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Solutions can be Dilute or Concentrated
A dilute solution has a small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent.
A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute within a solvent
example: orange juice
DefinitionsSolutions can be classified as saturated or
unsaturated.A saturated solution contains the maximum
quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature
Definitions
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved
Supersaturated solutions are unstable.
Acids and Bases
Acids
Properties Examples
Sour taste batteries
Conduct Electricity Vinegar
Donates proton or H+
All acids contain HCitrus Fruits
Turns litmus paper red Hydrochloric Acid
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+).
Bases
Properties Examples
Bitter taste soaps
Slippery to the touchDissolves fats or oils
Chalk
accepts proton All bases contain OH
ammonia
Turn Litmus paper Blue Calcium Hydroxide
A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions.
pH (potential of Hydrogen) is a
measure of how acidic or basic a
solution is.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• 7 is neutral.• Acids range from 0-7.• Bases range from 7-14.
A pH of a solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen (H+).
pH of Common Substances
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335
• When the negative ion of an acid joins the positive ion of a base, they form a substance called a _______________.
• An acid-base reaction is called a _____________________________ reaction.
Acids and bases neutralize each other.
• An indicator is a compound (dye) that changes color in an acid or base or in both.
• Phenolphthalein:–clear = acids and neutral
–pink = bases
• Phenol red:–Orange/yellow = acids
–red = neutral pink = bases