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Some of the slides (35-45) we didn’t go over during the last class will be part of today’s lecture.
Ch. 17 Microevolution
• The smallest unit that evolves is a population:– all the members of a single species living in a
defined geographical area at a given time.
originalcoloration
(a) Original environment
(b) Altered environment
lightercoloration
expanse ofbarren terrain
darkercoloration
population A
population B
Figure 17.1
Genetic Basis of Evolution
• Genes exist in variant forms called alleles– Different versions of the same gene– Usually an individual only has 2 different alleles
of the same gene• One from bio mom, one from bio dad
Genetic Basis of Evolution
• A population, however, is likely to possess many alleles for a given gene. – gene pool: The sum total of alleles in a
population
• The basis of evolution is a change in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool.
Alternative Versions:Real Life Example
Underwear
17.2 Evolution as a Change in the Frequency of Alleles
Figure 17.2
maternalchromosome 3
paternalchromosome 3
maternalchromosome 3
paternalchromosome 3
allelesalleles
dark coloration light coloration
a1 a2 a2 a4
Genetic Basis of Evolution
• With such a change, a population can be said to have evolved.
• Evolution at this level is referred to as microevolution: a change of allele frequencies within a population over a relatively short period of time.
Genetic Basis of Evolution
• Conversely, macroevolution, a product of microevolution, is evolution on a larger scale.
• Macroevolution is evolution that results in the formation of new species or other large groupings of living things.
17.3 Five Agents of Microevolution
• Five evolutionary forces can result in changes in allele frequencies within a population.
• These agents of microevolution are:1. mutation2. gene flow3. genetic drift4. sexual selection5. natural selection
Agents of Change: Five Forces That Can Bring about Change in Allele Frequenciesin a Population
Agent Description
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Sexual selection
Natural selection
Alteration in an organism’s DNA; generally has no effect or a harmful effect. But beneficialor “adaptive” mutations are indispensable to evolution.
The movement of alleles from one population to another. Occurs when individuals movebetween populations or when one population of a species joins another, assuming thesecond population has different allele frequencies than the first.
Chance alteration of gene frequencies in a population. Most strongly affects smallpopulations. Can occur when populations are reduced to small numbers (the bottleneckeffect) or when a few individuals from a population migrate to a new, isolated locationand start a new population (the founder effect).
Occurs when some members of a population mate more often than other members.
Some individuals will be more successful than others in surviving and hence reproducing,owing to traits that give them a better “fit” with their environment. The alleles of thosewho reproduce more will increase in frequency in a population.
Table 17.1
1. Mutations
Figure 17.3
Normal Point mutation
incorrectnucleotide sequence
correctnucleotide sequence
Normal Deletion
completechromosome 5
incompletechromosome 5
(a) (b)
• Any permanent alteration in an organism’s DNA• Some are heritable - they can be passed on from one
generation to the next
Mutations
• Happens fairly infrequently– most mutations either have no effect or are harmful
• Adaptive mutations – Vital to evolution – The only way entirely new genetic information
comes along
2. Gene Flow
• The movement of genes from one population to another.
• Takes place through migration– the movement of individuals from one
population into the territory of another
Figure 17.4
(a) Hawaiian silversword (b) Tarweeds in California
North America
HawaiianIslands Pacific
Ocean
gene
flow
How did plant life come about in Hawaii?
Genetic Drift
• A random change in allele frequency• Not related to reproductive success
Genetic Drift
Figure 17.5
Genetic Drift
• Genetic drift can have large effects on small populations through two common scenarios:– the Bottleneck Effect– the Founder Effect
4. Sexual Selection – the guys with more game get more ladies
• A form of natural selection that can affect the frequency of alleles in a gene pool
• Occurs when differences in reproductive success arise because of differential success in mating– Mate more, pass more genes along
Sexual Selection
Figure 17.7
• If you got more game than the other guys, you pass along more of your genes
• This will increase the frequency of your alleles the next generation of the population
5. Natural Selection
• Most powerful force • In a population, if you are more likely to
survive, you are more likely to reproduce and pass on traits that allowed you to survive
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch. 18 The Outcomes of Evolution – Macroevolution
18.1 What is a species?
Biological Species Concept
Species: different kinds of organisms
Species are natural populations of organisms that:• Interbreed with each other or could
possibly interbreed in a natural environment
• Cannot interbreed with organisms outside their own group (reproductive isolation)
What Is a Species?
• Definition does not fit all– Only sexually reproducing organisms
• Bacteria & archaea -reproduce through simple cell division
18.2 How Do New Species Arise?
• Allopatric Speciation• Sympatric Speciation
18.4 The Categorization of Earth’s Living Things
How do we name species?
We need an organizational system!
Carolus Linnaeus…
Carolus Linnaeus and Binomial Nomenclature
A scientific name consists of two parts:1. Genus2. Species
Horse: Equus ferusZebra: Equus quagga
Taxonomy
• More than just two names…• 8 major categories (from least to most
inclusive)– species, genus, family, order, class, phylum,
kingdom, and domain
Linnaean System of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
You should know the order
Species
Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Sex?
Family
Figure 18.10
Linnaean System of Classification
Kingdom(Animalia)
Phylum(Chordata)
Class(Mammalia)
Order(Carnivora)
Family(Felidae)
Genus(Felis)
Species(Felisdomestica)
Present dogs raccoons bearssea
lions seals walrus weasels
10
30
20
40
50
60
ancestralcarnivores
Mil
lio
ns
of
year
s ag
o
Figure 18.11
Family Tree of
MammalianCarnivores
Systematics
• A type of biology that looks at how closely organisms are related– Think family tree
• You are more closely related if you share a mom than if you just share a grandma
• Evolutionary family trees = “phylogenies”– Various evidence
• radiometric dating, the fossil record, DNA sequence comparisons
18.5 Classical Taxonomy and Cladistics
• In determining phylogeny, classical taxonomy establishes evolutionary relationships
• Classical taxonomy is subjective• Cladistics
– a firm rule for inferring relatedness– It counts the shared derived characters two
organisms have– Establishes lines of descent
hagfish lizard deer lion seal
aquatichabitat
carnivorousfeeding
mammaryglands
tetrapod structure
Derivedcharacters
A Simple Cladogram
Figure 18.13
(a) Classical view of relationships among tetrapods (b) Cladistic view of relationships among tetrapodsReptilia Aves Mammalia
turt
les
snak
es
liza
rds
cro
cod
iles
din
osa
urs
bir
ds
mam
mal
s
mam
mal
s
turt
les
snak
es
liza
rds
cro
cod
iles
din
osa
urs
bir
ds
Classical Taxonomy and Cladistics
Figure 18.14
Activity
• Everyone will turn in their own paper• You may work in small groups