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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
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April 1, 20136:30 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. Eastern time
Solving the Smog Puzzle on Earth and from Space: Good vs. Bad Ozone
Presented by: Michael Tinnesand, Ginger Butcher, and Bryan Duncan
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Introducing today’s presenters…
Michael Tinnesand• Retired high school chemistry teacher• Former Associate Director, ACS Education Division
Ginger Butcher• Education lead, NASA’s Aura Mission• Author of NASA educational publications about the
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Earth Science
Bryan Duncan• Deputy Project Scientist, NASA’s Aura Mission• Studies air pollution around the globe using data collected by
instruments on the Aura satellite
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Los Angeles 1943
Photo courtesy of Los Angeles Times Collection, Department of Special Collections, UCLA Library
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What do you think was the main ingredient in the LA smog?
Photo courtesy of Los Angeles Times Collection, Department of Special Collections, UCLA Library
A. Secret gas warfare attack from Axis spies
B. Particulate matter from backyard trash burning
C. Pollution from local rubber factory manufacturing rubber for the war effort
D. Smoke from burning coal for heating
E. None of the above7
Answer: None of the above
Photo courtesy – Creative Commons 2.5
A. Secret gas warfare attack from Axis spies
B. Particulate matter from backyard trash burning
C. Pollution from local rubber factory manufacturing rubber for the war effort
D. Smoke from burning coal for heating
E. None of the above8
SMOG = “smoke” + “fog”
Smog is a catch-all word for a mix of pollutants
London-type smog contained• Sulfur oxides• Soot & ash
(particulate matter) • Sulfuric acid
1952 London Fog Credit: N T Stobbs, Creative Commons License
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Something different about Los Angeles smog
Unlike smog from coal, LA smog caused:Deterioration of rubber Damage to plants
Damage to black cherry tree leaves
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The first piece to the puzzle
Arie “Haagy” Haagen-Smit – an organic chemist from the NetherlandsLA smog smelled different, it had a bleach-like odorApplied techniques he used to study pineapple flavor to test the composition of smog
Aire Haagen-Smit
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Unraveling the Mystery-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
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Sources of VOCs in LA air
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In Haagy’s experiments, he used ozone to oxidize VOCs in the lab, but what was the oxidizing agent in the LA air? If it was indeed ozone, how was this powerful oxidant being produced in the air?
A. Un-combusted gasoline fumes from tailpipesB. Particulate matter (soot) and sunlight C. Sulfuric acid and nitrogen oxidesD. Sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and VOCsE. VOCs and nitrogen oxides
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Answer D
A. Un-combusted gasoline fumes from tailpipesB. Particulate matter (soot) and sunlight C. Sulfuric acid and nitrogen oxidesD. Sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and VOCsE. VOC’s and Nitrogen oxides
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NOx is the other piece of the puzzle.
The first reaction happens inside a car engine as it runs. At high temperature, nitrogen reacts with oxygen like this: N2 + O2 2 NO
Once released from the exhaust, the NO can react with gases in the air to produce NO2:
NO NO2
This mix of NO and NO2 is called NOx.
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All the pieces of the puzzle!
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Bad Ozone
EPA map of Air Quality on August 12, 2002. The air in many parts of the U.S. frequently contains unhealthy concentrations of ozone.
Overall, how has the quality of the earth’s air changed over the past 10 years in the US?
A. Getting betterB. Staying the sameC. Getting worseD. I don’t know
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Answer: A It’s getting better
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Answer: A It’s getting better
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The LA Smog Story
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Air Quality Improving Globally
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Taming the culprits of smog –Reduce VOCs and NOx
• Regulations - eventually leading to 1970 Clean Air Act
• Gasoline pump sleeves - reduce escaping VOCs• More efficient engines - more complete
combustion• Reformulating gasoline - burns more efficiently• Technology - e.g., catalytic converters
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Catalytic Converters
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Measuring Ground Level Ozone: Schoenbein Paper
Lab Activity
Photo credit: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
ChemMatters Magazine, Vol. 20 Special Issue #1, September 2002
First Reaction2KI + 03 + H2O ➞ 2KOH + O2 + I2
Second ReactionI2 + starch ➞ blue complex
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Ozone Attack
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_7_2_28t.htm
Lab Activity
Source: University Center for AtmosphericResearch (UCAR)
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The Story of Good Ozone
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Ozone in the Stratosphere
Natural creation of ozone in the stratosphere
Natural destruction of ozone in the stratosphere
O + O3 2 O2
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What are the Ozone-Destroying Chemicals? Part 1
Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs
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What are the Ozone-Destroying Chemicals? Part 2
Release of chlorine from reservoir gases
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What are the Ozone-Destroying Chemicals? Part 3
The Catalytic Cycle
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Seasonal Changes In the Ozone Hole
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If humans continued to release more and more ozone depleting substances into the atmosphere, how long do you think it would take for ozone to deplete to harmful levels around the globe?
A. By 2020B. By 2040C. By 2080
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AnswerIf humans continued to release more and more ozone depleting substances into the atmosphere, how long do you think it would take for ozone to deplete to harmful levels around the globe?
A. By 2020B. By 2040C. By 2080
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A Frightening Scenario:The World Avoided
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Montreal Protocols
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Destruction of theOzone Layer
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When do scientists expect global ozone to return to levels of 300 du?
A. In 10-20 yearsB. In 40-50 yearsC. In more than 70 years
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When do scientists expect global ozone to return to levels of 300 du?
A. In 10-20 yearsB. In 40-50 yearsC. In more than 70 years
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The World Avoided cont.
“We simulated a world avoided, and it’s a world we should be glad we avoided.”-NASA Scientist Paul Newman
with protocol without protocol
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AURA Collecting Data
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Labs with UV Beads: The Stanford Solar Center
Lab - Consumer Watchdogs: Sunscreens/Sunglasses
Lab – Developing a UV Rating System
http://solar-center.stanford.edu/activities/uv.html
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REEL Science Contest
Ozone in the Stratosphere
Ship Tracks and ourEnvironment
The Water of the Water Planet
http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/reelscience.html
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Annotated Bibliography• ACS Education Division acs.org/education
• NASA Scientific Visualization Studio http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
• The Stanford Solar Center http://solar-center.stanford.edu/activities/uv.html
• ChemMatters Magazine and ChemMatters AURA podcast www.acs.org/chemmatters
• Ozone Hole Poster http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/ozoneholeposter/
• Ozone Watch http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov
Thanks to today’s presenters!
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Michael Tinnesand• Retired high school chemistry teacher• Former Associate Director, ACS Education Division
Ginger Butcher• Education lead, NASA’s Aura Mission• Author of NASA educational publications about the
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Earth Science
Bryan Duncan• Deputy Project Scientist, NASA’s Aura Mission• Studies air pollution around the globe using data collected by
instruments on the Aura satellite
Thank you to the sponsor of tonight’s web seminar:
This web seminar contains information about programs, products, and services offered by third parties, as well as links to third-party websites. The presence of a listing or such information does not constitute an endorsement by NSTA of a
particular company or organization, or its programs, products, or services.47
National Science Teachers AssociationDavid Evans, Ph.D., Executive Director
Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director, Conferences and Programs
NSTA Web Seminar TeamAl Byers, Ph.D., Assistant Executive Director,
e-Learning and Government PartnershipsBrynn Slate, Manager, Web Seminars, Online
Short Courses, and SymposiaJeff Layman, Technical Coordinator, Web
Seminars, SciGuides, and Help Desk48
