SOLUTIO

NS TO

OVERPOPU

LATION &

POPU

LATION PO

LICIES

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO OVERPOPULATION

Page 199- Possible solutions- Barriers to these solutions

Population Policies

What types of population policies exist ?

http://www.monochrom.at/english/2008/04/demographic-winter.htm

Pro-natalist or Expansive (Promote more births)

Anti-natalist or Restrictive(Promote fewer births)

http://www.greenprophet.com/countries/afghanistan/

Maintenance or Stability

http://www.yooj.co.uk/test_page_1.html http://www.visualphotos.com/image/2x4628085/russian_babys_feet_sticking_out_from_blanket

2 babies.1

+

Pro-natalist   Anti-natalistCBR CDR RNI   CBR CDR RNI

Russia 13 14 -0.1  China 12 7 0.5Japan 8 9 -0.1  Egypt 25 5 2Germany 8 10 -0.2  India 23 7 1.6Singapore 9 4 0.5  Vietnam 17 7 1Iran 19 6 1.3  Indonesia 19 6 1.3France 13 9 0.4  Ethiopia 37 10 2.7Australia 14 6 0.8  Bolivia 26 7 1.9Newfoundland 9 9 0  Nepal 25 6 1.9Quebec 11 7 0.4  Philippines 25 6 1.9

  Niger 48 12 3.6  Mali 45 15 3

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50Demographic Transition Model

Birth Rate Death Rate

Birt

h &

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ates

Does where a country fits within the DT influence the type of population policy they implement ?

(horizontal position is what is important)

pro-natalist

anti-natalistRNI x 10 is plotted

EXPANSIVE POPULATION POLICIES- Not as common today as they were twenty years

ago

- Reasons:

• Replaces those lost in war and civil unrest• Build up the military• Replace retiring folks in the workforce• Support the increasing number of seniors• Lead to economic growth

Examples: Japan Singapore Quebec (until recently) Newfoundland

U.S.S.R.

1944 – 1992

awarded medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

Why ?

Motherhood Medals

5 children 8,000,000 awarded

2nd Class

6 children 4,000,000 awarded

1st Class

Order of Maternal Glory

7 children - 2,000,000 awarded

3rd Class

8 children - 1,000,000 awarded

2nd Class

1st Class

9 children - 500,000 awarded

Order Mother Heroine

10 children 200,000 awarded

Russia Recent incentives 2006 - 2012

• 2nd & subsequent babies - ~ $10,000 (pd. at age 3)

- ~ $60.00 / month

• if more than 3 children - ~ $250 / month

• more available daycare

• adjustable work schedules for women

• smart immigration policy – encourage expats to return home (cash, social benefits, jobs) --encourage talented young foreigners to immigrate

• established a special system of pension for housewives as a separate class

• financial support for single mothers

•July 8 – new national holiday – Day of Family, Love, and Fidelity• Medals given out for long married couples with children (25 years+)

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20268426/ns/world_news-europe/t/russians-offered-day-prizes-procreate/

Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia - Family Contact Day

(Conception Day)

Grand Prize winners of “Give Birth to a Patriot on Russia’s Independence Day” Contest

http://www.russianlessons.net/russia/ulyanovsk/

Conception Day started Sept. 12, 2005

• possible day off work to allow for conception / contests / displays

• if birth June 12 - win a prize

• TVs, washing machines, SUV

• Grand Prize to the parents judged to be the fittest

Australia

Baby bonus - ~2004

“have one for your husband, one for your wife, and one for the country”

$5000/child

Quebec, Canada

1950s – very high total fertility rate Why ?

1980s – one of the lowest in Canada Why ?

Quebec government wanted to increase the TFR Why ?

Quebec

1987 – 1992

• $ 500 for each of 1st 2 children• $3000 for each subsequent child• child care facilities improved & expanded • tax free family allowance if 2 or more children• interest free housing loans (up to $7000)

1992 – 1997• $ 500 for 1st child• $1000 for 2nd• $6000 for each subsequent child• other benefits remain the same

1997 program cancelled

• couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off

2003 election

Parti Quebecois’ platform involved population expansion

Bernard Landry

Quebec

Newfoundland

View two articles

Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

out-migration *Why ?

declining fertility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador,_Canada.svg

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-newfoundland-fishing-boats-image10517522

http://jewishwings.com/trips/newfoundland/

http://www.oilsandsdevelopers.ca/index.php/oil-sands-technologies/mining/

http://www.reocities.com/ftmcmurray2003/

• $1000 per birth or adopted baby

• improved maternity/paternity program

• improved daycare

Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

http://www.whiterockdaycare.ca/photogallery_chrismas.htm

RESTRICTIVE POPULATION POLICIES- Reasons:

• Cannot afford to provide for them• Overpopulation concerns (limited available resources)

• Local, national, & international scale• Allow more women in the workforce and boost economy

- First one: India (1950)

- Policies (Family planning advice, low-cost birth control devices, and encouragement)

- Philippines, Mexico, Bangladesh (LLDCs)

- More Aggressive Policies (forced abortions and sterilization)- China, India, Indonesia

China - One Child Policy 1979

- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed

Rewards

• free medical care

• free daycare and schooling

• guaranteed job for child

• bonuses for parents

• extra maternity leave

• better housing

• bigger old age pension

Penalties

• must repay financial benefits

• educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn

• parents’ wages reduced

*How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

Massive Infrastructure of Population Control Workers - Every community, population-control committee members carefully monitor their neighbours- In every workplace, assigned employees regularly check-up on female co-workers

- If an additional pregnancy is discovered – immediately report infraction and begin counseling to convince the couple that an abortion is required.- Quotas in workplaces (all workers will lose their bonuses – peer pressure)

Peer pressure

http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html

Education Program

Advertising

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

HUMAN RIGHTS INFRINGEMENTSCases.

- Women being forced to terminate a 3rd pregnancy and in some regions a 2nd

- If 2nd child is born, the state forces either the mother of father to be sterilized

Rules that have emerged.Situation ConsequenceTwins or Triplets? No punishment.

Baby seriously disabled A 2nd child permitted if a doctor confirms he or

she will be healthy1st child dies 2nd child is possible with

permissionCouple divorces and

remarriesChild is permitted

PREFERENCE FOR SONSExample: farming families wanting a son to help on the farm

Consequently:** Some couples have an extra child despite the penalties** Some abort female fetuses** Others kill their female babies

- Estimated that 300 000 more boys than girls are born in China each year.

- Government Response to this problem- Some rural areas: Couples who have female babies, may be allowed to

try for a son four years after the first child is born.- Cash bonuses for abiding by the policy are slightly higher for families

with girls- Old-age pension increased for couples complying with the policy- Jobs and possessions can now be handed down to daughters

India- Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd

-mandatory sterilization for anyone with 3 children or more

www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

large country, huge population, federation system with many different culturaland political variations throughout the country – difficult for federal governmentto impose its will on the States

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Are there demographic problems here ?

What type of population policies might be appropriate ?

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Annapolis Royal, N.S. Fort McMurray, Alb.

Are there demographic problems here ?

What type of population policies might be appropriate ?