Solid Wate Mang Project

8/8/2019 Solid Wate Mang Project

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SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT


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WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?

Solid or semi-solid material (including gases and

liquids in containers) which are non soluble in

nature are solid waste.

It may be hazardous or not and includes

agricultural refuse, demolition waste, industrial

waste, mining residues, municipal garbage, and

sewage sludge.


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SOURCES OF WASTES

HOUSEHOLDS

BUSINESS AND

INDUSTRIES


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AGRICULTURE

HOTELS


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TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Solid waste can be classified into different typesdepending on their source:

Household waste or municipal waste: includes

food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather,

glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc.

Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil,

debris from construction site, packaging waste,

ashes etc.

Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine

bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical

instruments such as scissors, blades etc.


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Agriculture waste: includes pesticides, crops,

water coming from the fields also consists of

small amount of toxic chemicals.

Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substancescoming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium,

plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and

requires proper disposal.

Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical,acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials,

gases etc.


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CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES

ACCORDING TO THEIR

PROPERTIES

Bio-degradable

can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits andothers)

Non-biodegradablecannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old

machines, cans, containers and others)


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SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION


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EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT

MANAGED PROPERLY Affects our health

Affects our socio-economic conditions

Affects our coastal and marine

environment

Affects our climate


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EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS

WASTE When hazardous wastes are released in the air,water, or on the land, they can spread or

contaminate our environment.

When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it cancarry hazardous waste deeper into the ground

and the can pollute groundwater.

Every year, major health problems result from

hazardous waste like cancer, repertorycondition, heart diseases etc, so it required

proper disposal.


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SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS

WASTESources of hazardous wastes include:

Research and academic laboratories

Shops and repair facilities

Art and theater departments

Facility maintenance and grounds

Power Plant operations Experimental Farm operations


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CHARACTERISTICS

Hazardous Wastes are defined as wastes

that exhibit the following characteristics:

Ignitable Corrosive

Reactivity

Toxic

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UNIVERSAL HAZARDOUS

WASTES Universal wastes include the following materials

that are commonly found in the workplace

Batteries

Fluorescent lamps

Pesticides

Thermometers (containing mercury) Used oil


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SOLUTION OF HAZARDOUS

WASTE

The government can increase regulations on the

disposal of hazardous waste.

Provide incentives to create less waste.

Industries can break down chemical compounds

into less dangerous forms.

Store waste in ways that protect the environment

from being exposed to the waste. Recycle if possible.

Minimize and prevention.


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GENERATION OF MSW(MT/Y)


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METHODS OF DISPOSALS

These are the following methods for disposal

of the solid waste.

LAND FILLS

INCINARATION

BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING

RECYCLING

OCEAN DUMPING

PLASMA GASSIFICATION


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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

HIERARCHY


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LAND FILL

It is the most traditional method of waste

disposal.

Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries,

mining voids or borrow pits.

Disposed waste is compacted and covered with

soil to prevent vermin and wind-blown litter.

Gases generated by the decomposing wastematerials are often burnt to generate power.

It is generally used fordomestic waste.


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ADVANTAGES

Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option forthe local council.

Jobs will be created for local people.

Lots of different types of waste can be disposedof by landfill in comparison to other wastedisposal methods.

The gases given off by the landfill site could becollected and used for generating power.


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DISADVANTAGES

The site will look ugly while it is being used forlandfill.

Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites

that cause local air pollution and contribute toglobal warming.

Local streams could become polluted with toxinsseeping through the ground from the landfill site.

Once the site has been filled it might not be ableto be used for redevelopment as it might be toopolluted.


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LAND REQUIRED FOR

DISPOSAL OF MSW


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EMMISION OF METHANE FROM

LANDFILL


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INCINERATION

Incineration is a waste treatment process thatinvolves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C.

waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas,

and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic

constituents of the waste and gases due toorganic waste.

the heat generated by incineration is used togenerate electric power.


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ADVANTAGES

Minimum of land is needed compared to other

disposal methods.

The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the

initial value.

No risk of polluting local streams and ground

waters as in landfills.

Incineration plants can be located close toresidential areas.

Gases are used to generate power.


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DISADVANTAGES

Expensive

Required skilled labour.

The chemicals that would be released into the

air could be strong pollutants and may destroy

ozone layer (major disadvantage).

high energy requirement


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INCINERATION PLANT OBERHAUSEN, GERMANY


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OCEAN DUMPING

Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing ofmaterials in the ocean, often on the continentalshelf.

A wide range of materials is involved, includinggarbage, construction and demolition debris,sewage sludge, dredge material, wastechemicals, and nuclear waste.

Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste arealso disposed but these are highly dangerous foraquatic life and human life also.


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ADVANTAGES

Convenient

Inexpensive

Source of nutrients for fishes and marine

mammals.

Vast amount of space is available.

All type of wastes are disposed.


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DISADVANTAGES

There are three main direct public health risks

from ocean dumping:

(1) occupational accidents, injuries, and

exposures

(2) exposure of the public to hazardous or toxic

materials washed up on beach sand.

(3) human consumption of marine organismsthat have been contaminated by ocean disposal.

Highly dangerous for aquatic life.


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BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING

Materials such as plants, food scraps, and paper

products can be decomposed into the organic

matter.

The organic matter that is produced from thistype of recycling can then be used for such

things as landscaping purpose or agricultural

uses.

Usually this method of recycling is done by

putting the materials in a containerand let to

stay there until it decomposes.


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RECYCLING

It is basically processing orconversion of awaste item into usable forms.

Recyclable materials include many kinds ofglass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, andelectronics.

But recycling is not a solution to managing every

kind of waste material.

For many items like plastic bags, plastic wrap,

yogurt cups, margarine containeretc. recycling

technologies are unavailable or unsafe.


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ADVANTAGES

Reduction of air and water pollution.

Reduction in the release of harmful chemicals

and greenhouse gases from rubbish.

Saves space required as Waste Disposal

Landfill.

Reduce financial expenditure in the economy.

it helps in conserving a lot of energy resourceslike petroleum and coal deposits.


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SAVING THROUGH RECYCLING

When aluminum is recycled - considerablesaving in cost.

Making paper from waste saves 50% energy. Every tone of recycled glass saves energy

equivalent to 100 liters of oil.

Recycling about 54 kg of newspaperwill save

one tree.


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MATERIAL ENERGY SAVING

ALLUMINIUM 95%

CARDBOARD 24%

GLASS 5-30%

PAPER 50%

PLASTIC 70%

STEEL 60%


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PROCESS OF RECYCLING

COLLECTION: The first step required for

recycling is collecting recyclable materials from

communities. Today many major cities and

larger communities offer a curbside pick upservice for recyclable materials.

SORTING: The second step involves

processing the recyclable materials. This

includes sorting the materials into groups,cleaning them and getting them ready to be

sold to manufacturers who will turn the

materials into new products.


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MANUFACTURING: It is the third step in the

recycling process. The collected material is

sent to industries those convert them into new

products. PURCHASING: The last step involves the

purchasing of recycled products. When

consumers purchase products that have been

made with post consumer material the recyclingprocess has been completed and then can be

repeated.


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RECYCLING NOT A SOLUTION TO

ALL PROBLEMS!

Recycling is not a solution to managing every

kind of waste material

For many items recycling technologies are

unavailable or unsafe

In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.


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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?


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PLASMA GASSIFICATION

Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal

solution using plasma technology.

Uses electrical energy and the high

temperatures (4000C to over 7000C) createdby an plasma torches.

Almost completely breaks down the waste into

syngas which are used to generate electricity.

The remaining material (slag) is used to

produced material forbuilding projects.


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WHAT IS PLASMA?

Fourth state of matter. It is an ionized gas at high

temperature, capable of

conducting current due to

free electrons.

Created by applying an

electric arc to a low-

pressure gas.

Lightning is an example

from nature.


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PLASMA TORCHES

Consists of a tungsten rod(cathode) and a water-

cooled copper (anode).

Shaped in the form of a

nozzle.

Gas is introduced in the

electrode gap and a dc arc

is established between theelectrodes to create

plasma.


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HOW PLASMA GASSIFIRE WORKS?


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CONVEYER SYSTEM:

Garbage is loaded on the conveyer belt.

Pushes into the pretreatment system by means

of plunger. PRETREATMENT MECHANISM:

Use to make the entire system more efficient.

use grinders or crushers to reduce the size ofthe pieces of waste.

plasma torch can break down the smaller

pieces faster.


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FURNACE

Furnaces have an airlock system to allow

garbage to come in while preventing the hot

gases from escaping into the atmosphere.

Have multiple torches to break down all thematter into gases and slug.

Also features a drainage system to tap off the

slag and a vent system to vent out the gases.

to withstand the intense heat, furnaces are

lined with refractory material and often have a

water-cooling system as well.


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SLUG DRAINAGE

Molten slag at the bottom of the furnace and

helps in maintaining the high temperature inside

the chamber.

Occasionally slag must be drained from thefurnace.

slag drains away from the furnace and cools in a

separate chamber.

Slug is also used to produce some building

materials.


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MOLTEN SLAG DRAINING FROM A PLASMA FURNACE


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AFTER BURNING

Gases can pass through a secondary chamber

where natural gas flames combust any

remaining organic material in the gases.

These extremely hot gases then pass through aHeat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)

system.

where they heat water to form steam.

This steam then turns a steam turbine to create

electricity.


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BYPRODUCTS OF THE

PROCESS SYNGAS:

A mixture of several gases but mainly

comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Can be used as a fuel source. SLUG:

Solid byproduct from the gasification process.

The weight of the slag is about 20 percent of theweight of the original waste.

The volume of the slag is about 5 percent that

of the original waste volume


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SUMMERY

Solid waste is hazardous to health so it has to behandled carefully and disposed properly in order

to protect our health and to maintain good

environment.


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Documents

Solid Wate Mang Project