . mas luz que nunca, mas alegria que nunca, maspureza que nuqca y que las gentes ©ran mas buenas

; - y las eosas mas bellas y que el tmiverso resplan-decia comb en una celeste Prlmavera. como sltddo hubiera renacldo a la vlda y como si aqualla gran Luz que el llevaba ahora dentro de su alma fuera la misma que embellecia el mundo.”

54. Galvez. Manuel; La Smabra del Convento. p. 195.i “A ml jmleio no hay eoea tan trlste, tan

negramehte trlste, ©omo e| ho creer en nada. Y no hablo de ereeneias oatolioas. Seamos tooso- fos, protestantes, espirltletas, simples deletes, pero creaaoe en la Divinidad, en el alma en el mas alia."

Bibliography.

Akers, Charles Edaond. A History of South America 1850-1904.New York, 1905.

Assens, R. Canslnos, "Sobre Los Casinos de la Muerte, de■■■■■ ■ ' • , ■ ■ . ' ■ ■ ■ . A-:Manuel Galves". Nosotros. Aho XXIII, Toao mil, Buenos Aires, 1989.

Beals. Carlton. South America. (Second prlntingVT New York, 1938.

Coester, Alfred. The Literary History of Spanish America.New York, 1988.

Galvez, Manuel. La Maestra Normal. Buenos Aires, 1925.Galvez. Manuel. Nacha Regules. Buenos Aires, 1924.Galvez. Manuel. El Mai Mataffslco. Buenos Aires, 1922.,

Galvez, Manuel, La Hlstoria de Arrabal. Buenos Aires, 1988. Galvez, Manuel. Etoalta. Buenos Aires, 1989.Galvez, Manuel, Jornadas de Agonfa. Buenos Aires, 1989.Galvez, Manuel, La Sombra del Convento. Buenos Aires, 1988. Galvez, Manuel, Miercoles Santo. Buenos Aires, 1% 0 .Galvez, Manuel, El Gauohe de "Los Carrillos". Buenos Aires,

1931.

Galvez, Manuel, Luna de Miel y Otras Narraetones. Buenos Aires■ ■ . •. ' '■ .. ■' ■ - '

1980.

Galvez, Manuel, Sendero de Humildad. Buenos Aires, 1980#

Galvez. Mangel. La Pampa y su Pasion. Buenos Atree, 1926. Galvez. Manuel. El Solar de la Baza. Buenos Aires, 1930. Galvez. Manuel. La Tragedla de on Hombre Faerie. Buenos

■ Aires, 1982. .Goldberg. Isaac. Spanish American Literature* New York, 1920. Holmes, Henry Alfred, "Baa1 Yrllogia de Manuel Galvez:^Esoenas

de la Guerra del F^r^uay^ ". Revista Hisnanlca Moderns. Tomo III - 1936-1937, Havana, n.d.

Merimee, Ernest, A History, of Spanish Literature. New York, 1930.

' : ,Torres-Rioseco, Arturo, "Manuel Galvez". Nosotros. Afio III,Tomo VIII, Buenos Aires, 1938.

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