Pertanika 6(3), 99-106(1983)

Some Aspects of the Biology of 'Ikan KelabaifOsteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker)

Z.A. AIZAM, S. CHE ROOS and KJ. ANGDepartment of Fisheries Biology and Aquaculture,

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Key words: 'Ikan Kelabau', Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker); biology.

RESfGKASAN

Susutan yang nyata bagi jenis-jenis ikan sungai dalam perairan kita pada amnya telah menggalakkankajian mengenai biologi ikan Osteochilus melanopleura atau ikan kelabau, sejenis spesis indigen yang sangatdisu kai ramai

Perhubungan panjang-berat ikan ini boleh dinyatakan dalam persamaan Log W = 3.0596Log L -4.5330. Faktor kondisi adalah lebih tinggi di musim kemarau daripada musim hujan. Kesemuaperut yang dianalisiskan mengandungi isi dan ini menunjukkan bahawa ikan tersebut memakan denganaktifnya sepanjang tahun. Isi kandungan gut juwana ikan-ikan ini menunjukkan banyak algae hijau danfitoplankton telah dimakan. Pada amnya ikan kelabau adalah sejenis ikan herbivor.

Tidak ada perbezaan yang ketara bagi jenis-jenis makanan yang dimakan oleh beberapa kumpulankelas saiz. Dari pemerhatian yang dibuat, ikan betina mencapai kematangan seks pada ukuran panjangpenuh 290 mm, sementara ikan jantan pula pada 260 mm. Ini telah disahkan secara pemeriksaan histologigonad-gonad mereka. Peringkat-peringkat pembesaran oosit menunjukkan proses pembiakan berlaku padamusim hujan iaitu di antara bulan November hingga Mac dan kemuncaknya pada bulan Februari Indeksgonadosomatik mencapai maximanya pada bulan ini.

SUMMARY

This study reports on the biology of Hkan kelabau \ Osteochilus melanopleura, a popular indigenousfood fish.

The length-weight relationship of this fish can be expressed by the equation, Log W • 3.0596Log L -4.5330. The condition factor was higher during the dry season than during the wet. None of thestomachs examined were empty, suggesting that the fish feeds actively throughout the year. The gutsof the juvenile fishes showed substantial quantities of green algae and phytoplankton. Both the maturingand adult Hkan kelabau' are predominantly herbivores.

There is no significant variation in the kinds of good consumed by the various size groups. It wasobserved that females reached sexual maturity at 290 mm (total length) and the males at 260 mm. Thiswas verified by the histological examination of the gonads. The developmental stages of the oocytesindicated that spawning took place during the wet months between November and March with a peakin February. The gonadosomatic index reached a maximum of 3.1 during this month.

INTRODUCTION that they have become rare and expensive (Anon,1977 and 1980). The 'Kelabau' fetches a price of

'Ikan Kelabau* is scientifically known as $4.00 per kg. (1982) which is higher than the priceOsteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker), Although for Chinese carp at $3.00 per kg. and most of thethey were caught in abundance a decade ago, other local riverine fishes which are priced attheir numbers in recent years have dwindled so $1.50 to $4.00 per Kg. (personal communication

Key to authors' names: Z.A. Aizam, S. Che Roos and K.J. Ang

99

Z.A. AIZAM, S. CHE ROOS AND KJ. ANG

with fish retailers in markets at Kuala Kangsar,Perak).

The depletion of Osteochilus melanopleurain the river systems may be due to: (1) changesin the ecological systems such as the clearing upof jungles which normally result in soil erosion andheavy siltation which is detrimental to the fishfauna (Bishop, 1973); (2) over-fishing due to theincrease in demand for fish as food by the popula-tion; and (3) use of non-selective methods offishing which may be destructive to the youngfishes.

No published information is available on thebiology of this fish. This study was initiated toobtain some biological information on this species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 197 specimens used in this studywere bought from fish retailers in the market atKuala Kangsar, Perak. A small proportion of themwere obtained from fishermen near the fishinggrounds around Tasek Chenderoh and SungaiPerak (Figure 1). Tasik Chenderoh (Lat. 5°55'N;Long. 101°E) is a lake formed as a result of thedam built across Sungei Perak for hydroelectricpower generation. The river is the second longestin Peninsular Malaysia (approximately 460 kmlong). These specimens were studied from Januaryto December, 1982. The total and standardlengths were measure d on a m easuring boardand the body weight readings were done ona triple beam balance (Model Ohaus 4004). Theguts and ovaries were removed from the abdominalcavity. The weights of the ovaries were thenrecorded. The guts were preserved in 5% formalinsolution while the gonads were introduced intoBouin's fixative for histological studies. Beforepreservation the gonads were first cut into smallportions of approximately 1 cm3 for easy penetra-tion of the fixative. They were kept in the fixativefor at least 12 hours before being processed in anautomatic duplex processor (Model Shan donSouthern CE 0540). After processing, the gonadswere embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at athickness of 6/̂ m and stained with Mayers Haema-toxylin and alcoholic eosin (Pantin, 1969).

The gonadosomatic index was computed bythe formula,

G.S.I. = g ° " a d W e i g h t x 100weight of fish

Morphological staging of the various maturitylevels in the fishes was done according to the

Fig. L Map showing the location where specimenswere obtained in Perak, Malaysia.

method used in the Fisheries Technical Paper,FAO, (1975).

The stomach and gut contents of 20 maturingand 14 matured fishes were analysed by thepercentage occurrence method (Hynes, 1953).The length of the gut was measured and therelative gut index (R.G.I.) was computed for thedifferent length groups using the formula: —

of gut (mm)R.G.I. =

Total length (mm){QQ

The relationship between fish length and fishweight was derived by using the formula: —

100

SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF 'IKAN KELABAU' OSTEOCHILUS MELANOPLEURA (BLEEKER)

W = aLb (LeCren, 1951)

where W = weight in g; L = length in mm;b = exponent describing of the rate ofchange of weight with length, and a •weight at unit length.

The logarithmic transformation of the aboveequation was: —

Log W = Log a + b Log L

The relative condition factors were calculatedby the formula:-

W(LeCren, 1951)

where Kn = relative condition factor,

W = the mean of the observedweight,

and W = the mean of the calculatedweight using the logarithmictransformation equation men-tioned above.

RESULTS

Classification and description of the species:The position of Osteochilus melanopleura

(Figure 2) in the class teleostomi is as follows: —

Order: CypriniformesFamily: CyprinidaeGenus: Osteochilus Gunther

Species: O. melanopleura (Bleeker)

It is the largest of the local species of Osteo-chilus and is easily recognised by its abruptlyascending mouth, fringed lips, long dorsal fin,generally grayish-green colour of the body, withnumerous irregularly disposed shall silvery spotsand a large blackish transverse blotch on theanterior part of the body (Smith, 1945).

The fish is widely distributed throughoutSouth-east Asia. It is found in Borneo and Sumatra,the Malay Peninsula and Central and Easternregions of Thailand. However, this species is notfound in the Northern and Western mountainregions of Thailand (Smith, 1945). In Thailand,fish with lengths of 27 cm. to 30 cm. are frequent-ly found. In Malaysia, this fish is mostly caughtin the state of Perak and are sold in the localmarkets at Kuala Kangsar and the surroundingareas.

Length-weight relationship:To study length-weight relationship, 197

specimens ranging from 158 mm to 395 mm intotal length were used. The relationship betweenfish length and weight is given in Figure 3, The

Fig. 2. Ikan kelabau - Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker).

101

Z.A. AIZAM, S. CHE ROOS AND K.J. ANG

tOO 200 Too *00 £»Length fnrm)

Fig. 3. Relationship between length and weight ofikan kelabau (Osteochilus melanopleura)showing parabolic curve, n = 197.

plot of the relationship between Log W on Log Land the common regression line is shown inFigure 4. The logarithmic relationship of weighton length of O. melanopleura was found to beLog W • 3.0596 Log L -4.5330. The exponent3.0596 nearly conforms to the cube formula.

The rate of change with length is reflectedby the exponent b, which LeCren (1951) statedmay vary between 2.5 to 4.0. Since growth re-presents an increase in three dimensions, thedegree of isometry in the length-weight relation-ship is reflected by the closeness of b to 3.0.

Relative Condition Factor:The mean monthly changes in the relative

condition factor of Osteochilus melanopleurafrom Tasik Chenderoh is given in Figure 5. Therelative condition varies from 1.09 to 1.44. Com-paratively higher condition factors were recordedduring the dry months from April to October, 1982.Although feeding intensity was high throughoutthe whole year, it was found that higher conditionfactors were recorded during the dry months.

Food and Feeding Habits:Gut contents from 34 specimens with total

lengths varying from 158 mm to 395 mm wereexamined. It was observed that none of the gutswere empty. To determine and differentiate the

J.

5

V/..

* LogW, 3-0596LOQL-4.5330

Log L

Fig. 4. Logarithmic relationship between totallength and weight of ikan kelabau (Osteo-chilus melanopleura).

i

Fig. 5. Mean monthly relative condition in Osteo-chilus melanopleura.

102

SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF 'IKAN KELABAIT OSTEOCHILUS MELANOPLEURA (BLEEKER)

types of food eaten by the fishes in relation totheir sizes, the fish were classified into threegroups. These were: 1) those with total lengthsmeasuring up to 199mm, 2) those with totallengths ranging from 200mm to 299mm and3) those whose total lengths were 300mm andabove.

The study on the gut contents of the varioussize groups is given in Table 1. It could be sum-marized as follows: —

Higher PlantsGuts with fragments of higher plants were

found in all the length groups in varying per-centages. The frequency of occurrence of thisfood item varied from 60% in the maturing groupto 100% in the matured group.

Phytoplankton and AlgaeThe percentage of occurrence of phytoplank-

ton varied from 35.7% to 87.5% while the per-centage of occurrence of algae was found tofluctuate between 28.6% in the matured fishgroup to 75% in the smaller fish group.

Debris and sand particlesDebris were found in all the length groups.

However, sand particles were found only in thesmaller fish group (less than 199 mm) where 25%of the guts contained sand particles.

The Relative Gut Index (R.GJJThe results of the R.G.I are given in Table 2.

The R.G.I, of the matured fish was found to be

TABLE 2Relative Gut Index (R.G.I.)

(Sexes combined)

Total length range(mm)

< 199

200 - 299

> 300

Total

N

10

16

8

34

Mean R.G.I. ± S.E.

4.31 ±0.38

5.22 ±0.31

7.34 ± 0.33

5.62 ±0,34

significantly higher than those of the other groups

ReproductionMorphology of the ovary

The ovaries are paired, elongated bodiessituated in the posterior half of the body cacityand suspended from the body wall by the meso-varium. The anterior two limbs of the ovary arefree but the posterior ends bend inwards to joinmedianly forming a single oviduct. The ovary isround in cross-section.

OogenesisOogenesis include all stages of oocyte develop-

ment. In O. melanopleura, nine oocyte develop-ment stages could be recognised (Figure 6), Thesewere:

TABLE 1The Percentage gut content Composition of Osteochilus melanopleura in different size categories

(Percentage occurrence method)

Items

No. of stomach examined

No. of empty stomachs

Plant materials

Phy toplankton

Algae

Sand particles

Debris/Unidentified plantmaterials

0 - 199

8

0

62.5(%)

87.5

75.0

25.0

100.0

Fish Size (mm)

200 299

12

0

83.3(%)

66.7

58.3

-

100.0

300 and above

14

0

100(%)

35.7

28.6

-

100.0

103

Z.A. AIZAM, S. CHE ROOS AND K.J. ANG

Fig. 6. Stages of maturity of oocyte in Osteochilusmelanopleura.

OGNNLYGZRYV

- oogonia- nucleus- nucleolus- yolk globules- zona radiata- yolk vacuoles

1. Oogonia stage (Figure 6A)The oocytes were round or oval and they lay

singly in the ovarian lamellae. Oogania wereobserved in all ovaries examined histologically.Their numbers were found to decrease markedlyin the ovaries prior to spawning.

2. Single nucleolus stage (Figure 6B)The oocytes in this stage measured about

0.1 to about 0.15mm in diameter. The chromo-somal materials of oocytes in this stage werequite distinct.

3. Chromatin stage (Figure 6C)The nuclear membrane were normally broken.

Oocytes at this stage were found throughout thecourse of the study and were abundant in ma-turing ovaries.

4. Multinuclealar stage (Figure 7D)Oocytes in this stage measured about 0.15mm.

The nucleli were very distinct.

5. Perinucleolar stage (Figure 6E)Oocytes in this stage had all the nucleoli

around the periphery of the nucleus. The ooplasmhad a 'reticulate' appearance. The number ofnucleoli had increased in number and the follicularlayer became noticeable. The fact that theseoocytes were not found in abundance at any timesuggested this to be a transient stage and thedevelopment from this stage to the next wasrapid.

6. Yolk vesicle stage (Figure 6F)Yolk vesicles appeared during this stage.

Oocytes measured from 0.3mm to 0.3 5mm indiameter. The yolk vesicles were found mostlyin the periphery of the cytoplasm and the peri-nucleolar arrangement within the nucleus stillpersisted.

7. Yolk globule stage (Figure 6G)Oocytes in this stage measured around 0.4mm

in diameter. Yolk globules were readily distin-guishable. In the early phase of this stage, theyolk globules were largely confined to the peri-pheral cytoplasm but eventually they becamemore evenly distributed.

8. Mature stage (Figure 6H)In mature oocytes, both yolk vesicles and

globules were present. The nucleoli could still beseen and their shapes were irregular. Emptyfollicles could be seen indicating that some oocyteshad been ovulated into the lumen of the ovary.

9. Ripe Stage (Figure 61)Ripe oocytes were found lying freely in the

ovarian lumen. They measured from 0.6mm to0.7mm. Most of these oocytes were heavily ladenwith yolk and this made their histological studydifficult.

Size at first maturityThe females examined during the spawning

season were grouped together to determine thesize at first maturity. The presence of stages 7, 8and 9 oocytes in the ovaries were taken as anindication that these fishes would spawn in thesame season. The percentage of juvenile, maturingand matured fishes were grouped separately. Itwas observed that fishes with matured ovaries werefirst observed in the 290 mm — 300 mm group.Female fishes smaller than 290 mm in total lengthwere all immature. Male fishes mature at 260 mm.

104

SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF 'IKAN KELABAIT OSTEOCHILUSMELANOPLEURA (BLEEKER)

All males at this size and above were found tomilt easily when the stomach is pressed gently.

Gonadosomatic IndexThe gonadosomatic index for Osteochilus

melanopleura for a one year cycle is presented inFigure 7. It was observed that the G.S.I, for bothsexes was high during the month of Decemberto March the following year. The female G.S.I.attained a peak of 3.1 while the male attaineda peak of 2.5 during the month of February.These months coincided with the rainy periodbrought about by the North-East monsoon whichapparently triggered the onset of spawning.

• Male

I—i

d Q rJ F M A M J J A S O N D

MONTHS 1982

Fig. 7. The Monthly average of gonadosomaticindices ofO. melanopleura.

DISCUSSION

The relationship between length and weightof Osteochilus melanopleura was curvilinear whichbecame linear on double log transformation,thus suggesting the acceptance of the allometricform W = aLb.

Nikolski (1969) however, suggested thatweight increase to length increase might be linearbefore maturity. He further suggested that increasein weight during maturity increased the potentialfecundity of the population since fecundity ismore closely related to body weight than to bodylength.

The major component of the gut contentconsisted of highly digested plant matured whichwere beyond identification. No animal food wasfound in any of the guts examined. The highrelative gut indices of 4,3, 5.22 and 7.34 forjuvenile, maturing and matured fishes respectivelythus support the hypothesis that this fish is

herbivorous. Odum (1970) stated that herbivoreshave relative gut index values greater than 3.

The factors which triggered gonad maturationand breeding could not be accurately deducedfrom field observations. Laboratory studies haveamply demonstrated that temperature and photo-period are of prime importance in stimulatinggonad maturation and breeding (Wiebe, 1968).The onset of the rainy days after a dry spellwould normally result in a cooler climate. Coupledwith rising water levels this could have triggeredbreeding and gonad maturation in the fish. Mostfishes in the tropics breed during the rainy season.Alikunhi (1966), noted that carps in the tropicsare perennial spawners. A matured carp wouldbreed five or six times in the course of a year. Thiscould occur if conditions conducive for the fish tospawn are evenly spread throughout the year.

Histological examination of gonads frommatured female fishes showed that nine stagesof oocyte development were present. The variousstages of oocyte development as shown in Figure 6,indicated that this development occurred progres-sively. In some matured ovaries, it was foundthat about 55% of the oocytes were in stages6, 7 and 8 of development while the rest werein the earlier stages. Okada (1960) noted that intropical carps all the eggs in the ovary were notdeposited at one spawning. Similarly, Matsui(1957) also found that the number of eggs incarp ovaries were reduced by 15.4 to 51.9% as aresult of the first spawning. The same could alsobe true for the fish under investigation. Oocytes inthe late stages of development would be releasedat one spawning time and they would be replacedby those which were then in the earlier stages.The spawning period was protracted and coincidedwith the rainy months from November to March.This clearly showed that spawning is partial.However, verification of this by ova-diameterfrequency studies was not carried in this study.Temperature and water levels seemed to regulatethe time of spawning. Schields (1957) found thata rapidly rising water level and flooding of thevegetative areas surrounding it provided thenatural spawning ground; and this triggered themechanism of spawning in carps. The coolnessof the water in the lake and river surrounding it,and changes of water levels during the rainyseason would have triggered Osteochilus melano-pleura to spawn during these months.

Feeding intensity was lower during thewet months because heavy rains brought a lot oforganic matter into the river systems and thisresulted in reduced water transparency and low

105

Z.A. AIZAM, S. CHE ROOS AND KJ. ANG

temperatures. As a result feeding activity becameless active during this time. Similar results werereported in the condition factors of Ethmalosafimbriata of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. (Fagede andOlaniyan, 1972).

CONCLUSION

The depletion of many indigenous specieshas been observed for a number of years. Dataobtained from the Annual Fisheries Statistics,Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia (1977, 1980)showed a decline in the catch of most fish species.One way of rectifying this is to restock the waterbodies with young fishes. At present this maynot be possible because of the inability to breedmost of them artificially. It is hoped that withthe knowledge gained from studies made on thebiology of our local species, we may in future beable to induce breed some of the fishes that aregradually facing depletion. Knowledge of thebiology of these fishes may also help us in formu-lating regulations that can ensure their survivalin our waters.

The main findings of this study were: —

1. The female fish matures at a length of290 mm while the males mature at 260 mm.

2. The fish is predominantly a herbivore withplant materials as the main food item andgreen algae and phytoplankton as thesecond important food item.

3. The spawning period is protracted. Thespawning period coincides with the wetmonsoon season from November to March.

4. The females are partial spawners releasingonly a portion of their ripe eggs at any onetime. The remaining oocytes will developcontinually and are released at the nextspawning period.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The financial assistance for this study was pro-vided by Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (ResearchGrant No. 1713-241). The authors wish to thankthe Dean, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciencefor providing the facilities for this study, EncikJamil Hikal, Encik Ahmad Kimon and EncikIsa Abdullah for technical assistance and PuanBadariah and Puan Nadiah Anang for typing themanuscript.

REFERENCES

ANON, (1977): Annual Fisheries Statistics, Ministry ofAgriculture, Malaysia, XVIII - 154.

(1980): Annual Fisheries Statistics, Ministryof Agriculture, Malaysia. XXI - 181.

(1975): Manual of methods for fisheries resourcesurvey and appraisal. Part 5. Objectives and basicmethods. FAO, Rome. Fisheries Technical PaperNo. 145.

ALIKUNHI, K.H., (1966): Synopsis of biological dataon Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linaeus), 1958.FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 31.1 Food and Agricul-ture Organisation of the United Nations.

BISHOP, JOHN, E. (1973): Limnology of a small MalayRiver, Sungai Gombak. The Hague. W. Junk B.V.Publishers. 485 pp.

FACADE and OLANIYAN, (1972): The biology of theWest African Shad Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich)in the Lagos Lagoon. Nigeria. J. Fish. Biol, 4,519-533.

Fisheries Technical Paper No. 145 (1975): Manual ofmethods for fisheries resource survey and appraisal.Part 5. Objectives and basic methods. FAO, Rome.33 pp.

HYNES, H.B.N., (1950): The food of freshwater sticklebacks (Gastrosteus pungitius) with a review ofmethods used in the studies of the food of fishes.J.AnimEcolt 19(1): 35-58.

LE CREN, E.D. (1951): The length-weight relationshipand seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition inthe Perch (Perca fluviatilis). I Anim. Ecol, 20:201-219.

MATSUI, I., (1957): The number of eggs discharged at itsprimary spawning in relation to the number ofovarian eggs in carp. /. Shimonoseki Coll Fish.,7(1): 147-150.

NIKOLSKII, C.V., (1969): Theory in fish populationdynamics. Edinburgh. Oliver and Boyd. 323 pp.

ODUM, W.E., (1970): Utilization of the direct grazingand plant detritus food chains in the striped mullet,Mugil cephalus. In 'Marine Food Chains (ed. H.J.Steele). Edinburgh. Oliver and Boyd.

OKADA, Y., (1960): Studies on freshwater fishes ofJapan. / Fac. Fish. Univ. Miet 4(2): 267-588.

PANTIN, C.F.A., (1969): Notes on microscopical tech-niques for Zoologists. Cambridge University Press.77 pp.

SCHIELDS, J.T., (1957): Experimental control of carpreproduction through water draw-downs in FortRendall Reservoir, South Dakota. Trans. Ant Fish.Soc, 87:23-33.

SMITH, H.M., (1945): The freshwater fishes of Siam orThailand. Bull US. Nat. Mm., 188, XI - 622 pp.

WiEBE, J.P. (1968): The effects of temperature anddaylight on the reproductive physiology of vivi-parous sea perch, Cymatogaster aggregate Gibbons.Can. J. Zool. 46: 1207-1219.

(Received 23 February 1983)

106

Pertanika 6(3), 107-110 (1983)

COMMUNICATION (1)

Free Flow Traffic Noise in Three Malaysian Cities

RINGKASAN

Kertas ini melaporkan suatu kajian mengenai paras bunyi lalulintas di tiga buah bandar besar diSemenanjung Malaysia. Pada keseluruhannya, paras bunyi yang diperolehi adalah tinggi dan mempunyaihubungan rapat dengan keadaan lalulintas. Cadangan untuk mengatasi masalah ini fuga telah diberikan.

SUMMARY

This paper reports a study on free flow traffic noise in three cities in Peninsular Malaysia. It isfound that generally the noise level is high and correlates with the type of traffic. A few suggestions oncontrol measures are made.

INTRODUCTION

In an urban environment the major sourcesof noise associated problems originate from motorvehicles which generate power as high as twentytimes more than all other sources combined(Bugliarello, 1976). Although noise levels varywith different types of vehicle in a steady trafficflow the noise generated attains an almost con-stant level, with noise emitted by certain vehicles(such as heavy trucks, lorries, buses and motor-cycles) being predominant. Stephensonand Vulkan(1968) have pointed out that these vehiclesproduce noise up to twice as loud as that fromprivate cars.

In Malaysia, studies on traffic noise have beenlimited to the two major cities of Kuala Lumpur(Yeow et at, 1972, Terazaki and Fukuhara,1979) and Penang (Tan, 1982). Their studies haveshown that although the noise level is lower thanthat found in many other Asian cities, in someareas, however, the levels were as high as thosefound in Los Angeles and New York (Kimotoand Fukuhara, 1980). The very rapid increasein the number of motor vehicles on Malaysianroads will undoubtedly increase traffic noise in thefuture. Studies and surveys of the present noiseclimate will provide very useful data especiallyfor town planners and developers of land use.

METHOD

In this study, the noise levels at 76 samplingsites covering the urban areas of Kuala Lumpur,Seremban and Johor Bahru were measured usingthe noise level analyzer. (Bruel and Kjaer type

4426). Measurement sites were chosen on straight,level roads away from traffic interruptions suchas road junctions, traffic lights or pedestriancrossings. Roads with reflecting surfaces such astall buildings and trees were avoided.

At each site the noise level was measured at0.2s intervals for 1000 seconds and its mean levelwas calculated. The number of passing vehicleswere counted simultaneously and grouped intotwo main categories (Lewis, 1973) namely heavyvehicles which included lorries, buses and motor-cycles, and light vehicles consisting of cars, vansand pick-ups. To obtain an average daytimenoise level, measurements were made during thenormal traffic conditions on working days. Peakhours of 0800-0900 hrs, 1200-1400 hrs and1600—1800 hrs were avoided. However, wholedaytime hourly measurements were made at afew selected sites.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A summary of the mean noise levels is shownin Table 1. The mean level in Kuala Lumpur wasfound to be the highest among the three areas. Inthe town centre the mean level in Kuala Lumpurranged from 71.9 to 75.9 dBA, in Johor Bahrufrom 64.3 to 69.2 dBA and in Seremban from64.1 to 67.5 dBA. The levels were seen to decreaseat sites further from the town centre and frommain roads leading to the town centre.

A typical daytime variation of the noiselevel at Kuala Lumpur is shown in Figure I. Themean levels remained fairly constant, within the73-74 dBA range during the whole measurement

107

ZAINAL ABIDIN SULAIMAN AND ELIAS SAION

TABLE 1Summary of mean noise level (in dBA)

Category of Location Kuala Lumpur Seremban Johor Bahru

Town centre, commercial

Main roads, commercial

Sub-urban, residential andlight industries

Suburb, residential

71.9-75.9

67.4-73.6

64.1-67.5

61.9-65.5

56.7-62.7

53.6-56.0

64.3-69.2

61.8-65.7

57.5-64.5

53.6-55.4

74

CO

3

72

Jaian Kucing, Kuala Lumpur28th August 1982

noise levelno. of vehicles

Imorning 10

7.0

6.0

5.012 13

TimeI6 18 evening

Fig. 1. A typical daytime variation of noise level and traffic volume.

time with a slight increase during the rush hours(1200-1400 hrs. and 1600-1800 hrs.). The 24hour pattern of continuous measurements inKimoto and Fukuhara (1980) study for thesame area featured a high noise level from about0700 hrs. until around 2100 hrs. and fell to about5-10 dBA below the mean daytime level aftermidnight until around 0700 hrs. the next morning.No wholeday measurements were made in JohorBahru and Seremban.

Figure 1 also shows the relation betweennoise level and traffic volume. In general thenoise level was higher for greater traffic volumes.Figure 2 indicates that the noise level increasedlinearly at first as the traffic volume increasedat the rate of about 5 dBA for every two-foldincrease in traffic volume. The increase thenbecame more gradual, and for traffic volumes

greater than about 3500 vehicles per hour, thelevel became almost constant irrespective of theincrease in the number of vehicles. The workof Stephenson and Vulkan (1966) for Londontraffic showed a similar pattern.

Attempts were also made to determine thedependence of noise level on the traffic composi-tion, but there were insufficient data for a statisti-cally significant conclusion. However, it wasnoted that the levels were slightly higher for ahigher percentage of heavy vehicles of the sametraffic volume.

CONCLUSION

The findings in this study show that trafficnoise problems do exist in these three townsbut are confined to the central commercial areas.

108

FREE FLOW TRAFFIC NOISE IN THREE MALAYSIAN CITIES

-4_ . _ L _2 3 4

Number of vehicles per Hour i X10001

Fig. 2. The relationship between noise level and traffic volume.

By United Kingdom standards, these levels arefar above the acceptable limit. The traffic noisestandard in the U.K. is 68 dBA using the Lio 18hindex, where the level exceeds 10% of the timemeasured hourly between 0600 and 2400 hrs.In Malaysia, acceptable levels are yet to be formu-lated. Under the provisions of the motor vehicles(Construction and Use) Rules 1959, it is a statutoryrequirement for motor vehicles to be equippedwith silencers and for their maintenance; andprovisions exist for motorists to be prosecutedfor making excessive noise by using defectivevehicles. But this legislation sets no specific noiselimits and hence makes enforcement difficult.

In view of the present growth of trafficvolume, the problem could become more seriousin the near future. There is a need for moreprecise legislation on noise control, including theimposition of a statutory acceptable noise limitfor all new motor vehicles manufactured, as ismandatory in many countries; or by zoningspecific areas where traffic have to conform to

stipulated noise limits as is commonly done inJapan.

Zainal Abidin Sulaiman and Elias Saion

Jabatan Fizik,Universiti Pertanian Malaysia,Serdang, Selangor.

REFERENCES

BUGLIARELLO, G. (1976): The impact of noise pollu-tion. Pergamon Press.

GOVT. O F MALAYSIA, (1959): "Road traffic Act1959". Section on 'Motor Vehicle (Constructionand Use) Rules'.

KlMOTO, S., and TUKUHARA, H., (1980): Noise inKuala Lumpur. Repts of Environ. Set and Tech. Lab.Oita Inst. of Tech. 3, 33-39.

LEWIS, P.T., (1973): The noise generated by singlevehicle in freely flowing traffic. J. Sound Vib.30(2), 191-206.

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ZAINAL ABIDIN SULAIMAN AND ELIAS SAION

STATUTORY INSTRUMENT, (1973): No. 1363: The TERAZAKI, T.D., and FUKUHARA, H. (1979): Noise inNoise Insulation Regulations, HMSO. London. Kuala Lumpur. Uruversiti Teknologi Malaysia.

STEPHENSON, R.J., and VULKAN, G.H., (1968):Traffic Noise. / Sound Vib. 7(2): 247-262. YEOW, K.W., ONG, W.T., NG, S.F., LOH, S.H. and

MAH, L., (1972): The traffic noise problem inTAN, G.L., (1982): Noise in Penang. Paper presented at Malaysia. Paper presented at symposium on the

Acoustic Seminar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. role of the engineer in environmental pollutionKuala Lumpur. control. Kuala Lumpur.

(Received 4 May 1983)

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