How many types of matter is it made of?

1Pure Substance

2+Mixtures

Is it on the periodic table? Does it have spots that look different?

YesElement

NoCompound

YesMixture

NoSolution

Bell ringer Sugar is in the

beaker with water. How do I get it to mix together?

Insoluble- not able to dissolve

Soluble- able to dissolve in water

Solution Rate 1. Heat it 2. Stir it (agitation) 3. Crush it (increase surface

area)

Questions 1. Why does soda go flat in the

summer? 2. Why does soda go flat even

in the winter? 3. Why do we need to use hot

water to dissolve Jello? 4. Knowing what you know

about solution rate, what is the fastest way to make Koolaid?

Heat of Solution When solutions form, energy is

exchanged when particles are solvated. 1. Endothermic (+ heat of

solution)Energy needs to be added to get the

substances to mix, beaker feels cold2. Exothermic (- heat of solution)

Energy is released when the substances mix, beaker feels warm

Solution Rate Particle Size:

1. Solution- smallest, completely solvated, invisible to eyes

2. Suspension- largest particles, not able to be solvated, settles into layers

3. Colloid- a suspension that is partially solvated, can see with the aid of a light (Tyndall effect)

Concentration of Solutions Percent by Mass

Grams solute x 100%Total grams of solution

Concentration of Solutions Molarity

M = molesLiters

Concentration of Solutions Molality

m = moleskilogram

OH- hydroxideH3O+ hydronium

OH- H3O+

2H2O OH- + H3O+

Naming Bases, Salts Bases and Salts

Name the same as regular ionic compounds

Ex. NaCl Ba(OH)2

Naming Acids Binary Acids 2 elements, H and

something else

hydro _____ ic

Word in middle is name of element

Oxyacids More than 2 elements H, something else, O

per _____ ic 1 more O _____ ic normal _____ ous 1 less

O hypo ___ ous 2 less O

Formula Writing Bases and Salts

Write formulas the same as ionic compounds.

Ex. Iron (III) bromide Zinc hydroxide

Formula Writing Acids Binary

Hydro becomes H, other element symbol

Cross charge #sEx. Hydronitric acid hydroiodic acid

Formula Writing Acids Oxyacids

Identify the polyatomic ionDetermine how many O Need H in front, + 1 (ion has same

charge regardless of # of O)Cross charge #sEx. Hypophosphorous acid Perchloric acid

Acid Base Theories Traditional (Arrhenius)

Acid- H in frontBase- OH at endSalt- everything else

Problem: Salt is largest category

Acid Base Theories Bronsted-Lowry

Acid- proton donorBase- proton acceptorConjugate acid- base that has received a

protonConjugate base- acid that has donated a

proton

Conjugate pairs

Acid Base Theories Bronsted-Lowry

Ex. HCl + H2O <==> H3O+ + Cl¯

NH3 + H2O <==> NH4+ + OH¯

Problem: some substances can be both- amphoteric, like water

Acid Base Theories Lewis

Acid- electron pair acceptorBase- electron pair donor

Key is to find substance that has lots of electrons to give, that’s the base

Ex. BF3 + F− → BF4−

H+ + NH3 → NH4+

Concentration of Acids/Bases

Normality

N = equivalents x molesLiters