Some observations on governance and governing for resilience

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE RICHARD SLIUZAS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP: RESILIENCE JUST DO IT?! GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE IN VULNERABLE PLACES COASTAL RESILIENCE RESEARCH GROUP, RUG

Who am I Scope of this presentation: How to govern for resilience? Governance and governing – work of Jan Kooiman (em Prof. Erasmus

University) Resilience – what is it (Simin Davoudi and others)

and how is it related to the notion of governing Examples

Kick off for discussions

Resilience: Just do it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014

INTRODUCTION

09/10/2014 2

Rakodi 2003, Stoker, 1998 To govern: steer, guide, control, regulate, influence or determine. What

the state does to administer its affairs. Governance: interactive relationship between and within government

and non-government actors. Kooiman (2003, p4) Governing: the totality of interactions, in which public as well as private

actors participate, aimed at solving societal problems or creating societal opportunities; attending to the institutions as contexts for these governing actions; and establishing a normative foundation for all those activities.

Governance: the totality if theoretical conceptions on governing.


GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNING

09/10/2014 3

Resilience: Just do it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 4

INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR GOVERNABILITY OF A SOCIETAL SYSTEM KOOIMAN ET AL, 2008, P4.

09/10/2014

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Key elements Distinction made between: the real world and normative world: human system and natural system – socio-ecological system The system(s) to be governed – object of governing The normative environment - The governing system (legal and social institutions) Governing interactions – how to govern practices Condition of governability constantly changing in response to external and internal forces!! Must consider temporal and spatial scales Time perspectives of actors Diversity, complexity and dynamics within a socio-ecological system can bring both opportunities or lead to ungovernability. Core features: diversity, complexity and dynamics - uncertainty, temporal and spatial scaling, incomplete knowledge and understanding of system structures and dynamics.


INTERACTIVE GOVERNANCE MODEL KOOIMAN ET AL, 2008, P6

09/10/2014

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Elements of Governance Image - visions, knowledge, facts, judgements, hypotheses, ends, goals .. How explicit and systemic are they? Are these images shared? Or contentious? Instrument – link between images and actions. Soft (regulations, financial, information and awareness) or hard (physical force) Action putting instruments into effect – maybe both routine activation or also mobilization in uncharted ways. Governance Orders - 3 concentric rings 1st order is the outer ring First – focussed on day to day problem solving – problem/opportunity framing is a key issue - challenge to include diversity, complexity and dynamics while maintaining societal support Second – institutional arrangements – rules, rights, laws norms etc that are applied by first order actors to make decisions. May adapt to dilemmas raised through first order governance Meta – evaluation of the governing process. Norms to judge actor performance and the process itself are formulated. Key issues for the orders are: are they complementary or not? Are they all sufficiently addressed or not? Modes of Governance at the structural level Self-governance – actors take care of themselves - neoliberal thinking promotes this type. Hierarchy –m top-down through policies and laws. Steering and control are key concepts. Co-governance - actors join-hands for a common goal – communicative governance, PPPs, networks, regimes etc. Both intended and unintended consequences, which may be good or bad, can result from governance processes. Governance is not simply Government – its is the quality of the totality of all interactions between those governing and those governed. Interactions Specific forms of action undertaken to remove obstacles, follow new paths – all dependent upon problem/opportunity definition and position of the observer. Structure-agency viewpoints are needed to appreciate how a governance system is performing.

Engineering: ability of a system to return to an equilibrium or steady state after a disturbance. Return time, efficiency, predictability key issues. Ecological: the magnitude of the disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes its structure - ability to persist and critical thresholds – notion of regime shifts. Multiple equilibria are possible. From bouncing back to bouncing forward Evolutionary resilience: ability of complex socio-ecological systems to change, adapt, and crucially, transform in response to stresses and strains (Carpenter et al)


RESILIENCE: A POWERFUL BUT ELUSIVE CONCEPT DAVOUDI, 2012; HOLLING.

09/10/2014 6

1. Human inventiveness is not well incorporated – innovation, ingenuity etc can lead to transformations. Ideological high-jacking of the term to value self-reliance of communities as a justification for pulling back the role of the state.

2. Resilience to what ends? What is the ultimate goal and can we measure the current and future status reliably?

3. System’s boundary. Which elements are considered to make up the system (inevitably the system model must be simplified)? Possibility for exclusionary practices. Spatial exclusion could also play a role.

4. Power and politics: what is a desirable outcome and for whom?

FOUR CRITICAL ISSUES DAVOUDI, 2012

09/10/2014 7 Resilience: Just do it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014


CAPACITIES FOR STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE OECD, 2014.

09/10/2014

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Resilience can be boosted by strengthening three different types of capacities: Absorptive capacity: The ability of a system to prepare for, mitigate or prevent negative impacts, using predetermined coping responses in order to preserve and restore essential basic structures and functions. This includes coping mechanisms used during periods of shock. Examples of absorptive capacity include early harvest, taking children out of school, and delaying debt repayments. Adaptive capacity: The ability of a system to adjust, modify or change its characteristics and actions to moderate potential future damage and to take advantage of opportunities, so that it can continue to function without major qualitative changes in function or structural identity. Examples of adaptive capacity include diversification of livelihoods, involvement of the private sector in delivering basic services, and introducing drought resistant seed. Transformative capacity: The ability to create a fundamentally new system so that the shock will no longer have any impact. This can be necessary when ecological, economic or social structures make the existing system untenable. Examples of transformative capacity include the introduction of conflict resolution mechanisms, urban planning measures, and actions to stamp out corruption.


INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR GOVERNABILITY OF A RESILIENT SOCIETAL SYSTEM KOOIMAN ET AL, 2008, P4.

09/10/2014

Presenter

Presentation Notes

What is the current state of the system in terms of its resilience? How can we measure its resilience? What kinds of risks and shocks are to be anticipated? Are some parts of the human-natural system more vulnerable/ exposed than others? Do we consider society as a whole or examine its component parts? Are human systems more important than natural systems?


RESILIENCE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

09/10/2014


GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE ARE THE GRAND URBAN DESIGNS RESILIENT AND, IF SO, FOR WHOM?

09/10/2014


AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT, INDIA URBAN REVITALIZATION AND THE SABARMATI RIVER FRONT

09/10/2014

“Modernizing” the River

RIVER SIDE SLUM CLEARANCE

Presenter

Presentation Notes

http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/2012/07/06/india-sabarmati-riverfront-project-in-ahmedabad-219619.html

INTERIM RESETTLEMENT SITE INTERIM CAN MEAN UP TO 8 YEARS


DISPLACEMENTS CAUSED BY RESETTLEMENT PATEL, SLIUZAS, MATHUR

09/10/2014

Major impacts on livelihoods and impoverishment:

• Increased travel distances & costs for work, schools, health services

• Loss of jobs

• Sense of despair and uncertainty

• Marginalization

• Social disarticulation


KAMPALA PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

HOW DOES IT RELATE TO GROUND REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES

09/10/2014


KAMPALA PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

HOW DOES IT RELATE TO GROUND REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES

09/10/2014

Doubtful: underlying the quest for resilience are many wicked questions and policy intricacies

Just as good governance does not just happen so resilience cannot be simply done.

In governing for resilience more than cursory attention is needed for social equity - fruits of economic development are not equitably distributed nor are the risks and shocks.

Difficult debates on sharing the pains and the gains are therefore required.

As recent events related to earthquakes in Groningen show the governability of resilience is not a trivial concern.


SO CAN WE JUST DO RESILIENCE?

09/10/2014

Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson, G. D., Wilkinson, C., … Porter, L. (2012). Urban

Resilience: What Does it Mean in Planning. Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 299–333.

doi:10.1080/14649357.2012.677124

Kooiman, J. (2003). Governing as governance. London: Sage Publications.

Kooiman, J., Bavink, M., Chuenpagdee, R., Mahon, R., & Pullin, R. (2008). Interactive Governance and

Governability : An Introduction. Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 7(1), 1–11. Retrieved from

http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/59200

Kooiman, J. (2008). Exploring the Concept of Governability. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research

and Practice, 10(2), 171–190. doi:10.1080/13876980802028107

OECD (2014) Guidelines for resilience systems analysis, OECD Publishing.

www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda

Rakodi, C. (2003). Politics and performance: the implications of emerging governance arrangements for urban

management approaches and information systems. Habitat International, 27(4), 523–547.


REFERENCES

09/10/2014 20

http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/59200

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Documents

Some observations on governance and governing for resilience