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SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Pushpendra P. SinghINFN-LNL, Italy

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1. Per capita energy consumption is a measure of the development of a country.

Pushpendra P. Singh2. Global energy requirements: Projections for different energy scenarios.

Pushpendra P. Singha) 43. Most of the additional energy will be required in developing countries like India.Electrical Power Generation in INDIA 1947 1362 MWe2002 (March) 105,000 MWe ( about 1695 MWe by Nuclear means) 2015 (projected need) 120,000 MWe ( about 15000 MWe by Nuclear means Pushpendra P. SinghENERGY SOURCESFossil Fuels

OilNatural gasCoalPushpendra P. SinghFossil Fuels are highly polluting

Release of obnoxious gases like CO, CO2, NO, NO2 etc.

Generation of large amount fly ash and ash

Global warmingWith the rise of temperature and melting of ice many countries may be wiped out from the surface of the globePollution of groundPushpendra P. SinghEnergy SourcesTerrain Dependent Large scale population displacement Disturbs ecological balance(b) Hydroelectric: Pushpendra P. SinghOther Energy SourcesBeing intermittent in nature, can not be used for base load requirements. (c). Renewable: (i) Wood (ii) Solar (iii) Wind (iv) Geothermal (v) Sea Wave (vi) PhotovoltaicPushpendra P. SinghEnergy SourcesHydrogen having very low ignition temperature is very difficult to store. Adsorption of Hydrogen at some special surfaces may be used for safe storing. At present only very small quantities of hydrogen can be safely stored. (d) Hydrogen: 2H2 + O2 2 H2O + Energy Pushpendra P. SinghEnergy Sources(e) Nuclear: FUSION: In principle a very clean source of energy but the problem of plasma confinement has not been solved as yet. No technical breakthrough is expected in the next 50 years. FISSION: Nuclear fission energy is with us for almost last 30 years. A large number of developed countries are using fission energy for electricity generation

ENERGY DENSITIES1 kg of firewood produces about 1 kWh electricity1 kg of coal produces about 3 kWh electricity.1 kg of oil produces about 4 kWh electricity.1 kg of natural uranium produces about 50,000 kWh electricity.1 kg of plutonium produces about 6,000,000 kWh electricity.Typical land area requirements for a 1000MW Power Plant 25 50 sq. km if based on Solar PV 50-150 sq.km if based on Wind 3000-6000 sq.kmif based on Biomass Plantation 2-6 sq.kmif based on oil , Gas or Coal 2-3 sq.kmif based on Nuclear TechnologyWaste Disposal Strategies Dispersion vs. ConfinementShallow Ground DisposalAtmosphereSolid WasteSO2 NO2 CO2 Toxic Polutents Radioactive WasteConcentrateShallow or deep Ground DisposalDilute an& DisperseConcentrate & Confine NuclearFossilPushpendra P. Singh

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Pushpendra P. SinghSevere Accident Fatalities[1970-2005]

Electricity by Nuclear Power (i)

Pushpendra P. SinghElectricity by Nuclear Power (ii)

India at present is using only 2% Pushpendra P. Singh

Electricity by Nuclear Power (iii)Pushpendra P. SinghNumber of Nuclear Reactors Working in Different Countries

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Pushpendra P. SinghProton AcceleratorTargetSub-critical reactorExtraction of EnergyPower GridFraction f of energy(1- f ) of energyEnergy Amplifier: - Basic LayoutPushpendra P. Singh

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Pushpendra P. SinghADVANTAGES OF ENERGY AMPLIFIERSComplete burn up of the fuel, including thorium fuel & radioactive waste, for producing energy

No requirement for fuel enrichment, extraction, or refabrication

No production of plutonium as by product

Destruction of the systems own waste as well as previously generated waste.

Substantial enhancements to safety

Economical power production, competitive with other nuclear concepts.

Less chance of diversion of materials for weapon production

Rather well known technologies, No leaps of faith

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Pushpendra P. SinghLets think positive for NUCLEAR ENERGY and GO GREEN

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