Some considerations on Dacian gold coins of Koson type in the light of compositional analyses / Aurel Vîlcu ... [et al.]

8/20/2019 Some considerations on Dacian gold coins of Koson type in the light of compositional analyses / Aurel Vîlcu ... [et …

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REVUE ---------------------------------------------------NUMISMATIQUE

Dirigée parC. Morrisson, M. Amandry,

M. Bompaire, O. Picard

Secrétaires de la rédactionC. Grandjean

A. Hostein

ISSN 0484-8942

2010(166e volume)

SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE DE NUMISMATIQUE

Diffusion : Société d’édition « Les Belles Lettres »2010

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SOMMAIRE

HOMMAgE JEAn-nOL BARRAndOn

Biblioraphie es travaux e Jea-noël Barrao 5

Témoignages

Jean-Pierre CALLU – La aissace ’u projet, la RCP 483 (1974-1976) 23

Hélène NICOLET-PIERRE – Recherches sur la compositio métallique e quelquesséries de monnaies antiques frappées dans le monde égéen 27

Olivier PICARD – Vingt-cinq ans de recherches sur les monnaies grecques avecJea-noël Barrao 35

Françoise DUMAS – de Philippe Auuste à Charlemae. Recherches sur l’aretes moaies e compaie e Jea-noël Barrao 41

Articles

Gérard AUBIN avec la collaboration de Sylvia NIETO – Liaisons de coins et orgaulois 51

Frédérique DUYRAT, Julien OLIVIER – deux politiques e l’or. Séleucies etLagides au IIIe siècle avant J.-C. 71

Thomas FAUCHER – Gravure et composition métallique des monnaies lagides .... 95

Suzanne FREY-KUPPER, Clive STANNARD – Les imitations pseudo-Ebusus/Massaliaen Italie centrale : typologie et structure, présence dans les collections et dansles trouvailles de France 109

Jea-noël BARRANDON (†), Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Arwen GAFFIERO – Les émissionsd’as au type divvs avgvstvs pater frappées sous Tibère : l’apport des analysesà leur datation et à leur interprétation 149

Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND, Marc BOMPAIRE, Cécile MORRISSON – Platine et plombdans les monnaies d’or mérovingiennes : nouvelles perspectives analytiques .... 175

Lucile BECK, Élise ALLOIN, Ulrich KLEIN, Thierry BOREL, Claire BERTHIER, AnneMICHELIN – Le trésor e Preuschorf (Bas-Rhi) XVIIe siècle. Premiers résul-tats d’une étude pluridisciplinaire 199


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François de CALLATAŸ – Les plombs à types monétaires en Grèce ancienne : mon-

aies (ofcielles, votives ou cotrefaites), jetos, sceaux, pois, épreuves ou

fantaisies ? 219

Louis BROUSSEAU – Le monnayage des Serdaioi revisité 257

Jean HOURMOUZIADIS – ΚΟΣΩΝ gol Staters a Silver drachmae - A die Stuy 287

Aurel VÎLCU, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU, Roxaa BUGOI, Cătălia Păuna – Someconsiderations on Dacian gold coins of Koson type in the light of compositionalanalyses 297

Giovanni GORINI – La monetazione di Ariminum 311

Pierluigi DEBERNARDI – Plated coins, false coins? 337

Shpresa GJONGECAJ – Le monnayage de Phoinikè sous l’empire romain 383

Sylviane ESTIOT – propos ’u méaillo iéit e l’usurpateur Julie (284-285 Ad) : so rèe et so moayae 397

Georges GAUTIER – Ue justicatio opportue u système tétrarchique par

l’image monétaire de diffusion courante : la série de nummi à bustes accolésémise à Trèves e 298 ap. J.-C. 419

Vincent DROST, Sylviane ESTIOT – Maxece et le portrait militaire e l’empereuren Mattiobarbulus 435

Henri POTTIER – Le moayae e la Syrie sous l’occupatio perse (610-630).Complément 447

Vincent GENEVIÈVE, Guillaume SARAH – Le trésor de deniers mérovingiens de

Roez (Aveyro). Circulatio et iffusio es moayaes ’aret as leSud de la France au milieu du VIIIe siècle 477

Jérôme JAMBU – Ue histoire e la Moaie e Cae à l’époque moere (1693-1772) 509

François THIERRY – La moaie u Xijia as eux ouvraes récets 537

Bulletin bibliographique 553

Supplément : Françoise DUMAS – Jea Lafaurie (1914-2008) 609

Index 615

Instructions aux auteurs 627

Table des matières 633

ARTICLES


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RN 2010, p. 297-310

Aurel VÎLCU*, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU**, Roxana BUGOI**, Ctlina Păuna**

Some considerations on Dacian gold coins o Koson tpe

in the light o compositional analses

Summary – This paper presents the reslts o analses perormed on 81 gold coins o Koson tpeond in Romanian pblic collections. The composition o the Koson tpe coins was compared to

the composition o 42 Greek gold coins issed between the 4

th

and 1

st

centries BC, three Romangold coins issed in the second hal o the 1st centr BC, and a Lsimachs tpe “tetrastater”rom the medieval hoard discovered at Baia Mare (Romania). Based on the reslts, we developeda dierent hpothesis as to the origin o the gold and the places o isse o the Koson tpe coinswere discssed.

Résumé – On présente les résltats d’analses des 81 monnaies d’or de tpe Koson conservées dansles collections pbliqes romaines. La composition des monnaies de tpe Koson est comparéeavec les résltats des analses obtens sr 42 monnaies d’or grecqes des IVe-Ier siècles, troismonnaies d’or romaines rappées dans la dexième moitié d Ier siècle av. J.-C. et n « tétrastatère »de tpe Lsimaqe d trésor médiéval décovert à Baia Mare (Romanie). On discte les hpo-thèses concernant l’origine de l’or et le lie d’émission des monnaies de tpe Koson.

Introduction

The legend and the iconograph o the gold coins together with the ΚΟΣΩΝlegend spawned a nmber o controversies concerning their origin and theprpose o their isse. Over the ears, dierent researchers have attribted themto a town in Etrria,1 a town (Cossea) in Thrace,2 a Thracian king,3 a Scthiandnast in Olbia,4 a Dacian king,5 or a mobile militar mint that traveled with

* The Vasile Pârvan Institte o Archaeolog, Str. Henri Coand 11, Bcharest 010667.Email: [email protected].

** The Horia Hlbei National Institte or Nclear Phsics and Engineering, str. Atomistilor 407,P.O. BOX MG-6, Mgrele 077125. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].

1. J. H. ECKHEL, Catalogus musei Caesarei Vindobonensis numorum veterum, distributus in partes II, quarum prior monetam urbium populorum, regum, altera Romanorum complectitur, 1,1779, p. 14; Th. E. MIONNET, Description de médailles antiques, grecques et romaines, 1, 1806,p. 98, no. 11 (with monogram) and no. 12 (withot monogram).

2. Th. E. MIONNET, op. cit., 2, Paris, 1822, p. 276, no. 445.3. Th. MOMMSEN, Geschichte des römischen Münzwesens, Berlin, 1860, p. 693.

4. B. HEAD, Historia Numorum, Oxord, 1911, p. 272 and 289.5. M. BAHRFELDT, Über die Goldmünzen des DakerKönigs KOΣΩN-Münzen, Berliner

Münzblatter, Berlin, 1911; O. ILIESCU, Sr les monnaies d’or à la légende KOSON, NAC , 19,1990, p. 185-213; C. M. PETOLESCU, A Hoard o Koson-tpe Gold Coins, in 130 years Since the Establishment of the Modern Romanian Monetary System, Bcharest, 1997, p. 83-92.


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AuREL VîLCu / B. CONSTANTINESCu / R. BuGOI / C. PăuNA298

RN 2010, p. 297-310

Plate 1 - Gold coins o Koson tpe (pairs o dies).

Obverse 1 Obverse 2

Reverse 1

Obverse 3 Obverse 4 Obverse 5 Obverse 6

Reverse 2

Obverse 7 Reverse 3


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SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON DACIAN GOLD COINS Of KOSON TyPE 299

RN 2010, p. 297-310

Brts and Cassis throgh Greece and Western Asia Minor prodcing gold coinsor the dnast called Koson.6 A recent hpothesis pblished b the Romanianresearcher C. Preda sggests the were a medieval creation.7

The gold coins o Koson tpe eatres an eagle standing on a scepter andholding a wreath in its talon on the let o obverse side and a Roman conslaccompanied b two lictors, a monogram on the let, and the legend KOΣΩNin the exerge, on the reverse. The obverse and reverse are inspired b Romaniconograph and imitate a denaris strck b Q. Pomponis Rs in 73 BCand a denaris strck b M. Jnis Brts in 54 BC.8 We know o two tpes okosons: those with monogram (pl. 1, Rev. 1 and 2) and those withot monogram(pl. 1, Rev. 3).9 Althogh the monogram was thoght to exist in varios orms,10

the most recent stdies have revealed two tpes o monogram conventionallnamed the simple monogram (pl. 1, Rev. 2) and the complex (intricate) mono-gram (pl. 1, Rev. 1).11

Pblic collections in Romania contain12 over 500 kosons rom the Târsa hoarddiscovered in the 1990s and arond 30 kosons rom the old collections createdin the 19th centr. The gold coins o Koson tpe rom the old collections mightoriginate rom hoards ond in the earl ears o the 19 th centr. Indeed,docments belonging to the Astrian government o Translvania mentionthe discover, in 1803-1804, o two hoards o kosons near Sarmizegetsa (theancient capital o the Dacian Kingdom). Some o the kosons conscated romthe discoverers were melted in the Alba Ilia (Karlsbrg) mint.13

6. J. H. ECKHEL, Doctrina numorum veterum, 6, Vienna, 1796, p. 23; I. WINKLER, Consideraţiidespre moneda “KOSON”, Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche, 23, 1972, no. 2, p. 173-199. for adetailed discssion o the king Koson-Cotso, see H. DAICOVICIU, Coson sa Cotiso, Acta Musei Napocensis

, 2, 1965, p. 107-110.7. C. PREDA, Istoria monedei în Dacia preromană , Bcharest, 1998, p. 226-233; C. PREDA,Ein neer Vorschlag zr Chronologie der Koson-Münzen, Stephanos nomismatikos: Edith Schönert-Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag, Berlin, 1998, p. 555-561.

8. M. CRAWFORD, The Roman Republican Coinage, 1, p. 410, no. 398 and p. 455, no. 433/1.A detailed discssion b O. ILIESCU, op. cit., p. 185-213.

9. M. A. HALEVY, Ator d’n problème de nmismatiqe antiqe : a-t-il ne monnaie d’ordace ? À propos d statère à la legende KOΣΩN, Studii Clasice, 3, 1961, p. 90; the athorconsidered that there wold be or tpes: two with monogram and two withot monogram.

10. O. ILIESCU, op. cit., p. 185-213.11. A. VÎLCU, Th. ISVORANU, E. NICOLAE, Les monnaies d’or de l’Institut d’Archéologie de

Bucarest , Wetteren, 2006, p. 9-11; M. DIMA, D. ILIE, Tezarl de monede de tip Koson descoperit

la Târsa, com. Boşorod, jd. Hnedoara. Lotl pstrat la Banca Naţional a României, in Simpozionde numismatică. Chişinău 29 septembrie-2 octombrie 2004, Bcharest, 2007, p. 35-65.

12. The nmber o coins in Romanian pblic collections is that at the end o Agst 2009.13. A complex analsis o the koson discoveries was recentl perormed b L. MUNTEANU,

Despre descoperirile monetare de tip Koson, Arheologia Moldovei, 25 (2002), 2004, p. 253-270.


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Research on the nmismatic material ond in Romanian collections showedthat the coins o Koson tpe were strck with ten pairs o dies:14 two pairs orthe pieces with a complex (intricate) monogram, or pairs or the pieces witha simple monogram, and or pairs again or the pieces withot a monogram.

The present project analzed the gold coins o Koson tpe rom the “old”collections o the Romanian Academ created in the 19th centr as well as someo the coins o Koson tpe rom the Târsa hoard, ond toda at the NationalBank o Romania and the National Histor Msem o Romania. This made itpossible to compare the reslts o the compositional analses perormed onthe pieces rom the old collections o the Romanian Academ, most probabldiscovered dring the 19th centr, to the reslts o the compositional analses

o the pieces rom the Târsa hoard ond in the 1990s.

Experimental methods

The non-destrctive compositional analses o the Koson tpe coins reportedin this std were perormed b X-Ra florescence (XRf).

Some o the coins were analzed sing an XRf set-p based on a 241Am(30 mCi) annlar (approximatel 1.5 cm diameter) radioactive sorce and aHPGe horizontal detector with a berllim window and an energ resoltion(fWHM - fll Width at Hal Maximm) o 200 eV at 5.9 keV. The geometr othis set-p allows the analsis o the entire srace o the coin (obverse and/orreverse). This avoids an possible lateral inhomogeneities in the compositiono the coins and the reslts given in Table 1 are thereore average vales. Severalmodern gold and silver coins and reerence materials with certied compositionwere sed to calibrate the set-p. A home-made sotware was sed or theanalsis o the XRf spectra. The overall relative ncertainties are estimatedto be approximatel 1 % or the reported gold concentrations and arond 10 %or silver and copper concentrations.

Another set o XRf measrements was perormed with an X-MET 3000TXR +

portable spectrometer rom Oxord Instrments. This device is an XRf analzerbased on an X-ra tbe with a rhodim anode (40 kV maximm voltage). Thedetector is a silicon PIN diode which is Peltier cooled, being protected b a thinkapton window, and has an energ resoltion (fWHM) o 275 eV at 5.9 keV.The size o the spot that excites the characteristic X-ras in the analzed coins isroghl 6 mm × 5 mm.

When reporting the reslts o this std, the iron concentrations were neglectedbecase this element appeared onl in small qantities; and it is qite likel thatthis element originates mainl rom srace contamination o the coins.

14. The coins rom the Târsa hoard strck with six pairs o dies were recentl pblished bM. DIMA, D. ILIE, op. cit., p. 35-65.


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for a more detailed analsis, small ragments o 9 gold coins (maximm1 mm in diameter) were analzed sing micro-PIXE (Particle Indced X-raEmission). The micro-PIXE measrements were perormed in Janar 2009 atthe AGLAE ( Accélérateur Grand Louvre d’Analyse Elémentaire) acceleratorbelonging to Centre de Recherche et de Restaration des Msées de france(C2RMf), which is located in the basement o the Lovre Msem in Paris.15

The samples were bombarded with a 3 MeV proton micro-beam (roghl50 μm in diameter) which was extracted in air. In general, de to the small sizeo the samples analzed, onl spot measrements (50 μm diameter) were per-ormed. However, in some cases – mostl where the gold bit was “large” enogh,the beam was scanned across the sample srace to allow dierent spots on the

same coin ragment to be measred. The beam crrent was arond 10 nA andthe acqisition times were made relativel long (20-25 mintes) in order toimprove the MDL (Minimm Detection Limits) or trace elements (Sn, Sb, Te).Acqisition o the characteristic X-ras was perormed sing two Si(Li) detectors.The low-energ (LE-PIXE) Si(Li) detector was sed in the determination o thematrix elements (A, Ag, C), while the high-energ (HE-PIXE) Si(Li) detectorwas sed to determine trace elements. All measrements were made sing apinhole lter in ront o the LE-PIXE detector and a 75 μm C lter in ront othe HE-PIXE detector, so as to redce the high contribtion o gold L lines anddiminish the sm peaks o A L lines that interere with the X-ra signals oelements neighboring Ag. The 6917 (76 % A, 17 % Ag, and 6 % C) and 6905(75 % A, 6 % Ag, 19 % C) gold standards rom Comptoir Lon-Allemandfrance were sed to check the accrac o the PIXE measrements. To estimatethe MDL o the experimental set-p sed, a natral gold standard (fAu8), romthe Roal Canadian Mint and containing some trace elements at a level o tenso ppm, was also measred. Ater acqisition o the spectra, qantitative analsiswas perormed sing the GuPIXWIN16 and TRAuPIXE sotwares.

Analysis of the coins

We analzed 81 gold coins o Koson tpe rom Romanian pblic collections:24 coins with complex (intricate) monograms (strck with two pairs o dies),50 coins with simple monograms (strck with or pairs o dies), and 7 coinswithot monograms (the pair o dies Obv. 7-Rev. 3). The composition o theKoson tpe coins was compared to that o 42 Greek gold coins17 issed between

15. J. SALOMON, J.-C. DRAN, T. GUILLOU, B. MOIGNARD, L. PICHON, P. WALTER, f. MATHIS, Nclear

Instrments and Methods, Physics Research B 266 , 2008, p. 2273-2278 and the reerences therein.16. http://pixe.phsics.ogelph.ca/gpix/main.17. Staters o Philip II tpe, staters o Alexander tpe issed at Amphipolis, Odessos, and

Kallatis, staters o Lsimachs tpe rom Istros, Tomis, Kallatis, Tras, Odessos, Bzantion,Lsimachia and Chalcedon.


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the 4th and 1st centries BC, three Roman gold coins issed in the second halo the 1st centr BC,18 and a Lsimachs tpe “tetrastater” rom the medievalhoard discovered in the northern Romanian town o Baia Mare.

A decrease in the neness o the staters strck in the 4th to 1st centries BCwas observed.19 This debasement corresponds to an increase in copper andsilver contents. The Philip II stater has the highest level o neness (99.5 %).The Alexander tpe stater, issed at Kallatis in 250-225 BC, has a slightl lowerneness (98.7 %) bt is higher than that o the Koson coins. The same sitationcan be observed in the case o the Lsimachs staters issed in the second halo the 3rd centr BC at Chalcedon, Odessos and Tomis. The compositionalanalses o the last Lsimachs staters rom Istros, Kallatis and Tomis issed

in the 1st

centr BC show that the allo sed is similar or ver close to that othe Koson coins with monogram. This observation spports the hpothesis oa Balkan20 origin or the gold sed to manactre the kosons with monogram.Another sorce o gold or these coins cold have been the Empire o Mithra-dates VI Epator.21 The stlistic and metrological analses o the koson coinsin Romanian collections sggest the were issed somewhere on the edge othe Greek world. for instance, the hoard ond at Târsa, in Romania, containsman pieces weighting between 8.70 and 9.26 g,22 which is mch higher thanthe sal standard o the Lsimachs staters or Roman arei. The XRf analsesshow that the heavier pieces have the same composition as the rest o the kosonswith monogram. The lack o strict control over the weight o the coins sggeststhat their minting took place in an improvised workshop and not a Greek one.We can thereore sa that the hpothesis promoted b some researchers, thatthe kosons were issed at Olbia or b Brts in Thracia or a dynast namedKoson, is a qestionable one. Moreover, the compositional analsis shows theRoman arei to have a neness dierent rom that o the gold coins o Kosontpe and o the last Lsimachs staters issed in the 1st centr BC. Conse-qentl, it is diclt to accept the hpothesis o the issing b Brts o the last

18. An ares strck in 46 BC (moneer A. Hirtis) and two arei o Agsts. Recentl, acomplex analsis on the arei o Agsts was presented b M. AMANDRY, M. BLET-LEMARQUAND,A. SUSPÈNE, Les monnaies d’or d’Agste : l’apport des analses élémentaires, The XIV Inter-national Numismatic Congress, Glasgow, 31 Agst-4 September 2009.

19. for the analses o the Macedonian gold staters, see A. GONDONNEAU, H. NICOLET-PIERRE,M. f. GUERRA, The Persian and Macedonian gold rom Daris to Alexander the Great, Archaeo-metry 98. Proceedings of the 31st Symposium, Budapest, April 26 - May 3 1998, BAR, 2002,p. 369-374.

20. V. COJOCARU, B. CONSTANTINESCU, I. Ştefănescu, C. M. PETOLESCU, EDXRf and PAA analseso Dacian gold coins o “koson” tpe, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 246,

no. 1, 2000, p. 185-190.21. A. VÎLCU, B. CONSTANTINESCU, New research on Koson tpe coinage in the light o XRf

analses, paper presented at The Second International Symposium ARCHAEOMET- Ancient and Medieval Metalworks. Archaeology-Numismatics-Nuclear Analyses, Bcharest 6-7 Ma 2008.

22. M. DIMA, D. ILIE, op. cit., p. 35-65.


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Lsimachs staters in 44-42 BC to pa his Thracian mercenaries.23 for instance,the reslts o the XRf analsis perormed on the gold coins issed at Olbiaor the king Pharzoios24 show that the Greek cities on the Black Sea westerncoast ollowed the standards o the Roman arei onl ater the second hal othe 1st centr AD.

Medieval docments note how, ater the discover in the mid-16 th centro a large hoard o coins, nmeros Lsimachs staters remained in circlationin Translvania.25 The sccess o these coins led to the nocial manactreo medieval imitations o the Lsimachs staters. The “tetrastaters” ond in themedieval hoard at Baia Mare26 provide proo o the imitation o Lsimachstpe coins in the 16th centr. The “tetrastaters” were indeed medieval creations

o the 16th

centr, a act demonstrated b metrological argments, as well asthe docments stemming rom that time concerning the circlation in Transl-vania, dring the 16th-17th centries, o coins known as “lisimahi”.27 Based onthese observations, the Romanian researcher C. Preda considers all the statersond in Translvania to have been medieval imitations, ths generating thehpothesis that the kosons were inventions rom the rst hal o the 16th centr.However, the hpothesis o the medieval origins o the kosons is contradictedb the reslts o the analses and the histor o koson discoveries.28 A recentanalsis o a Lsimachs “tetrastater” rom the Baia Mare hoard, toda in theCoin Room o the Romanian Academ Librar, revealed that this coin was castsing nrened Translvanian gold (83.6 % A, 15.0 % Ag, 1.4 % C). Themeasrements perormed on this “tetrastater” conrmed that the allo sed istotall dierent rom that o the kosons with monogram bt close to that o thekosons withot monogram. We can thereore conclde that the kosons withotmonogram cold have been made sing nrened Translvanian gold.29

23. H. J. BERK, http://www.harlanjberk.com. for the last staters o Lsimachs tpe seefr. DE CALLATAŸ, L’histoire des guerres mithridatiques vue par les monnaies, Nmismatica

Lovaniensia, 18, Lovain-la-Neve, 1997.24. The analsis perormed on the piece rom the Romanian Academ Librar (C. PREDA,E. PETAC, Les monnaies d’or de la Bibliothèque de l’Académie Roumaine, I. Monnaies grecqueset romaines, Wetteren, 2006, p. 42, no. 159) revealed a ver high level o neness: 99.4 % A,0.5 % Ag, 0.1 % C.

25. O. ILIESCU, Les tétrastatères de Lsimaqe, trovés à Baia Mare, Studii Clasice, 10, 1968,p. 87-92. L. MUNTEANU, Qelqes considérations concernant les décovertes des monnaies d’or detpe Lsimaqe dans la Dacie intra-carpatiqe, in Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North andWest of the Black Sea from the Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest , Iaşi, 2005, p. 237-254.

26. O. ILIESCU, op. cit., p. 87-92.27. Ibid .28. I. WINKLER, op. cit., p. 173-199; C. PREDA, Monedele geto-dacilor, Bcharest, 1973, p. 353-

361; L. MUNTEANU, op. cit., p. 253-270.29. for analses o Translvanian gold, see R. BUGOI, V. COJOCARU, B. CONSTANTINESCU,

T. CALLIGARO, L. PICHON, S. RÖHRS, J. SALOMON, Compositional stdies on Translvanian goldnggets: Advantages and limitations o PIXE-PIGE analsis, Nuclear Instruments and Methodsin Physics Research B, 266(10), 2008, p. 2316-2319, and the reerences therein.


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The stlistic and metrological analsis shows that the pieces with complexmonograms strck with two pairs o dies represent the rst chronological gropo koson coinage. This observation was conrmed b the XRf analses peror-med on 24 pieces o this tpe. At the same time, the analses demonstrate thatthe allo sed in the isse o the coins o Koson tpe with complex monogramis similar to the allo in the last gold staters o Lsimachs tpe strck at Istros,Tomis and Kallatis. unortnatel, the task o determining the sorces o thegold sed b the Greek cities is ver diclt. It is important to mention herethat the last staters o Lsimachs tpe were strck dring the Mithridatic wars.In act, the prpose o this isse was the pament o Mithridates’ troops b theGreek cities on the Black Sea western coast. These circmstances sggest that

the sorce o gold or the last staters o Lsimachs tpe cold have been theEmpire o Mithridates VI Epator, inclding gold broght rom the Balkans.The stlistic and metrological analses demonstrate that the second phase o

the Koson tpe coinage comprises pieces strck with or pairs o dies (4 obversedies and one reverse die with simple monogram). The XRf analses o thisgrop o pieces showed that their neness decreased in comparison with that othe pieces rom the rst phase o the Koson coinage. However, the allo sedor the pieces strck with the rst three pairs o dies is similar (or ver close) tothe gold sed in the Greek cities Istros, Tomis and Kallatis. The neness o thepieces prodced with the orth pair o dies ranges between 97.7 % and 90.3 %,with the metal probabl being obtained b melting rened and nrened goldrom ingots and objects.

In the case o the koson coins withot monogram, the XRf analsis revealsa neness o between 97.0 % and 85.1 %. This most likel sggests the se onative Translvanian gold – allvial mixed with primar (rom srace veins) –in their manactre. Moreover, the stlistic analsis shows that the obverse dieno. 4 was a prototpe o the obverse die no. 7 (with eagle). All the stlistic,metrological and compositional analses conrm that the coins withot mono-gram represent the last phase o gold coinage o Koson tpe.

A nmber o small samples (less than 1 mm in diameter) obtained romkosons with monograms, kosons withot monograms, and rom some latestaters o Lsimachs tpe strck at Tomis and Kallatis in the 1st centr BCwere analzed sing the micro-PIXE method at the AGLAE ( AccélérateurGrand Louvre d’Analyse Elémentaire) in Paris. The micro-PIXE reslts aregiven in Table 2.

Traces o tin were observed in the koson withot monogram spectra (see, orexample, gre 1). Tin was ond as a trace element in the ancient gold jewelr,and is reported man times in the literatre.30 As a conseqence, it has beenspeclated that ver ancient gold artiacts containing p to 2 % copper and

30. R. K. DUBE, Gold Bulletin, 2006, 39/3, p. 103 and reerences therein.


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small amonts o tin were in act manactred ot o panned placer gold.31 The presence o tin in solid soltion (i.e. homogeneosl distribted) in goldartiacts (inclding coins) might be explained as ollows: cassiterite (SnO2) andgold can simltaneosl occr in the same vein or placer deposit. Despite allpossible precations being taken when gold panning in ancient times, somecassiterite grains cold still be ond in gold-rich concentrates. When sch anatrall occrring gold-rich concentrate was melted in a redcing atmosphere,the cassiterite was redced to metallic tin, which entered the liqid primargold phase.32 There are also cases in which cassiterite grains were ond inancient gold objects.33 Since tin melts at abot 232 °C and cassiterite reqiresabot 1200 °C to be smelt into metal, in this case native gold might not have

been cast bt jst hammered in order to abricate sch artiacts.34

The spectra shown in gres 1-3 were obtained sing the micro-PIXE techniqe,at the AGLAE accelerator in the Lovre Msem, in three dierent adjacentspots35 on the same sample rom a koson withot monogram. The correspondingelemental concentrations are given in Table 3. It can be seen that in the rst“spot” (spectrm shown in gre 1), the tin concentration is ver high – tin Kβ X-ra peak is ver prononced, while, on moving the analzing proton beam totwo other neighboring areas (the second and the third spectra), the tin concen-tration drasticall decreases. It was thereore conclded that the rst area inwhich the beam hit the koson withot monogram ragment was most likel onein which a cassiterite inclsion/grain was present. This observation conrmsthat at least some o the kosons withot monogram were prodced rom allvialgold, most likel o Translvanian provenance.

Conclusions

All the analses described in this std – stlistic, metrological and compo-sitional – on gold coins o Koson tpe sggest that in the rst and second phase,when the pieces with complex monogram and simple monogram were strck,

gold o the same neness as that o the last staters o Lsimachs tpe issed inthe Greek cities on the Black Sea western coast was sed. This gold was proba-bl broght rom these Greek cities as political paments. To isse the kosonso the third phase, it is most likel that native – allvial and primar – nrenedgold rom Translvania was sed. This last hpothesis, together with the metro-logical and the stlistic analses perormed, indicates that the kosons withotmonogram were strck in a workshop that was dierent rom that in which the

31. Ibid .32. Ibid .33. M. f. GUERRA, T. CALLIGARO, Measurement Science and Technology, 14, 2003, p. 1527.34. The melting point o gold is 1063oC.35. Each analzed area was approximatel 50 μm in diameter.


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kosons with monogram were manactred. In an case, the gold coins oKoson tpe were issed in a moment o crisis, sometime in the second hal othe 1st centr BC.

Acknowledgements

We wold like to thank or colleages E. Petac rom the Coin Room o theRomanian Academ Librar, M. Dima and D. Ilie rom the National Bank oRomania or their kindness in oering s the coins rom their collections so wecold perorm the compositional analsis. We are also gratel to E. Oberlän-der-Târnovean rom the Coin Room o the National Histor Msem o

Romania, who allowed s to std 16 kosons rom the Târsa hoard. We woldalso like to thank M. Amandr, the director o the Cabinet des Médailles, Biblio-thèqe Nationale in Paris or his kind help with or work.

Most o the compositional analses presented in this work were perormed withinthe ramework o the ARCHAEOMET (2005-2008) and ROMARCHAEOMET(2007-2010) projects, which are nded b the Romanian Ministr o Edcation,Research and Innovation.

The nancial spport o the Eu-ARTECH project, which gave s access tobeam time at the AGLAE accelerator in Paris, is gratell acknowledged. Thecompetent advice and expertise o the AGLAE sta – Th. Calligaro, L. Pichon,Br. Moignard – is also warml appreciated.

figre 1 - micro-PIXE spectrm o a minte ragment o a koson withot monogram(rst analzed area) – the high tin signal is to be noted.


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figre 2 - micro-PIXE spectrm o the same ragment o a koson withot monogram,bt measred in a dierent spot (the second analzed area) – a strong decrease in the tin signal

(as compared with the previos spectrm) can be observed.

figre 3 - micro-PIXE spectrm o the same ragment o a koson withot monogram(the third analzed area) – again a strong decrease in the tin signal

(as compared with the rst analzed area) can be observed.


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Abbreviations used in tables

COJOCARU 2000: V. COJOCARU, B. CONSTANTINESCU, I. Ştefănescu, C. M. PETOLESCU,EDXRf and PAA analses o Dacian gold coins o “koson” tpe, Journal of Radio-analytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 246, no. 1, 2000, p. 185-190.

DIMA, ILIE 2007: M. DIMA, D. ILIE, Tezarl de monede de tip Koson descoperit laTârsa, com. Boşorod, jd. Hnedoara. Lotl pstrat la Banca Naţional a României,in Simpozion de numismatică. Chişinău 29 septembrie-2 octombrie 2004, Bcharest,2007, p. 35-65.

PREDA, PETAC 2006: C. PREDA, E. PETAC, Les monnaies d’or de la Bibliothèque del’Académie Roumaine, I. Monnaies grecques et romaines, Wetteren, 2006.

VÎLCU 2006: A. VÎLCU, Th. ISVORANU, E. NICOLAE, Les monnaies d’or de l’Institutd’Archéologie de Bucarest , Wetteren, 2006.

BAR: Biblioteca Academiei RomâneBNR: Banca Naţional a RomânieiIAB: Instittl de Arheologie din BcreştiMNIR: Mzel Naţional de Istorie a României

Table 1 - XRf concentrations (expressed in weight percents).*

Dies Au (wt %) Ag (wt %) Cu (wt %) Weight (g) References Provenance

Obv.1-Rev.1 98.8 0.9 0.1 8.60 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 49 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 98.3 1.6 0.1 8.60 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 47 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 98.2 1,6 0.1 8.37 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 143 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 98.0 1,8 0.1 8.36 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 142 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 97.9 1.6 0.1 8.60 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 46 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 97.6 2,2 0.1 8.82 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 2 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 96.5 3.0 0.1 8.38 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 140 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 96.1 3.8 0.1 8.81 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 3 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 96.0 3.5 0.2 8.74 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 8 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 95.9 3.8 0.1 8.80 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 4 Târsa hoard

Obv.1-Rev.1 95.9 3.9 0.2 8.75 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 6 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 95.9 3.7 0.2 8.37 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 141 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 95.4 4.3 0.1 8.75 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 7 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 3.28 0.19 8.53 COJOCARU 2000, no. 15 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 3.12 0.25 8.53 COJOCARU 2000, no. 14 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 3.33 0.13 8.17 COJOCARU 2000, no. 13 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 0.62 0.05 8.54 COJOCARU 2000, no. 12 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 2.86 0.19 8.48 COJOCARU 2000, no. 9 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 2.60 0.18 8.67 COJOCARU 2000, no. 8 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 3.16 0.14 8.53 COJOCARU 2000, no. 6 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 3.46 0.15 8.59 COJOCARU 2000, no. 5 Târsa hoardObv.1-Rev.1 2.31 0.12 8.58 COJOCARU 2000, no. 4 Târsa hoard

*A concentrations (wt%) rom COJOCARU 2000 can be roghl estimated – de to the presenceo some trace elements not reported in this table – to be the dierence between 100 % and silverand copper concentrations.


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Dies Au (wt %) Ag (wt %) Cu (wt %) Weight (g) References Provenance

Obv.1-Rev.1 2.82 0.14 8.70 COJOCARU 2000, no. 3 Târsa hoard

Obv.2-Rev.1 94.9 4.6 0.2 8.54 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 145 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 96.7 3.0 0.1 8.46 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 147 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 96.3 3.4 0.1 8.43 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 152 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 95.1 4.5 0.1 8.30 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 173 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 94.3 5.3 0.1 8.32 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 172 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 94.2 5.4 0.2 8.44 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 151 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 93.7 6.0 0.2 8.46 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 146 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 93.7 5.9 0.2 8.45 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 148 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 92.9 6.7 0.2 8.44 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 150 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 92.5 7.2 0.1 8.42 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 153 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 5.14 0.26 8.50 COJOCARU 2000, no. 10 Târsa hoardObv.3-Rev.2 5,06 0.20 8.46 COJOCARU 2000, no. 2 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 97,7 1.9 0.2 8.45 VÎLCU 2006, no. 68 IAB 584

Obv.4-Rev.2 97.2 2.7 0.1 8.41 DIMA, ILIE 2007, nr. 183 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 97.1 2.8 0.1 8.40 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 184 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 95.5 4.3 0.1 8.13 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 152 BAR 4243Obv.4-Rev.2 95,5 4.7 0.2 8.20 VÎLCU 2006, no. 69 IAB 587Obv.4-Rev.2 95.0 4.8 0.1 8.44 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 178 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 94.8 5.0 0.1 8.28 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 197 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 94.6 5.3 0.1 8.42 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 181 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 93.9 5.5 0.4 8.44 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 176 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 93.5 6.3 0.2 8.44 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 177 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 93.5 6.3 0.2 8.40 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 185 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 93.4 6.0 0.3 8.50 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 175 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 93.0 6.7 0.2 8.32 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 150 BAR 181Obv.4-Rev.2 92.8 6.9 0.2 8.44 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 179 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 92.7 6.8 0.2 8.42 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 182 Târsa hoardObv.4-Rev.2 91.7 6.9 1.3 8.23 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 151 BAR 4241Obv.4-Rev.2 90.9 8.8 0.3 6.78 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 154 BAR 5871Obv.4-Rev.2 90.3 6.5 3.2 8.10 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 153 BAR 4244Obv.4-Rev.2 2.14 0.14 8.45 COJOCARU 2000, no. 16 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 98.5 1.3 0.1 8.39 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 201 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 98.3 1.5 traces 8.35 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 210 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 97.0 2.8 traces 8.39 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 202 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 97.0 2.8 traces 8.36 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 206 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 97.0 2.8 0.1 8.36 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 208 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 96.8 2.9 0.1 8.35 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 209 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 96.2 3.7 traces 8.38 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 203 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 95.3 4.5% traces 8.38 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 204 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 95.9 3.8 0.1 8.40 DIMA, ILIE 2007, nr. 200 Târsa hoard

Obv.5-Rev.2 95.7 4.1 0.1 8.37 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 205 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 95.7 4.1 traces 8.36 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 207 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 93.4 5.9 0.4 8.40 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 199 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 4.69 0.28 8.30 COJOCARU 2000, no. 11 Târsa hoardObv.5-Rev.2 0.98 0.09 8.31 COJOCARU 2000, no. 7 Târsa hoardObv.6-Rev.2 92.9 6.6 0.3 8.40 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 216 Târsa hoardObv.6-Rev.2 92.9 6.7 0.3 8.32 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 221 Târsa hoardObv.6-Rev.2 92.7 6.9 0.3 8.37 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 218 Târsa hoardObv.6-Rev.2 92.2 7.4 0.2 8.41 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 215 Târsa hoardObv.6-Rev.2 92.0 7.7 0.2 8.35 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 220 Târsa hoardObv.6-Rev.2 91.9 7.7 0.2 8.39 DIMA, ILIE 2007, no. 217 Târsa hoardObv.7-Rev.3 97.0 2.7 0.2 8.35 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 157 BAR 182Obv.7-Rev.3 96.9 2,7 0.3 8.48 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 156 BAR 4245

Obv.7-Rev.3 89.4 9.4 1.1 8.48 VÎLCU 2006, no. 70 IAB 92Obv.7-Rev.3 89.7 9.2 1.0 8.35 VÎLCU 2006, no. 71 IAB 588Obv.7-Rev.3 85.1 13.2 1.4 7.44 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 158 BAR 4242Obv.7-Rev.3 85.7 12.6 1.6 8.48 BNR 15Obv.7-Rev.3 10.71 0.85 8.45 COJOCARU 2000, no. 1 MNIR 2520


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Table 2 - Micro-PIXE concentrations (in weight percents) determinedin tin ragments rom a selected grop o coins.

Type Au (wt %) Ag (wt %) Cu (wt %) Sn (ppm)

Koson withot monogram, Obv.7-Rev.3 86.8 10.4 1.7 331Koson withot monogram, Obv.7-Rev.3 86.5 9.3 2.3 390Koson withot monogram, Obv.7-Rev.3 97.2 2.0 0.3 223Koson with monogram, Obv.4-Rev.2 98.5 2.5 0.2 -Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs tpe, c.120-72 BC 93.0 5.1 1.1 -Tomis, stater, Lsimachs tpe, c.120-72 BC 95.7 3.6 0.4 -

Table 3 - Micro-PIXE concentrations (in weight percents) determinedin a ragment rom a koson withot monogram; measrements taken in three dierent spots

(the size o the analzing proton beam was roghl 50 μm).

Au (wt %) Ag (wt %) Cu (wt %) Sn (wt %) Pb(wt %)

Spot 1 95.2 2.0 0.3 1.30 1.4Spot 2 97.2 1.9 0.3 0.03 -Spot 3 97.2 2.0 0.3 0.02 -

Table 4 - Greek and Roman gold coins. XRf concentrations (expressed in weight percents).

Type Au (wt %) Ag (wt %) Cu (wt %) References

Pella, stater, Philip II 99.5 0.3 0.2 IAB 494Pella, ¼ stater, Philip II 99.8 0.1 traces IAB 499Amphipolis, stater, Alexander 99.7 0.1 0.1 IAB 546Amphipolis, stater, Alexander 99.3 0.4 0.3 IAB 488Lampsakos, stater, Philip III 99.3 0.5 0.1 IAB 555Athens, stater 99.2 0.4 0.1 IAB 593Lsimachia, stater, Lsimachs 99.6 0.1 0.2 IAB 567Chalcedon, stater, Lsimachs 98.8 0.9 0.2 IAB 562Bzantion, stater, Lsimachs 91.6 5.6 0.6Odessos, stater, Alexander 98.3 1.3 0.4 IAB 487Odessos, stater, Lsimachs 98.0 1.1 0.8 IAB 333Istros, stater, Lsimachs 96.6 2.8 0.1Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 96.7 3.2 0.1 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 141Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 97.6 2.3 0.1 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 131Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 96.0 3.3 0.2Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 96.3 2.9 0.4 IAB 579Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 96.0 3.4 0.1 IAB 578

Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 97.7 1.8 0.3 IAB 561Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 97.4 2.3 0.1 IAB 581Tomis, stater, Lsimachs 91.9 6.6 1.3 IAB 582Kallatis, stater, Alexander 98.8 0.8 0.3 IAB 520Kallatis, stater, Alexander 98.7 0.8 0.4 IAB 523Kallatis, stater, Alexander 97.8 1.7 0.4 IAB 510Kallatis, stater, Alexander 95.4 3.6 0.2 IAB 530Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 96.3 2.9 0.2Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 97.4 1.9 0.1Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 95.4 3.7 0.6 IAB 570Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 94.5 4.5 0.1 IAB 574Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 96.8 2.6 0.5 IAB 576Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 95.2 4.1 0.6

Kallatis, stater, Lsimachs 90.8 8.0 0.9Tras ?, stater, Lsimachs 97.0 2.8 0.1 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 260Tras ?, stater, Lsimachs 98.2 1.7 0.1 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 149Rome, ares, A. Hirtis 99.4 0.5 0.1 PREDA, PETAC 2006, no. 239Lon, ares, Agsts 99.2 0.2 0.1 IAB 624Lon, ares, Agsts 99.1 0.3 traces IAB 625

Documents

Some considerations on Dacian gold coins of Koson type in the light of compositional analyses / Aurel Vîlcu ... [et al.]