Some Aspects of the System of Education in Greecemobilim.bozok.edu.tr/tr/1/konferans_sunulari/PANEL...Cycle B(5), ISCED 97 level 3b,1 year 5.-Technical Vocational education Cycle A,

The University of CreteThe University of CreteDepartment for Primary Education Department for Primary Education -- Laboratory for Science TeachingLaboratory for Science Teaching

Director: Director: Professor P. G. MichaelidesProfessor P. G. Michaelides, , B.Sc., Ph.D., LL.B. eB.Sc., Ph.D., LL.B. e--mail: mail: [email protected]@edc.uoc.gr

Some Aspects of the System of Education in Greece(*)

P. G. Michaelides P. G. Michaelides ee--mail:mail: [email protected]@edc.uoc.gr(*)(*)This work has been produced within This work has been produced within MOBILIM (MOBILIM (Modular Mobile Education: Science Experiments)Modular Mobile Education: Science Experiments) -- a Leonardo da Vinci project a Leonardo da Vinci project

supported by the European Commission. It draws many data from wosupported by the European Commission. It draws many data from works of the author especially from rks of the author especially from Considerations on Primary Considerations on Primary Science Teacher EducationScience Teacher Education a technical report produced for a technical report produced for STEDE (Science Teacher Education Development in Europe)STEDE (Science Teacher Education Development in Europe) a human network a human network supported also by the European Commission. The views expressed hsupported also by the European Commission. The views expressed here represent only the author of this work. Neither the ere represent only the author of this work. Neither the Commission nor the author may be considered responsible for any Commission nor the author may be considered responsible for any use of the information contained hereinuse of the information contained herein

RethimnoRethimno--Crete, October 2009Crete, October 2009

P. G. Michaelides, Aspects of Education in Greece p. P. G. Michaelides, Aspects of Education in Greece p. 11

Some Aspects of the System of Education in Greece

Outline of the Presentation

Bacground Information

Organization of Education

Administration of Education

Management of Education

Operational Aspects in Education

Aspects of the Curriculum

Questions and Answers (if any)


P. G. Michaelides, Aspects of Education in Greece p. 3P. G. Michaelides, Aspects of Education in Greece p. 3

GreeceArea 131,990Km2 (~ 20% islands)

~ 30% arable and 70% Sea and Mountain rocks,

Population: ~11 Mi within Greece with a comparable figure as 1st and 2nd generation emigrants in other states.

During the 19sixties a large wave of emigration to Germany and (West) Europemany returned during the 19 eighties

Today a lot of immigrants estimated as 15% of the population or ~ 30%of workforce

many of them illegal immigrants


Greece basic dataArea 131,990Km2 (~ 20% islands)

~ 30% arable and 70% Sea and Mountain rocks,

Population: ~11 Mi within Greece with a comparable figure as 1st and 2nd generation emigrants in other states.

Greater Athens area:~ 0.32% of the area 32% of the populationThessaloniki, Patra, Iraklio, Larissa other large city complexes

Κρήτη (Crete) 8 336 Km2 (6.3%) ~0.6 Mi (5.2%) population (plus ~ 2Mi visitors during summer)

A large percentage living in mountainous and difficult to reach or isolated areas.A characteristic also in of other parts of Greece.

A lot of Small Size Enterprises:~ 85% with less than 10 employees or self-employed

During the 19sixties a large wave of emigration to Germany and (West) Europemany returned during the 19 eighties

Today a lot of immigrants estimated as 15% of the population or ~ 30%of workforce

many of them illegal immigrants


GreeceGreece History pointsHistory points1828 1828 –– 1832 Independence, Kapodistrias as Governor1832 Independence, Kapodistrias as Governor1832 1832 –– 1843 Monarchy of Otto (from Bavaria)1843 Monarchy of Otto (from Bavaria)1843 1843 –– 1862 1862 ‘‘Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy’’ of Otto war of Crimeaof Otto war of Crimea1863 1863 -- 1909 Monarchy of George I (from Denmark)1909 Monarchy of George I (from Denmark)1909 1909 ‘‘The revolution of GoudiThe revolution of Goudi’’ –– beginning of a democratic state (plus King)beginning of a democratic state (plus King)19121912--1922 War (Balkan wars, 11922 War (Balkan wars, 1stst World War, War with Turkey)World War, War with Turkey)19231923--1926 Reforms 1926 Reforms 19261926--1935 Democracy1935 Democracy19351935--1940 Unrest (King1940 Unrest (King’’s return, Dictatorship)s return, Dictatorship)19401940--1950 21950 2ndnd World War, Civil WarWorld War, Civil War19501950--1959 Consequences of the Civil War1959 Consequences of the Civil War19631963--1965 1965 ‘‘Democracy and free EducationDemocracy and free Education’’19651965--1967 1967 ‘‘AAποστασίαποστασία ––political apostatizationpolitical apostatization’’19671967--1974 Dictatorship1974 Dictatorship19741974--1981 Democracy1981 Democracy19811981--1989 Healing the consequences of the civil war 1989 Healing the consequences of the civil war –– steps in European Unionsteps in European Union19901990--1999 Modernazitation 1999 Modernazitation -- Catching up the time with the rest of Catching up the time with the rest of ‘‘western worldwestern world’’20002000-- ??? steps in a globalized society. ??? steps in a globalized society. Live in peace???Live in peace???


1.-Preschool education(1), ISCED(2) 97 level 0 , Ages 4 to 6

2.-Elementary education(1), (3), ISCED 97 level 1, Ages 6 to 12

3.-Lower secondary education(3), (4), (Gymnasium) ISCED 97 level 2, Ages 12 to 15

6.-Technical Vocational education Cycle B(5) , ISCED 97 level 3b, 1 year

5.-Technical Vocational education Cycle A,ISCED 97 level 2b, (5) 2 years

4.-Upper secondary education, (Lyceum)(4)

ISCED 97 level 3, 3 years, Ages 15 to 18

The system of Education in Greece

(7)9.-Institutes of Vocational Education and Training ISCED 97 level 4b, 4c (6)

Nominal studies of 2 years

8.-Technical Educational Institutes(8), (TEI) ISCED 97 level 5b, 5c, Studies from 3 to 4 years

7.-Universities(8), ISCED 97 level 5a, 5b, and 6, Studies of 4, 5, 6 years

(1)Primary Education, (2)ISCED: Unesco’ s International Standard for the Classification of Education edition 1997, (3)Compulsory Education, (4)Secondary Education, (5)(Secondary) Technical and Vocational Education, (6)Schools outside the formal education (officially unclassified), (7)Enrollment after a selective process which may include examinations, (8)Tertiary Education (AEI)Technical Vocational Education - TEE (5.- and 6.- above) have replaced from 1998 onwards the various types of Technical Vocational Schools (TEL, TES etc) that were phased out completely from year 2002. In 2006 the TEE were again replaced by Technical Vocational Schools (3 years – level 2c, 2b;) and Technical Lycei (3 years, level 3b). All higher education Institutes (tertiary education) are public at the moment. The Greek constitution explicitly forbids the operation of private universities. The enrolment to 9.-Institutes of Vocational Education is done after a selective process. They offer Initial Training and, formally, they are outside the formal education System. The enrolment to 8.-Technical Educational Institutes and to 7.-Universities is done after common entrance examinations administered centrally by the Ministry for Education. This system was to be phased out completely by the year 2002. From the year 2000 the enrolment to the Universities and other tertiary education establishments will be done via a selective process based on the marks obtained in the school (Lyceum) leaving certificate. In 2006 the previous system of separation of the school leaving certificate from the entrance examinations (which were revived) is in effect.

The statistics of education (1995 Yearbook of the National Statistical Service of Greece)Level Schools Pupils Teachers Figures for 1991. Only classified education is included.Totals 17.388 2.009.774 128.258 For teachers, only school staff is included.Pre-school 5.518 136.536 8.400 Elementary 7.653 813.353 43.599 Gymnasium 1.808 442.815 29.571 Lyceum 1.158 273.589 20.231 Technical Vocational Lycei not includedTEL,TES etc 572 134.949 10.501 Technical Vocational Education before the reform of 1997TEI 12 75.679 5.221 Universities 17 116.938 8.497 Special 644 12.385 1.696 Special Education – for persons with special needsothers 3.530 542 Nautical, Ecclesiastical etc. speciality schools


Organization of Education in GreeceUp to 4 years: Up to 4 years:

nursery schools (nursery schools (outside the formal education system)outside the formal education system)under the responsibility of the Ministry for Health and Social Sunder the responsibility of the Ministry for Health and Social Serviceservicesvery few, mostly within the local municipalitiesvery few, mostly within the local municipalitiesprivate sector fills the shortage.private sector fills the shortage.

4 4 -- 6 years: 6 years: preschool education preschool education ((ISCED ISCED ’’97 level 0),97 level 0),compulsory from 2006,compulsory from 2006,not enforced,not enforced,not adequate infrastructure.not adequate infrastructure.one generic type.one generic type.

6 6 --12 years: 12 years: Primary school Primary school ((ISCED ISCED ’’97 level 1),97 level 1),called called ∆ηµοτικό∆ηµοτικό=municipality school =municipality school –– a historical name,a historical name,compulsory from the end of World War II,compulsory from the end of World War II,enforced from 1974 (after the dictatorship),enforced from 1974 (after the dictatorship),many with immigrants (majority in some schools) many with immigrants (majority in some schools) one generic type.one generic type.


Organization of Education in GreeceOrganization of Education in Greece (continued)(continued)

12 12 --15 years: 15 years: Gymnasium Gymnasium –– (Lower) Secondary education (Lower) Secondary education ((ISCED ISCED ’’97 level 2),97 level 2),

compulsory from 1974 (after the dictatorship),compulsory from 1974 (after the dictatorship),enforced from 1981,enforced from 1981,still large rates of dropstill large rates of drop--out students especially in some areas,out students especially in some areas,dropdrop--out rate not associated with financial status or race,out rate not associated with financial status or race,many with immigrants, many with immigrants,

one generic type,one generic type,but special Gymnasium schools also (music, athletic, but special Gymnasium schools also (music, athletic, ……),),

apprenticeship technical apprenticeship technical ––vocational schools vocational schools but not any more for this age.but not any more for this age.




From 15 years upwards no compulsory educationFrom 15 years upwards no compulsory education

Education after 15 years of age Education after 15 years of age Lyceum Lyceum -- upper secondary education upper secondary education ((ISCED ISCED ’’97 level 3)97 level 3)

3 years (classes 10 3 years (classes 10 –– 12)12),,Different types:Different types:

General General ((ISCED ISCED ’’97 level 3a)97 level 3a), , TechnicalTechnical--Vocational of different types on ISCED Vocational of different types on ISCED ’’97 level 3b, 3c, 2b, 2c97 level 3b, 3c, 2b, 2cEcclesiastical, Music, Athletic, NauticalEcclesiastical, Music, Athletic, Nautical…… (ISCED (ISCED ’’97 level 3a usually)97 level 3a usually)

Post secondary prePost secondary pre--tertiary education:tertiary education:in the form of Technical in the form of Technical –– Vocational initial training Vocational initial training (ISCED (ISCED ’’97 level 4b, usually),97 level 4b, usually),

Higher (not Higher (not ‘‘highesthighest’’ i.e. University) education:i.e. University) education:(a remnant from the past?) with constitutional validity(a remnant from the past?) with constitutional validityup to 3 yearsup to 3 yearstechnical technical –– vocational education in engineering initiallyvocational education in engineering initiallyother vocations also (mostly in the area of tourism)other vocations also (mostly in the area of tourism)


Higher (University) Education Higher (University) Education

Two sectors: Two sectors: UniversitiesUniversities and and Technology Education Institutes (TEI)Technology Education Institutes (TEI)19 Universities and 22 TEI plus special forms (not exactly Unive19 Universities and 22 TEI plus special forms (not exactly Universities see later)rsities see later)

TEI TEI –– upgraded from a lower isced level (similar to polytechnics in Uupgraded from a lower isced level (similar to polytechnics in UK)K)Still with problems due:Still with problems due:

to constitutional phrasingto constitutional phrasingto economic interests from some professions (mainly engineers).to economic interests from some professions (mainly engineers).

Higher (University) Education according to the Constitution Higher (University) Education according to the Constitution only public through selfonly public through self--administration legal entities of the public sectoradministration legal entities of the public sectorunder the Minister for Education who may exercise powers of audiunder the Minister for Education who may exercise powers of audittwith academic personnel of life tenure (up to 67 years of age)with academic personnel of life tenure (up to 67 years of age)and with personal guarantees similar to judgesand with personal guarantees similar to judges

private Universities are forbiddenprivate Universities are forbidden




Despite the prohibition for private Universities: Despite the prohibition for private Universities:

many private institutions are advertized as Universities,many private institutions are advertized as Universities,some offer good specialized vocational training (not of universisome offer good specialized vocational training (not of university level)ty level)some act as franchise of foreign Universitiessome act as franchise of foreign Universitiesfranchises of EU Universities constitute a problemfranchises of EU Universities constitute a problem

they are not recognized and EU has sued Greecethey are not recognized and EU has sued Greece

a recent (2009) very controversial legislation is obscuring matta recent (2009) very controversial legislation is obscuring mattersers

with the exception of Universities that are recognized only as pwith the exception of Universities that are recognized only as public Institutions: ublic Institutions:

public and private schoolspublic and private schoolsprivate schools by civilians, or/andprivate schools by civilians, or/andprivate schools by legal entities, or/andprivate schools by legal entities, or/andprivate schools by foreign states ofprivate schools by foreign states of

special status within bilateral intergovernmental agreementsspecial status within bilateral intergovernmental agreements

allall under the Minister for Education who may exercise powers of audunder the Minister for Education who may exercise powers of auditit


other forms of education or training: other forms of education or training:

People's Training usually to survive traditional vocationsPeople's Training usually to survive traditional vocationsFree Open Free Open ‘‘UniversitiesUniversities’’ -- cultural activities within the municipalitiescultural activities within the municipalitiesMilitary or Police schools Military or Police schools –– for officers have thefor officers have the professionaprofessional status of University l status of University

church schools of different levelschurch schools of different levels

Mountain UniversityMountain Universitya new concept initialized in Greece by The University of Cretea new concept initialized in Greece by The University of Crete

schools for persons with special needsschools for persons with special needs

special vocational schools (merchant marine, agriculture, special vocational schools (merchant marine, agriculture, under the join responsibility of the ministry for education andunder the join responsibility of the ministry for education and another ministryanother ministry


Administration of Education in GreeceAdministration of Education in Greece

Administration of schools is very centralizedAdministration of schools is very centralizedwith the exception of the Universities that are selfwith the exception of the Universities that are self--administrated in all levelsadministrated in all levels

Administration reside within the Ministry for Education Administration reside within the Ministry for Education even for private schoolseven for private schools

Attempts for decentralization to local authorities were nullifieAttempts for decentralization to local authorities were nullifieddby the Supreme court on aby the Supreme court on a’’ twitchedtwitched’’ interpretation of the constitutioninterpretation of the constitution

Limited decentralized administration to persons in regionsLimited decentralized administration to persons in regionsschool teachers appointed by the Minister and acting on his authschool teachers appointed by the Minister and acting on his authorityority

school advisors appointed by the Minister with full or limited fschool advisors appointed by the Minister with full or limited flexibilitylexibilitythey should be teachers in public schoolsthey should be teachers in public schools

school masters and their alternates school masters and their alternates appointed by the Minister with full or limited flexibility for pappointed by the Minister with full or limited flexibility for public schoolsublic schools

approved by the Minister for private schoolsapproved by the Minister for private schools

school teachers appointed (public schools) approved (private schschool teachers appointed (public schools) approved (private schools) ools) by the Minister with full or limited flexibilityby the Minister with full or limited flexibility

It is an issue for reform to delegate power to local authoritiesIt is an issue for reform to delegate power to local authorities


Operation of Education in GreeceOperation of Education in Greece

Operation costs:Operation costs:Responsibility of the local authorities Responsibility of the local authorities

municipalities (mainly), local education authorities, associatiomunicipalities (mainly), local education authorities, association of parents, n of parents, ……

with funds from the Ministry (mainly) or ownwith funds from the Ministry (mainly) or own

Local prefectures have the responsibility to Local prefectures have the responsibility to proposepropose alteration to schools,alteration to schools,

By constitutional provisions By constitutional provisions ‘‘Free EducationFree Education’’ for all in public schools (from 1963)for all in public schools (from 1963)no tuition, registration or other feesno tuition, registration or other feesfree textbooks, free netbook computers and S/W from this year,free textbooks, free netbook computers and S/W from this year,free medical carefree medical caresupport for housing, meals and transportationsupport for housing, meals and transportation……

on top of scholarshipson top of scholarships


Operation of Education in GreeceOperation of Education in Greece

Operation actors and stakeholders:Operation actors and stakeholders:

the Ministrythe Ministrythe teachers the teachers

individuallyindividuallythrough the school societies of teachers,through the school societies of teachers,through their associationsthrough their associations

students individually and through each school association of stustudents individually and through each school association of students dents the association of parentsthe association of parentsthe prefecturesthe prefecturesthe municipalitiesthe municipalities

advisory boards and councils in different levelsadvisory boards and councils in different levels



Operation of Education in GreeceOperation of Education in Greece (continued)(continued)

Some particular aspects:Some particular aspects:

Schools with special operational status, for example Schools with special operational status, for example evening schools (for working students),evening schools (for working students),experimentation schools experimentation schools –– usually within University Departments of Education,usually within University Departments of Education,through their associationsthrough their associations

Schools of second chance (for adults who want to continue or comSchools of second chance (for adults who want to continue or complete education)plete education)Further education schools for teachersFurther education schools for teachers

Schools or special classes for foreign students (repatriated GreSchools or special classes for foreign students (repatriated Greeks, immigrants, eks, immigrants, ……))

Schools operating in other countriesSchools operating in other countries


Some particular aspects:Some particular aspects:

Schools with special operational status, for example Schools with special operational status, for example evening schools (for working students),evening schools (for working students),experimentation schools experimentation schools –– usually within University Departments of Education,usually within University Departments of Education,through their associationsthrough their associations

All day schools with optional subjects indicated by the studentsAll day schools with optional subjects indicated by the students (or parents)(or parents)after the end of the formal teaching programafter the end of the formal teaching program

Schools of second chance (for adults who want to continue or comSchools of second chance (for adults who want to continue or complete education)plete education)Further education schools for teachersFurther education schools for teachers

Schools or special classes for foreign students (repatriated GreSchools or special classes for foreign students (repatriated Greeks, immigrants, eks, immigrants, ……))

Schools operating in other countriesSchools operating in other countries



Some figures Some figures (1988)::

UnitsUnits TeachersTeachers StudentsStudents RatioRatio

Preschool EdcPreschool Edc 5 4205 420 7 8007 800 144 586144 586 18.518.5

ElementaryElementary 8 4218 421 37 40937 409 831 841831 841 22.222.2

GymnasiumGymnasium 1 6551 655 24 61724 617 421 461421 461 17.117.1

LyceumLyceum 916916 17 12217 122 255 619255 619 15.015.0

ComprehensiveComprehensive 2222 1 2651 265 17 70717 707 14.014.0

Tech.Tech.--Voc.Voc. -- 6 2746 274 93 41793 417 14.914.9

Books Printed Books Printed

New titlesNew titles ReprintsReprints CopiesCopies

PrimaryPrimary 7474 344344 80 870 00080 870 000

SecondarySecondary 210210 645645 110 477 000110 477 000



Drop Drop –– out rates:out rates:

on the average 15% do not complete compulsory education

Very high in some areas In mountainous Rethimno ~40%In plain land south part o Iraklio ~30%

A multiparametric phenomenon

My opinion:Students expect very little from schooling to improve their perspectivesSchool does not appeal to students School context – teachers implementation focused to other social classes




Issues emerging:Issues emerging:

~ 25% of primary school students in schools with less than 6 tea~ 25% of primary school students in schools with less than 6 teacherschersschool merging into larger units difficult sometimesschool merging into larger units difficult sometimes

Different Organization and Administration of Elementary Schools Different Organization and Administration of Elementary Schools and Gymnasiumsand Gymnasiums

Different teachersDifferent teachers’’ background between primary and secondary educationbackground between primary and secondary education

Teachers in primary school and preschool educationTeachers in primary school and preschool educationfrom Departments of Educationfrom Departments of Educationwith studies on Psycho with studies on Psycho –– pedagogypedagogygeneral class teacher (the same teacher for all the subjects in general class teacher (the same teacher for all the subjects in one class)one class)but specialty teachers for music, foreign languages, physical edbut specialty teachers for music, foreign languages, physical educationucation

Teachers in secondary schools (Gymnasium, Lyceum, Technical VocaTeachers in secondary schools (Gymnasium, Lyceum, Technical Vocationaltionalfrom corresponding Departments (Physics, Literature, Engineer, from corresponding Departments (Physics, Literature, Engineer, ……))little or no pedagogy little or no pedagogy --> special training before appointment > special training before appointment specialty (subject) teacherspecialty (subject) teacher

The education and training of teachers is a crucial problemThe education and training of teachers is a crucial problem


Multicultural needs:Multicultural needs:

From 1990 onwards:From 1990 onwards:

School students of very different social and cultural backgroundSchool students of very different social and cultural backgroundrepatriated Greeksrepatriated Greeksimmigrants from different countriesimmigrants from different countriesminoritiesminorities

A large scale ongoing action to:A large scale ongoing action to:redesign of textbooks, syllabus and content of school subjectsredesign of textbooks, syllabus and content of school subjectsspecial training of teachers towards multicultural aspectsspecial training of teachers towards multicultural aspects

An added advantage:An added advantage:

••Better education to Greeks in Greece Better education to Greeks in Greece ••Better education to Greeks in other countriesBetter education to Greeks in other countries

••Better textbooks eliminating issues of controversy with neighborBetter textbooks eliminating issues of controversy with neighboring countriesing countriesa very controversial issue by itself in Greece with political ima very controversial issue by itself in Greece with political implicationsplications


Aspects of School Curriculum in GreeceAspects of School Curriculum in Greece (continued)(continued)

PrePre--School Education:School Education:

Socialization Socialization PsychoPsycho--motive developmentmotive developmentEmotional developmentEmotional development

Curriculum includes Curriculum includes Music, Music, Physical Education, Physical Education, Dancing, Dancing, Familiarization with local cultureFamiliarization with local culture



Primary School:Primary School:

Personal Development (cognitive, psychoPersonal Development (cognitive, psycho--motive, emotional, social)motive, emotional, social)without Discrimination without Discrimination

for sex, for sex, race, race, or social status. or social status.

Curriculum includes subjects on:Curriculum includes subjects on:Greek Language and LiteratureGreek Language and LiteratureMathematicsMathematicsStudy of the EnvironmentStudy of the EnvironmentScience (5Science (5thth & 6& 6thth grades)grades)Geography (5Geography (5thth & 6& 6thth grades)grades)HistoryHistoryInformaticsInformatics(optional) Courses on the pupil's religion(optional) Courses on the pupil's religionMusicMusicPhysical EducationPhysical EducationSocial and Political LifeSocial and Political Life



Secondary Education Gymnasium and Lyceum (general):Secondary Education Gymnasium and Lyceum (general):

Continuation of Personal Development without Discrimination Continuation of Personal Development without Discrimination Syllabus subject oriented Syllabus subject oriented with same subject areas as in primary school but in more detailwith same subject areas as in primary school but in more detail

In effect In effect (due to the high demand for tertiary education?)(due to the high demand for tertiary education?)Gymnasium doorstep to LyceumGymnasium doorstep to LyceumLyceum doorstep to UniversityLyceum doorstep to University

As a consequence As a consequence

A continuous reform from 1977 onwardsA continuous reform from 1977 onwardsmostly on technicalitiesmostly on technicalitieswhen serious attempts when serious attempts strong resistance (from teachers and students)strong resistance (from teachers and students)

Coherence between the curriculums in Primary and in Secondary EdCoherence between the curriculums in Primary and in Secondary Education a problemucation a problem



Technical Technical –– Vocational Education:Vocational Education:

Always designed with good intentionsAlways designed with good intentionsOften with very good designs on curriculum on specialties, Often with very good designs on curriculum on specialties, ……Sometimes with good modern syllabusSometimes with good modern syllabus

However it is considered:However it is considered:

For For ‘‘children of a lesser Godchildren of a lesser God’’Bear the stamp of academic failure Bear the stamp of academic failure

As a consequence:As a consequence:

In a perpetual reform (mostly uncoordinated or unprepared)In a perpetual reform (mostly uncoordinated or unprepared)



Science Education in the curriculum:Science Education in the curriculum:

Up Up toto 1997:1997:Mostly narrative with Mostly narrative with ‘‘blackboard experimentsblackboard experiments’’Without any connection to students observations of the natural wWithout any connection to students observations of the natural worldorld

From 1997 From 1997 -- Systematic reorganization including:Systematic reorganization including:Real Science Experiments in the classroomReal Science Experiments in the classroomPromotion of relating students Observations to Science subjects Promotion of relating students Observations to Science subjects Focused on concepts and procedures Focused on concepts and procedures Factual data only to the extent supporting concepts and procedurFactual data only to the extent supporting concepts and procedureses

However:However:Inertia still prevailsInertia still prevails

You may see our works in You may see our works in http://www.clab.edc.uoc.gr/aestit/http://www.clab.edc.uoc.gr/aestit/


Thank you:Thank you:

A view from The University of Crete campus at Rethimno A view from The University of Crete campus at Rethimno -- Thank youThank you


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Some Aspects of the System of Education in Greecemobilim.bozok.edu.tr/tr/1/konferans_sunulari/PANEL...Cycle B(5), ISCED 97 level 3b,1 year 5.-Technical Vocational education Cycle A,