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Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPH Epilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Genetics Update — September 2020 Epilepsy Genetics: Moving Toward Precision Medicine Somatic Mutation and Mosaic Variants in Epilepsy

Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

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Page 1: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPHEpilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital

Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolCleveland Clinic Epilepsy Genetics Update — September 2020

Epilepsy Genetics: Moving Toward Precision Medicine

Somatic Mutation and Mosaic Variants in Epilepsy

Page 2: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Epilepsy—early in infancy, refractory, focalCause?Specific cause?

Page 3: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Outline

• Framework for precision medicine in epilepsy• Somatic mutation in human epilepsy

– Large to small lesionsnon‐lesional epilepsy– Rarecommon– mTOR and beyond

Page 4: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Precision Medicine in Epilepsy

Page 5: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Outline

• Framework for precision medicine in epilepsy• Somatic mutation in human epilepsy

– Large to small lesionsnon‐lesional epilepsy– Rarecommon– mTOR and beyond

Page 6: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Epilepsy Genetics Explosion

ILAE, Epilepsia, 2016

Page 7: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

What explains the unsolved?

ILAE, Epilepsia, 2016

Page 8: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Post‐zygotic mutation 

Poduri and Pomeroy, NEJM, 2016

Page 9: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon
Page 10: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon
Page 11: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon
Page 12: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Epilepsy—early in infancy, refractory, focalCause?Specific cause?

Page 13: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

A

B

C

D F

E

Page 14: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Copy number variants in HMG

Two HMG cases: copy >2 at 1q

HMG‐1 had a karyotype that was normalsomatic mosaicism

Candidate gene:  AKT3

AKT3

Page 15: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Sequencing AKT3 identified a mutation in HMG‐3:  c.49GA, Glu17Lys

Page 16: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

HMG‐3 AKT3 c.49GA mutation

Page 17: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

HMG‐3 AKT3 c.49GA mutation

Page 18: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

HMG‐3 AKT3 c.49GA mutation

Page 19: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

HMG‐3 AKT3 c.49GA mutation

Davies et al., Br J Cancer, 2008

Poduri et al., Neuron, 2012

Page 20: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon
Page 21: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Single cell sequencingfrom HMG‐3 brain tissue

Neuron            Oligodendrocyte      Astrocyte

Evrony&Cai et al., Cell, 2012

~1/3 NeuN+ cellsAKT3 Glu17Lys

~1/3 NeuN‐ cellsAKT3 Glu17Lys

Page 22: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Hemimegalencephaly

Extending our early findings:  What else can be attributed to mosaicism?

– Smaller focal malformations?– Broader category of focal epilepsy without visible lesions?– Beyond epilepsy? (ID, autism?)

Page 23: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Immature neurons, large pyramidal neurons, dysmorphic neurons, balloon cells 

bar=25 µm

(Tassi et al., Brain 2002)

Focal cortical dysplasia

Tuberous sclerosis complex

Large neurons  Balloon cells with eccentric nuclei

Large neurons Balloon cells with eccentric nuclei

Hemimegalencephaly

(Arai et al., Acta Neuropath 1999)

Page 24: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Extending our early findings:  What else can be attributed to mosaicism?

– Smaller focal malformations? – Broader category of focal epilepsy without visible lesions?– Beyond epilepsy? (ID, autism?)

Hemimegalencephaly Focal cortical dysplasia

Page 25: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Somatic Mutations and FCD

MRI courtesy Jim Barkovich, UCSF

Page 26: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

FCD due to somatic mosaic duplication of 1q21.1‐q44 (containing AKT3), ~70% of the cells 

Conti et al., Clinical Genetics, 2014

Page 27: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

‘Diagnostic yield’ 41%HME 61%FCD 26%

D’Gama et al., Cell Rep, 2017

Page 28: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

D’Gama et al., Cell Rep, 2017

Earlier to later

Bigger to smaller

Mutation burden (VAF)

Page 29: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Extending our early findings:  What else can be attributed to mosaicism?

– Smaller focal malformations?– Broader category of focal epilepsy without visible lesions?– Beyond epilepsy? (ID, autism?)

Hemimegalencephaly Focal cortical dysplasia

B

Normal cortex

Page 30: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Shared gene for FCD and non‐lesional focal epilepsy: SLC35A2

collaboration with Melodie Winawer, Pete Crino, Erin Heinzen, Annals of Neurology, 2018

Page 31: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Pediatric onset– Infantile/epileptic spasms

– Glycosylation pathway implicated

– No evidence of mTOR activation 

collaboration with Melodie Winawer, Pete Crino, Erin Heinzen, Annals of Neurology, 2018

Shared gene for FCD and non‐lesional focal epilepsy: SLC35A2

Page 32: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

Spectrum of SLC35A2 (X‐linked)

Girls with germline variantsNaturally mosaicEpileptic encephalopathy

Boys or girls with focal lesions and epilepsy (spasms)

Boys or girls with focal non‐lesional epilepsy

All cells with variant, including brain50% with abnormal protein

~20‐50% of brain cells affected

~2‐14% of brain cells affected

Next steps:Define phenotypic spectrumCorrelate with mutation burdenInvestigate treatment options

Page 33: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

The future for mosaic epilepsies

• Precision diagnosis– Need to bring genomic science to practice– Requires basic neuroscience studies of new genes

• Precision treatment– Pre‐clinical data re: specific mechanisms, drugs– Science, practice, and ethics of clinical trials

• N of 1 vs. RCT vs. other design• What are meaningful outcomes?• Inclusion/exclusion/stopping criteria• Cautionary tales (‘do no harm’)

Page 34: Somatic Mutation Epilepsy and Genetics: in Moving Toward ... Poduri.pdf · • Somatic mutation in human epilepsy – Largeto small lesionsÆnon‐lesionalepilepsy – RareÆcommon

BCH Neurology Dept.F.M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterBCH Research Faculty CouncilBCH Genomic Cohorts Initiative

Thank you

• Patients and families • Colleagues and mentors• International epilepsy genetics 

community of collaborators

[email protected]

NINDS R01 PCDH19, R01 Genetics of MCD/HeinzenNICHD U24, R21, R01/Haynes