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©Ms Upama K.C. and Sharmila KarmacharyaGovernment of NepalMinistry of Local DevelopmentSolid Waste Management Technical Support Center (SWMTSC)Shreemahal, LalitpurTechnical Assistant: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Citation preview
1
Report of Solid Waste Management Baseline Study in Bhaktapur
Municipality, 2012
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Local Development
Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center (SWMTSC)
Shreemahal, Lalitpur
Technical Assistant: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
June 2012
Report prepared by:
Upama K.C. (Kathmandu University),
Sharmila Karmacharya (Tribhuvan University)
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 2
©Ms Upama K.C. and Sharmila Karmacharya
Citation: KC, U. and Karmacharya, S. (2012) Report of Solid Waste Management Baseline
Study in Bhaktapur Municipality. Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center
(SWMTSC), Ministry of Local Development.
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would not have been possible to gear this project without the opportunity provided by Solid
Waste Management Technical Support Center (Ministry of local Development ADB-TA). We
would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our Chief Executive Director, Dr. Sumitra
Amatya, Mr. Binod P. Singh, TA Director MLD. Special thanks to Surya Man Shakya, TA,
Deputy Team Leader, for all his classes before our survey.
Bhaktapur Municipal staffs were easy to cooperate with and we would like to take this
opportunity to give our sincere thanks to them. We are deeply indebted to the Bhaktapur local
people for their support and thoughtful responses during survey and waste collection. Every
piece of information from local people was a valuable asset for this project.
We would like to thank to all our family members for their motivation and support over the
past five weeks. We would also express our vote of thanks to these wonderful people listed
below:
S. N. Name Organization Remarks
1. D.R. Pathak, ADB-TA,
MLD/SWMTS
C
For guiding, supervising, and inspiring us
throughout the survey period.
2. Mr. Yogesh Shakya EMRC For supervising and giving valuable
suggestions during field study and report
preparation.
3. Mr. Moti Bhakta Shrestha Bhaktapur
Municipality
Office
For providing kind motivational words
and valuable information about
municipality
4. Mr. Ram Krishna Prajapati Bhaktapur
Municipality
Office
For guiding us in the selection of the
wards and taking us to the compost plant
and dumping sites.
5. Mr. Dilip Kumar Suwal Bhaktapur
Municipality
Office
For guiding and providing us information
on the status of SWM of the Municipality.
6. Mr. Krishna Gopal Prajapati Bhaktapur
Municipality
Office
For providing guidelines.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 2
7. Mr. Surya Bhakta Kharbuja For providing us the informational data
about municipality.
8. Mr.Bhopal Mul Librarian For providing articles, past data and
materials of the municipality.
9. Mr.Laxmi P. Dumaru For providing functional information
about the compost plant
10. Mr.Punya Ram Duwal, For providing functional information
about the dumping site
11. Surveyed Households,
Commercial sectors,
Offices and Schools of
wards 2,3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13,
14, 15, 17
For thoughtful responses during survey
and waste collection.
12. Ms. Pratima K.C. For helping me during waste collection
even in the early morning and late
evening.
13. Ms. Sharmila Adhikari For assisting me during survey period.
14. Ms. Rasna Sainju For assisting me during data collection.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 3
SUMMARY
Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Bhaktapur Municipality is a matter of earnest concern. It
is an oldest town with great historical significance; unfortunately, due to ignorance and
negligence of general public SWM is being extremely difficult. Moreover, poor
communication and misunderstanding between the Municipality SWM staffs and the waste
generators, timely removal of wastes from private and public places are being challenging.
This research is based on the questionnaire survey and collection of 24 hours accumulated
wastes from households, institutions, and commercial sectors. Average per capita per day
household waste generation rate is 0.11 Kg/capita/day and total daily waste generation is 28
tons. Institutions produce waste ranging from 0.5 Kg/day to 16.44 Kg/day; and wastes
generated from commercial sector varies from 0.23 Kg/day to 55.66 Kg/day. Household
wastes comprises of 83% of organic, 10% plastic, 4% paper, 0.6% glasses, 0.80% textiles, and
0.30% other wastes like electronics wastes. In the institutional sectors, general waste
comprises of 34% of organic waste, 29% of paper, and 19% of plastics. Commercial wastes
comprises of 39% organic waste, 21% of plastic waste, and 18% of paper waste. Interestingly,
in the institutional and commercial sectors, glasses, textiles, and rubber wastes were
insignificant compared to household wastes. Characterization of special waste is not done
during this survey. Though, the electronic waste, medicinal waste, and hazardous waste are
found in the municipality. With the major objective of documenting the solid waste,
identifying the major sources, characterizing the solid waste composition, and assess the
current problems in SWM, the survey was carried in 10 different wards out of 17 (2, 3, 4, 7, 8,
11, 13, 14, 15, and 17) in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................1
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................7
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................7
List of Charts ......................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................9
1.1 Municipality profile...................................................................................................................9
1.1.1 Basic information.........................................................................................................9
1.1.2 Geographical information ............................................................................................9
1.1.3 Demographic information .......................................................................................... 10
1.1.4 Institutional, commercial and other facilities .............................................................. 11
1.1.5 Solid waste processing facilities ................................................................................. 12
1.1.6 Maps and references .................................................................................................. 13
1.2 Objectives of study .................................................................................................................. 14
2. STUDY METHODOLOGIES ....................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Identification of waste generators ............................................................................................ 15
2.1.1 Types of solid waste ......................................................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Sources of solid waste ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Data sources and data collection method.................................................................................. 16
2.3 Secondary sources of data ....................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Observation and photography .................................................................................................. 19
2.5 Quality control ........................................................................................................................ 23
2.6 Study limitations ..................................................................................................................... 23
3. SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................. 24
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 24
3.2 Waste characterization............................................................................................................. 24
3.2.1 Domestic waste ................................................................................................................ 25
3.2.2 Institutional and industrial waste ....................................................................................... 28
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 5
3.2.3 Commercial waste ............................................................................................................ 29
3.2.4 Special waste .................................................................................................................... 31
4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .............................................................. 32
4.1 Collection and segregation ...................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Primary transportation and transfer station ............................................................................... 34
4.3 Final transportation and disposal methods................................................................................ 35
4.4 Resource recovery methods ..................................................................................................... 35
4.4.1 Recycling ......................................................................................................................... 35
4.4.2 Composting ...................................................................................................................... 36
4.5 Special waste management ...................................................................................................... 37
4.6 Public awareness and community mobilization ........................................................................ 37
5 INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS ......................................................................... 39
5.1 Organizational structure .......................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Human resources and capacity ................................................................................................. 40
5.3 SWM service arrangements ..................................................................................................... 41
5.4 SWM short-term, mid-term and long-term plan ....................................................................... 41
5.5 Actors involved in SWM ......................................................................................................... 42
5.6 Allocation of budget and expenditures ..................................................................................... 42
5.7 Revenue from SWM service charges ....................................................................................... 44
5.8 SWM acts and regulations ....................................................................................................... 44
6 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 45
6.1 Problem and issues at municipal level ...................................................................................... 45
6.3 Problems and issues of the existing SWM practice................................................................... 45
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 47
7.1 Conclusions............................................................................................................................. 47
7.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 47
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 49
ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 6
ABBREVIATIONS
BM: Bhaktapur Municipality
CEOs: Chief executive officers
GMP: Good Management Practice
HH: Household
KG: Kilogram
MSW: Municipal Solid Waste
NA: Not Available
NIMBY: Not In My Backyard
S.L.C.: School Leaving Certificate
SW: Solid Waste
SWM: Solid Waste Management
SWMTSC: Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre
SWMRMC: Solid Waste Management and resource mobilization centre.
NGO: Non-Government Organization
3R: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
VDC: Village Development Committee
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 7
List of Figures
S.N. Title Page no.
1. Road map of Bhaktapur Municipality 14
2. Gloves 17
3. Digital Spring Balance 17
4. Waste transported to the Municipal Compost Plant, Sallaghari 18
5. Staffs segregating at the compost site
19
6. Questionnaires to the municipal Staff about the present conditions
of the site
19
7. Tipper transporting waste to the dig dump site Hanumancha
20
8. Dozer pressing and spreading the waste 20
9. Surveying with the staffs at dig dump site 21
10. Collecting waste from School 21
11. Collecting waste from Household 22
List of Tables
Table
No.
Title Page no.
1. Land Use Distribution (Area in ha) 10
2. Major Water Bodies of Bhaktapur Municipality 11
3. Status of Existing Road Services 11
4. Population Distribution of Bhaktapur Municipality 11
5. Landmarks 12
6. Commercial, Institutional, and other facilities 12
7. Health Institutions and Industries 12
8. Sources of Solid waste 16
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 8
9. Waste generated from different sources from each wards 23
10. Household waste Characterization of Different wards 24
11. Per capita household waste generation per day in different ward 26
12. Waste Characterization of sampled Institutions 27
13. Commercial Waste Characterization 28
14. Existing waste collection pattern (estimated) 30
15. Existing waste collection and transportation equipments 32
16. Existing equipments used for final disposal 32
17. Existing human resource for SWM service and their
responsibility
38
18. Budget allocation (NRs.) 40
19. Details of expenditure for SWM services (NRs.) 41
20. Revenue from SWM services 41
List of Charts
S. N. Titles Page
1. Waste generated from different sources of each wards 24
2. Household characterization in each ward 25
3. Composition of household waste 25
4. Composition of Institutional Waste 27
5. Commercial Waste Characterization 29
6. Organizational Structure of Bhaktapur Municipality 37
7. Field Staffs Related on SWM 40
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 9
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Municipality profile
1.1.1 Basic information
Bhaktapur Municipality is situated in Bagmati zone in the central development region. It is
the third largest city in Kathmandu Valley occupying an area of 6.88 Sq. Km and divided into
17 small Wards. It is a township of unique culture with complex society. It was once the
capital of Nepal during the reign of great Mall dynasty.
Bhaktapur Municipality was established on 24th
March, 2006 (Bhaktapur Municipality, data).
It was the home of traditional art and architecture, historical monuments and craft works,
Terracotta and weaving industries. Taking an account of these magnificent art and
architecture, this oldest historical site of Nepal was listed under the World Heritage list in
1979. Despite the monumental architecture of site, beautiful ponds, rich local customs,
culture, festivals, and musical mystics were equally laudable. Tourism sector has long been
depending on this site for the promotion of their business
1.1.2 Geographical information
Bhaktapur district is approximately 13 Km East of Kathmandu with the geographical co-
ordinates of 270 40‟ 0‟‟ North, 85
0 25‟ 0‟‟ East. It occupies an area of around 119 Km
2 at an
altitude of 1,401 m above the sea level. This small municipality is bordered to Bageshowori,
Sudal, Tathali, Chittapol Village Development Committee (VDC) to the East,
MadhyapurThimi municipality to the West, Jaulakhel,Duwakot, Chhaling VDC to the North,
Katunje, Sipadol, Nangkhel VDC to the South. From time immemorial it lay on the trade
route between Tibet and India. This position on the main caravan route made the town rich
and prosperous.
Table 1: Land Use Distribution (Area in ha)
Built up Area 115.400(hector)
Agriculture land 519.100 ha
Forest 34.400 ha
Water Bodies 22.900 ha
Heritage Sector 7.7 ha
Total area 6.88 sq/km
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 10
Table 2: Major Water Bodies of Bhaktapur Municipality
Name Type of water body
Hanumante River
KhasangKhusung River
SiddaPokhari Pond
Kamal Binakak Pond
GutyaPokhari Pond
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
1.1.3 Demographic information
According to the population census of 2011, the total population of Bhaktapur municipality
was 83,893 (Male: 42,947 and Female: 40,946) at the growth rate of 1.7% annually. It
contains 13,471 households with the family size of 6 members in an average.
Table 3 Status of Existing Road Services
Type Black Topped Graveled Earthen
Length (Km) 3.6 Km 15 km 8 Km
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
Table 4: Population Distribution of Bhaktapur Municipality
Description Population Census 2001 Population Census 2011
Total Population 72543 83893
Male 36681 42947
Female 35862 40946
Number of HHs 12133 13471
Sources: Population Census, CBS
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 11
1.1.4 Institutional, commercial and other facilities
Bhaktapur municipality is rich in architectural and urban heritage founded in the 8th
century
AD (9).It remained relatively well preserved till the modern times. The main Landmarks,
Institutional, and Commercial facilities are tabulated below:
Table 5: Landmarks
Landmarks Remarks
Siddha Pokhari Near the main city Gate
Durbar Square Conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara-
style temples
Nyatapola Temple Five storeyed pagoda, 1702 A.D.
BhairabNath Temple Pagoda temple
Dattatraya Temple 1427 AD.
KailashnathMahadev Statue World tallest Lord shiva, 143 feet
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
Table 6: Commercial, Institutional, and other facilities
Commercial Establishments Institutional
Type Number Type Number
Shops 2142 Schools 64
Hotels 26 10+2 13
Restaurants/
teashops
296 Colleges 8
Mills ( Rice,
Wheat etc)
189 Government Offices 35
Workshop
(Furniture,
vehicle)
278 Non-Government
Offices
11
Cinema Hall 3 Others 52
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 12
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
Table 7: Health Institutions and Industries
Health Institutions Industries
Hospitals 4 Cottage 43
Clinics 8 Small 78
Laboratories 7
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
1.1.5 Solid waste processing facilities
In Bhaktapur Municipality some wards were provided with an effective service where waste
collection was on the daily basis; nevertheless, there were some other wards like ward no.5
where wastes was never collected. Three times sweeping per day in main roads, two times
sweeping per day in other roads (Gully, Brick paved roads), and Waste pickers (tipan tapan)
centralized their work on the main road and other tourist area.
Municipality has put the system of door-to-door waste collection method. There were two
fixed shifts, 06:00 am - 09:00 am and 12:00 pm – 16:00 pm. Each household in the municipal
was provided with two plastic buckets for the segregation of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable byproduct. Unfortunately, local peoples were not fully aware of what they
needed to do with the wastes. People were found careless with the wastes. They were not
practicing the methods they were told, many local peoples were making composts, few were
burning the dry wastes, most of the people handover their waste to the municipal waste
collector. Some people were not hesitant to dump their household garbage on the open road
sides where as some dumped their wastes in the Hanumante River
The recent estimation of waste generation of Bhaktapur municipality showed around 28 tons
per day at the rate of 0.3 Kg/p/d. There were one municipal level composting plant in
Sallaghari and one Dump in pith at Hanumancha.
Municipal compost plant
It was located in the ward no. 17, Sallaghari. Compost manure was formed by Manual field
heaping method. The waste was collected from ward no. 2, 4, 15, and 17. The manure was
sold to the farmer. The waste was carried from different wards in a tricycle. There were
altogether 7 staffs working at the plant. Waste was overturned in every 15-30 days. The
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 13
waste was segregated in the site by two staffs and the segregated plastics and non degradable
waste were buried in the land nearby.
Dumping Site
It was in Hanumancha. It was there due to the demand of local farmers and villagers. They
wanted their agricultural land to enrich with the manure. There were altogether 3 big trucks
and 6 small trucks for the waste transportation, Two Crane and one Dozer for settling and
managing the waste. The risk of seepage was very minimum due to plastics, and also the
waste generation was not in huge amount. There was altogether 32 staff for this management
out of which 27 were drivers. Four staffs stayed in the site. Municipality had provided gloves,
mask, and boots to the staffs working there.
1.1.6 Maps and references
Figure1: Road map of Bhaktapur Municipality
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 14
1.2 Objectives of study
To document the existing Solid Waste Management system of Bhaktapur
Municipality.
To identify major sources of Solid Waste in the municipality, their trend of generation
and approaches of management.
To obtain baseline data as well as to obtain feed back to the existing facility provided
by the municipalities.
To characterize the composition of solid waste generated from different sectors in the
municipality.
Assess the current problems faced by the waste management system and their impact
on the compost production.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 15
2. STUDY METHODOLOGIES
The study guidelines were strictly followed. Field observation was carried out. Key
informants from the municipality for the relevant information were identified. Questionnaire
Survey was used to obtain relevant information from households and through interviews with
the staffs of Bhaktapur Municipality. Site visit and interview to the staffs at the compost plant
and dumping site staffs were done. Questionnaire survey was carried out in 10 wards of the
municipality. In each ward, 10 households, 2 commercials, 1 government/non government
offices, and 1 School were chosen for the questionnaire survey.
2.1 Identification of waste generators
Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials, which can be solid, liquid, semi-solid,
and containerized gaseous materials. Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include
industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical wastes, and radioactive wastes or sewage
sludge. Any sectors from which wastes are generated are taken as the waste generators. These
are taken as the sources of waste generation within the community. The waste is mainly
generated from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.
2.1.1 Types of solid waste
After conducting the survey and field observation of source generation and dumping sites.
Solid waste was classified in several ways. (5)
A. Biodegradable waste: Food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper.
B. Recyclable material: Paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, plastics, fabrics, clothes,
batteries etc.
C. Inert waste: Construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris
D. Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances, TVs, computers,
screens, etc.
E. Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys.
F. Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes,
spray cans, fertilizer and containers
G. Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides,
H. Medical waste.
2.1.2 Sources of solid waste
The occupation of inhabitant of Bhaktapur Municipality was agriculture. In general,
households produce wastes that were mostly organic in nature and result from agricultural
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 16
production and processing activities. Overall the solid waste identified after observation and
survey were crop residues, food remnants, animal manure, dung, ashes, dead animal
carcasses, glass, plastic, metal tin cans, etc. The major sources of solid waste and the type of
solid waste that we observed are tabulated below.
Table 8: Sources of Solid waste
Sources Type of wastes Remarks
Household Food waste, paper, plastics,
textiles, wood, glass
metals, ashes, batteries etc
Organic: used for
composting
Other: handover to
municipal waste collector
Commercial Food waste, housekeeping
waste, plastics, papers.
Hand over to municipal
waste collector, Scrap
Buyer
Institutional Paper, plastics, food waste,
glasses, metal
Schools:
Paper and plastics: burn the
paper and plastics
Other: handover to the
municipal solid waste
Scrap Buyer
Farm Crops, leaves, grasses,
animal manure
Completely use for
agriculture and compost
Bulky waste Furniture waste Making compost
Workshop waste Dump in the open land and
drainage.
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
2.2 Data sources and data collection method
In order to make the study more reliable and authentic various methods were applied.
Quantitative data of the waste generated from sampling households, institutional sectors, and
commercial sectors were noted along with the data to the segregated waste from each
sampling site. The existing condition of the waste management practice was studied.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 17
Primary data collection
For the collection of primary data, questionnaire survey was conducted in the household,
institutions, and the commercial sectors. Random sampling method was used. Each
household, schools, shops, offices, restaurants were asked to keep twenty-four hours waste.
The next day, waste was collected, segregated and weighed. Total volume and weight of each
waste was recorded, Waste characterization of 10 households was done by combining
together. But the waste collected form institutions and commercial sectors were characterized
individually. The field visit was done to the open municipal compost and dumping site. The
staffs at the field were interviewed about the existing conditions of the site.
Secondary data collection
For the collection of secondary data we visited the Bhaktapur Municipal Jana Jyoti Library.
Past reports, published and unpublished journal articles; brochures published by municipality
were studied meticulously to check the relevancy of the collected data.
During the survey ten wards (Ward no: 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 17) from Bhaktapur
Municipality were taken as the sampling sites. Moreover the sampling was representative
sampling. This selection was done after the discussion with the municipality members so as to
cover the periphery region, core region along with the coverage of highly populated area.
In order to carry the survey various equipments were used. To measure the quantity of the
waste, Portable Electronic Scale, digital spring balance showing the minimum weight of 10
gm to maximum 40 gm was used. The instrument used was a Chinese instrument of WeiHeng
Company. Gloves and masks, closed bag were used while handling the wastes.
Figure 2: Gloves Figure 3: Digital Spring Balance
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 18
Process of sampling includes the following steps:
Firstly 10 sampling wards were selected within which 100 household, 20 commercial
sectors, and 20 institutional sectors were taken for conducting the questionnaire
survey.
In the first day, the questionnaire form was filled up selecting the ward for that
particular day. The respondents were requested to collect the waste generated in 24 hrs
after the questionnaire survey was carried.
Questionnaire survey was carried mostly in the morning and evening hours.
The next day, the waste generated from each household, commercial and institutions
were weighed out. The weight was noted separately.
The waste was segregated as organic waste, paper, plastic, metals, textile, rubber,
glass, etc and weight of each was noted.
In case of household the segregated waste of ten household were taken at the same
time.
The volume of waste was determined using a bag provided with known volume.
Finally the data collected were analyzed and interpreted.
Other than this, supplementary data were also collected from various sources. These included
the worker of the municipality, secondary data gathered from the library, local people,
institutional and commercial persons etc.
2.2.1 Household SWM survey
Ten households were selected in each ward using Right Hand Rule following the Principle of
Systematic Random Sampling Technique. The selection was also made on the basis of various
socio- economic statuses, household size, and the ethnic group as well.
2.2.2 Institutional and industrial survey
The represented institutional sectors were selected from each sampling ward. For the
institutions, each representative school, college, government office, NGOs, social
organization were taken as the sample existing within the sampling wards.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 19
2.2.3 Market waste survey
Similarly, for the Commercial sectors representative sample were taken. Commercial sectors
include restaurants, hotels, vegetable shop, banking sectors, departmental store, masala shop,
cosmetic shop, kirana shop etc. The selection was done so as to give the overall picture of the
commercial sector existing within the municipality.
2.2.4 Standard questionnaires
Standard questionnaires prepared by Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre
(SWMTSC) were used for the questionnaire survey (Annex D)
2.3 Secondary sources of data
For the collection of secondary data we visited the Bhaktapur Municipal Jana Jyoti Library,
past reports, journal articles, brochures published by municipality, and Websites etc in order
to check the relevancy of the collected data.
2.4 Observation and photography
Figure 4: Waste transported to the Municipal Compost Plant, Sallaghari
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 20
Figure 5: Staffs segregating at the compost site
Figure 6: Questionnaires to the municipal Staff about the present conditions of the site
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 21
Figure 7: Tipper transporting waste to the dig dump siteHanumancha
Figure 8: Dozer pressing and spreading the waste
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 22
Figure 9: Surveying with the staffs at dig dump site
Figure 10: Collecting waste from School
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 23
Figure 11: Collecting waste from Household
2.5 Quality control
In order to have relevant data, the data collected were cross checked with the secondary data
and many reports relating to this subject matter were studied. The data collected were kept
without any change in it. To minimize the error and increase the efficiency of this research
some more numbers of sample size was taken then required. Regular consolation with the
supervisors was done for confusions created during working period.
2.6 Study limitations
The study covers only municipal waste, industrial waste or hazardous waste is not included
Due to resource limitations, the waste generation study is designed with limited samples, and
one time sampling of waste generation Despite of all the limitations, as the study was carried
out under a scientific design, and as all the methodologies were used very effectively, this
study is comprehensive and reflects the present status of solid waste management in the
Municipality.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 24
3. SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 Introduction
Going through the existing situation of SWM in Bhaktapur Municipality, it was observed that
total waste generation was 28 tons/day but only 25 tons/day of waste were being collected.
The waste generation rate was 0.3 kg/d/p. Regular waste collection has been done in the
streets and open public places 2-3 times in a day as per managed by the municipality. Door to
door waste collection is popular in household level.
3.2 Waste characterization
The composition of waste showed that organic waste as the largest portion of the waste stream
in the household waste. However, it is relatively higher (83%) in comparison to other part of
the country. Similarly, the portion of plastic and paper in household waste was quite high
which was around 10% and 4% respectively.
1. Identification of waste generation sources: In this survey the sources of waste
generators includes: Residential, commercial and institutional sources.
2. Categorization of the waste sample: The categorization of the collected waste was
done under the following category: Organic waste, plastics, paper/paper products,
glass, metals (Ferrous, Aluminum, and others), textiles, rubber and leathers, and
others.
3. Collection of the existing information: This included the information collected from
previous solid waste management. Further plans of municipality and their SWM
documents, and information gathered from the municipal workers etc.
The table 9 depicts the waste generation from different sources from each different wards.
Maximum waste was generated from commercial sector where as minimum generation of
waste is from Institutional sector.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 25
Table 9: Waste generated from different sources from each wards
Sources of
waste Ward2
ward
3
Ward
4
Ward
7 Ward8
Ward
11
Ward
13 Ward 14 Ward15 Ward17
Household 5.65 4.69 3.31 5.13 7.26 5.6 8.96 5.32 6.72 7.99
Commercial 4.14 4.05 2.96 5.21 2.96 56.84 4.66 4.11 0.65 13.96
Institutional 5.64 0.4 5.18 2.49 2.61 9.64 7.68 4.44 6.16 4.29
Chart 1: Waste generated from different sources of each wards
3.2.1 Domestic waste
The solid waste collection services were not facilitated to all the wards of municipalities.
Open Composting was found to be the most popular in the house hold for the kitchen waste.
Most of the people reuse the kitchen waste as food for animals. Few people burn the waste
and the remaining waste were handed to the municipal waste collector. According to the
survey the average per capita household waste generation rate is 0.11 Kg/capita/day and total
daily waste generation is 28 tons.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 26
Table 10: Household waste Characterization of Different wards
waste
composition Ward2 Ward3 Ward4 Ward7 Ward8 Ward11 Ward13 Ward14 Ward15 Ward17
Organic 5.65 3.96 2.96 3.69 6.27 3.09 7.54 4.01 5.56 5.73
Plastics 0.39 0.44 0.13 0.33 0.25 0.69 1.1 1.01 0.53 0.44
paper 0.42 0.21 0.11 0.52 0.46 0.76 0.18 0.3 0.47 0.8
Glass 0 0 0.11 0 0 0.12
0
Metals 0.23 0 0.25 0 0
0
Textiles 0 0.08 0.03 0.09 0
0.16 0.08
Rubber
0 0 0 0 0
0
Others 0.97 0 0.31 0.19 0.97 0.14
0.94
Chart 2: Household characterization in each ward
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 27
Chart 3: Composition of household waste
The pie chart above vivid the composition of household waste of surveyed wards. It shows
that the composition of household waste is as 83% organic wastes, 10% plastics, 4% paper,
0.6 % Glasses, 0.80% textiles wastes, 0.30% other wastes like electronic wastes.
Table 11: Per capita household waste generation per day in different ward
Ward no. Family no Total
waste(kg)
Per capita
generation
(kg/d/p)
Average per capita
generation
(kg/d/p)
2 77 7.66 0.10
0.11
3 49 4.69 0.10
4 54 3.31 0.06
7 50 5.33 0.11
8 67 7.76 0.11
11 56 5.85 0.10
13 56 8.96 0.16
14 52 5.32 0.10
15 61 6.72 0.11
17 72 8.81 0.12
Total 594 64.41 1.07
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 28
Above data shows ward no. 13 have maximum per capita waste generation. This is the main
durbar chertra area more mobilization of tourist and visitors as comparison to the other wards.
Ward no. 14 has minimum waste generation i.e. 0.06 per capita per day which is peripheral
area of the municipality.
3.2.2 Institutional and industrial waste
All the 20 institutions of the ten wards included schools, government and non government
offices etc. The waste generated from the institutions ranges from 0.5 kg per day to 16.44 kg
per day. This range varies from according to nature, size of offices and numbers of employees
and visitors.
Table 12 depicts the waste characterization of sampled institutions. From the table it can be
concluded that organic wastes, plastics and paper are the major waste generated from
institutions in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Table 12: Waste Characterization of sampled Institutions
Ward
no
Organic Plastic Paper Glass Metals textiles Rubber Others Totals
4 1.04 2.04 2.02 0.03 5.18
3 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.03 0.40
14 1.01 1.69 1.67 0.04 4.44
13 2.02 2.1 3.37 0.08 0.06 7.68
15 3.21 0.53 1.69 0.09 0.64 6.16
7 4.14 1.52 1.64 0.98 2.49
8 0.88 0.24 0.47 0.32 0.65 0.05 2.61
2 5.64 3.91 9.92 1.27 1.23 1.11 1.04 3.14 27.26
17 0.52 0.48 1.66 0.5 0.12 0.03 0.98 4.29
11 1.93 2.89 3.75 0.15 1.84 9.64
Total
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 29
Chart 4: Composition of Institutional Waste
Pie chart above depicts the composition of characterization of institutional waste. In
Institutional waste the largest portion of organic waste is generated i.e. 34%. 29 % of Paper
and 19% of plastics is generated following the organic waste. Rubber, Glasses, and textiles
are insignificant in institutional waste.
3.2.3 Commercial waste
Wastes generated from commercial places like shops, hotels, and restaurants vary according
to their sizes and the flow of customers. Wastes generated in vegetable markets were mostly
organic, paper and plastic with 39%, 21%, and 18% percentage respectively. Waste generated
from commercial waste in the municipality varies from 0.23kg per day to 55.66 kg per day.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 30
Table 13: Commercial Waste Characterization
Chart 5: Commercial Waste Characterization
Ward
no.
Waste Characterization Tota
l Organi
c
Plastic Paper Glass Metals Texile Rubb
er
Others
2 0.96 0.24 0.32 0.14 1.25 0 0 1.23 4.14
3 3.24 0.38 0.40 0.03 0 0 0 0 4.05
4 2.03 0.59 0.14 0 0.20 0 0 0 2.96
7 4.41 0.25 0.18 0.12 0 0 0.08 0.17 5.21
8 0.23 0.40 1.16 0 0 0.14 0 1.03 2.96
11 42.53 4.70 3.84 0 1.65 0.09 0.07 3.96 56.84
13 3.19 0.59 0.86 0 0.02 0 0 0 4.66
14 2.14 0.98 0.90 0 0.09 0 0 0 4.11
15 0.37 0.09 0.19 0 0 0 0 0 0.65
17 11.08 0.40 0.38 0 0.49 0.27 0 1.28 13.90
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 31
The pie chart above depicts the waste composition of commercial sectors from sampled
wards. The commercial waste comprised 39% organic waste. Plastic waste was much higher
with 21% of total waste generated. Paper comprises 18% where as textiles and Rubber were
insignificant in commercial waste.
3.2.4 Special waste
Characterization of special waste was not done during this survey. Though, the electronic
waste, medicinal waste, and hazardous waste were found in the municipality.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 32
4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
According to the data provided by the Municipality and the field survey conducted in May
2008, the average per capita household waste generation rate was 0.30kg/capita/day and the
total daily waste generation was 25 tons. (Bhaktapur Municipality, 2008). The figures were
similar to the national average waste generation rate of 0.25kg/ capita/day and the value for
the Kathmandu metropolitan area of 0.39kg/person/day (SWMRMC, 2008 data). The
composition of household waste at source was 75% organic or biodegradable waste, 2.25%
paper, 3% textiles, 3.4% plastic, 0.3% metal, 1.05% glass, 11.0% construction debris, and
4.0% other materials. (Bhaktapur municipality, 2008).
Bhaktapur Municipality was doing good effort for the management of waste generated. Yet
they have been facing many problems regarding the management of plastic waste, and the
negligence done by the public.
Bhaktapur residents place their garbage at designated places in the streets either in the
evening or morning. Sweepers employed by the Municipality clean the streets and other
public places and collect the waste at the same designated places. Before 1990 the
municipality had placed waste containers at several locations but they were damaged during
political disturbances. After that municipality chooses 93 waste collection points in the city
have been designated in consent with the local people and waste collectors.
The view of people are scattered depending on their individual‟s will and necessities than
common problems. The waste collector scolds the house hold people for generating the heavy
and large amount of waste.
4.1 Collection and segregation
Collection of the wastes include not only the gathering of the solid wastes and recyclable
materials, but also the transport of the collected material to the location where the collections
vehicle were emptied that may be either the transfer station, dumping site or landfill disposal
site. Regular waste collection has been conducted in the streets and open public spaces. For
the smooth collection of the waste manpower, vehicle and tools has been managed. The
collection of the waste was done 2-3 times in a day as per time schedule maintained by the
SWM Section.
Time and Motion of street sweeping and cleaning
Times sweeping per day in main roads: 6 a.m., 12 noon, and 16:00 p.m.
Times sweeping per day in others road: 6 a.m., 12 noon.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 33
Waste pickers (tipan-tapan) : 8:00-3:00,10:00-5:00, 12:00-19:00 (They also works in
main road and necessary places)
Time motion of waste collection: 6:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 -5:00 p.m.
Table14: Existing waste collection pattern (estimated)
Types Amount
(tons/day)
Domestic waste 18
Commercial waste 5
Institutional waste 1
Industrial waste 1
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
In order to provide good service in collection of the waste, Bhaktapur Municipality was
providing various types of collection service which includes road side pickup service, door-
to-door collection services, chok to chok hand carrying collection services etc. Numbers of
equipments have been used for the collection of the waste which includes carts, kharpan,
plastic buckets, etc.
Municipality has been appealing its people for reducing waste generation at the source and its
segregation practices. Various programs have been conducted for the promotion of waste
segregation which includes:
Bucket distribution programme
For separating biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable wastes at source.
- Ward no. 14 – Tanani : 60 household
- Ward no. 17 – Bharbacho : 100 household
- Ward no. 2 – Libali : 85 household
- Ward no. 4 – Kamalbinayak : 70 household
Compost bin distribution
- Ward no. 2 – Libali : 25 household
- Ward no. 4 – kamalbinayak :25 household
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 34
4.2 Primary transportation and transfer station
In the field of SWM, the functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means,
facilities, and equipments used to affect the transfer of the waste from the relatively small
collection vehicle to larger vehicle and to transport them over the extended distance to either
the processing centre or disposal site. Transfer and transport operation becomes important
when the haul distance to available disposal site increases to the point that directly hauling is
no longer economically feasible. Transfer station is the station used to accomplish the
removal and transfer of solid waste from the collection site and the other small vehicle to
larger transport equipment. These were created in the municipality as per the need only. (10)
In this municipality numbers of transportation equipments has been used to provide good
collection services. The primary transportation included the handcarts, and tricycle etc. Then
the waste collected by these are finally carried to the dumping site and the composting site by
mini trucks, and pick up van which served as secondary transportation equipment. Bhaktapur
Municipality lacks the transfer station since all the collected wastes from the primary
transportation were directly taken to the dumping or composting site due to fewer distance of
the disposal site from city centre. The details on the existing collection and transportation
equipment are presented in the table below:
Table 15: Existing waste collection and transportation equipments:
S.N. Types of equipment Capacity (m3)
Number
1 Carts 0.18 88
2 Power tiller 1.62 2
3 Mini truck 3.9 4
4 Kharpan 0.06 33
5 Plastic bucket 0.01 100
6 Pick-up Van 1.34 6
7 Tipper NA 2
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 35
4.3 Final transportation and disposal methods
The safe and reliable long-term disposal of solid waste residue was an important component
of integrated waste management. The collected wastes within the municipality were finally
transported to dumping site where they are finally disposed by controlled dumping method.
The workers separated the degradable waste for composting process and the other remaining
were dumped in pit which were then covered by the soil. Other than this haphazard dumping
at the bank of Hanumante River by local dwellings in the nearby area was observed. Various
equipments have been used for final disposal. The details of these are:
Table 16: Existing equipments used for final disposal:
S.N. Type of equipment Capacity (m3) Number
1 Excavator 20 tons 1
2 Power tiller 1.62 2
3 Tipper N.A 2
4 Mini-trucks 3.9 4
5 Water tanker 3000 liter 1
6 Baku loader 6 tons 1
7 Chain dozer 6 tons 1
Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority
4.4 Resource recovery methods
Resource recovery method included processing technique used in the SWM systems to
improve the efficiency of the operations to recover resources and to recover the conversion
products and energy. It was important to project the extent of the resources recover processing
likely to occur in the future.
The locals of Bhaktapur municipality were practicing these methods since long time ago.
They have been dealing with the waste in traditional method. Since most of the waste
generated was organic they practice composting of the generated waste. Resource recovery
method can be described under following sub-headings:
4.4.1 Recycling
Not all but most of the people were observed to be inhabited of recycle process. They have
been segregating the paper waste, metals, and bottles. Then they sold the segregated waste to
kawadi from which they are having economic benefits. Municipality itself was also involved
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 36
in this practice. They have been launching paper recycle programme in various parts of the
municipality.
Individual Scarp level: They collect the recyclable materials like paper, metal, used plastic
wares, bottles, Aluminum cans etc. there were altogether seven Scarp dealer in the
municipality.
Institutional level: Some of the schools installed the paper recycle machine. Trained the
students about the reuse of the paper by making paper bags and paper crafts. Most of the
Schools burn the paper and plastic produce in their school and the ashes was used in the
garden of school compound.
4.4.2 Composting
Composting found to be most popular way of managing the solid waste in BM in both
household and municipal level. There are two Municipal level composting sites. One is in the
Sallagharian other in the Bhelukhel. At present the composting plant of Bhelukhel is not
function due to some public conflicts.
A Municipal level Composting Plant
1. Bhelukhel Compost Plant
The Bhelukhel compost plant was established in 1978 as part of the Bhaktapur Development
Project, which was implemented with the assistance of Germany from 1976 to 1984. The
compost plant was handed over the Bhaktapur Municipality in 1981. However, as the
municipality did not have sufficient incentive to compost its waste production gradually
decreased until it came to a complete halt in 1984. In 1988, the compost plant was
rehabilitated and some to the staff of the Bjaktpu Municipality were trained in compost plant
operation in assistance of German funded Solid Waste Management and Resource
Mobilization Centre. (SWMRMC). The plant restarted its operation in 1989. Since then the
plant has been operated by BM with occasional Technical Assistance from SWMRMC the
plant is located in Bhelukhel, which is a neighborhood in the southern part of the city on the
northern bank of Hanumant River. The plant is situated in a community mostly inhabited by
sweeper. But at present it is not in function due to the local conflict.
2. Sallaghari compost Plant
It was located in the ward no. 17, Sallaghari. Compost manure was formed by Manual field
heaping method. The waste was collected from ward no. 2, 4, 15, and 17. The manure was
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 37
sold to the farmer. The waste was carried from different wards in a tricycle. There were
altogether 7 staffs working at the plant. Waste was overturned in every 15-30 days. The
waste was segregated in the site by two staffs and the segregated plastics and non degradable
waste were buried in the land nearby.
B. Household level composting
Open composting was popular in most of the household in the municipality. Traditional way
of composting popular in the house hold was „NauGa‟and „Sa-ga‟. But at present mostly „Sa-
ga‟ was observed.
4.5 Special waste management
There was no systematic way of managing the special waste generated in the municipal level.
According to our observation the special and hazardous waste of the Bhaktapur Municipality
includes hospital waste, waste from slaughter house, construction demolition and bulky items
etc.
Construction and demolition: Waste was found to be deposited at the bank and open space
near Hanumante river (near by the Bhelukhel composting plant)
Hospital waste: Most of the waste was burn and remaining waste was dumped in the open
road. For some special waste were collected in a sack and kept in the nearby gate so that
scarps took it for recycle.
Slaughter house: There were altogether 44 slaughters in Bhaktapur Municipality. Most of the
waste generated from the slaughter house was deposited in the waste collection sites. Some of
the slaughter house dumped the waste directly in the bank of Haunamte River.
Dead animals: Municipality buried the dead animals in the pits near the dumping sites. As
per progress report presented by sanitation section for the year 2067/68: 271 numbers of dogs
and 39 numbers of Cows were buried in the land near by dumping site.
4.6 Public awareness and community mobilization
Bucket and Compost bin distribution
Municipality distributed the two bucket and compost bin in some selected for the behavioral
change. But still there was no any change in the way of handling and reducing and
segregating the waste at source. Bucked were distributed to 210 households in ward no. 15
along with training on source segregation, Reuse, Recycle and composting facility on
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 38
2068/02/21-22 and 6068/03/30. Same program was conducted in ward no. 2 on 2068/03/24,
30 in which 100 household were facilitated
Awareness programs:
Municipality conducted many awareness programs. Some time it worked with the some
institutions like Schools to create awareness to the school children. Some of the awareness
programs are listed below:
Conducted the community cleaning program by the municipality collaborating with
the ward office 11, and Bidhya Aarjan School from Adarsha Bus stop to
BhimshenSthan.
Launched the community cleaning program on the occasion of tourism year 2011, to
motivate and aware the public in cleanliness in collaboration with Bhaktapur
development Committee in 2067/9/16 from Bhaktapur Mini bus park to Taumadhi.
Conducted the training programme for municipal staffs on source segregation
technique so as to develop the habit of composting practice, which included 45 drivers
and helpers on date 2067/7/18. At the end of the training the participants were
provided with 2 buckets and 1 compost bin.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 39
5 INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS
This section includes institutional and financial aspects of municipality that was involved in
solid waste management. Waste management deals with the technical as well as managerial
component. Good management practice like effective organizational structure, adequate
human and financial resource, proper planning for the optimum use of resources plays
essential role in effective waste management system. For sustainable SWM it requires
substantial human and financial resources. This chapter deals with the institutional and
financial management practices and systems implemented for dealing the solid waste
generated within the municipality.
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 40
5.1 Organizational structure
(Source:Municipality Office Bhaktapur)
5.2 Human resources and capacity
The number of staffs allocated for the waste management generally depends upon the
characteristics of the municipality and their experiences in dealing with waste management. In
terms of resource intensity, Bhaktapur Municipality is doing quite good job. Local people
were mobilized providing jobs relating SWM under different working positions. Some private
groups, institutional groups etc have been actively participated in cleaning programs
conducted by the municipality. But there were not any standard regarding the ideal number of
people served by the SWM workers. The existing human resources mobilized for SWM
activities are presented below:
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 41
Table no.17: Existing human resource for SWM service and their responsibility
S.N Position Number Type of work
1 Environmental officer 1 NA
2 Sub-section officer 1 Supervision/monitoring
3 Supervisor 2 Supervision/monitoring
4 Driver 13 Transportation/disposal
5 Sweeper 100 Street sweeping/public spaces
cleaning and collection
6 Waste loader 20 NA
7 Saphai majdur 14
Street sweeping/public spaces
cleaning and collection, dumping
site management
8 Tippan-tappan 47
Street sweeping/public spaces
cleaning and collection, dumping
site management
5.3 SWM service arrangements
The municipality is currently providing the street sweeping/public spaces cleaning, collection
of the waste from source, transportation and disposal of the waste 2-3 times in a day. It also
conducted many source segregation promotion programs within the locality which included
bucket distribution and compost bin distribution programmes in some selected wards (ward
no.2, 4, 14, and 17). Other than this municipality was conducting various SWM activities
including public awareness programme, training on introduction of 3R approach, direct
material distribution to local for waste segregation, etc.
The municipality was also launching special programmes in SWM for the poor and
disadvantaged people which include paper recycle programme with the job opportunities.
5.4 SWM short-term, mid-term and long-term plan
Vision of Bhaktapur Municipality: To promote Bhaktapur city as a tourist destination through
a better solid waste management.
Some future plans and programs of Bhaktapur Municipality for solid waste management:
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 42
Training, Campaign, workshop to the local people about source segregation (Short
term plans
Awareness on household waste mitigation. (Mid-Term)
Increases in 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system. (Mid-Term)
Building of compost plant at landfill site (Long-Term)
Demand and supply of skilled manpower (Long-Term)
New technology and other etc.
5.5 Actors involved in SWM
Flow Chart: Field Staffs Related on SWM
From the survey, and discussion carried with municipal officials, it seems that only Bhaktapur
municipality is responsible in carrying the SWM activities in the present context. Previously,
CBOs named Prayatna Nepal has participated in SWM programme carried by the
municipality in collaboration with JICA. (10)
5.6 Allocation of budget and expenditures
The amount of financial dedicated to waste management varies significantly according to the
nature of municipality. Sometimes due to financial constraints municipalities become unable
to provide adequate resources for waste management. So budget allocation is an important
part to carry the SWM activities in a municipality. The scenario of budget allocation for waste
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 43
management in Bhaktapur municipality as per provided data from municipal officials is
presented under following tables:
Table no. 18: Budget allocation (NRs.)
S.N. Particulars 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69
Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual
1 Total
Municipal
Budget
394000000 255830786 300101000 272105326 385000000 NA
2 Budget in
SWM
55350000 47999531 73375000 55428743 53700000 NA
3 Total
Expenditure
394000000 255830786 300101000 272105326 NA NA
4 Expenditure
in SWM
55350000 47999531 73375000 55428743 NA NA
Table no. 19: Details of expenditure for SWM services (NRs.)
S.N Expenditure
items
2066/67 2067/68 2068/69
Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual
1 Salary and
benefits
37700000 34862331 39200000 31370182 49800000 NA
2 Materials and
supplies
800000 720038 2500000* 2422261 3500000 NA
3 Fuel and
lubricants
2200000 2016044 2500000 2410411 3000000 NA
4 Equipment and
vehicle
maintenance
9600000 868449 2500000* NA 3500000 NA
5 Public
awareness and
education
300000 13285 200000 103200 250000 NA
6 Total
(*: Materials and supplies/equipment/vehicle maintenance are same value from F/Y 2067/68)
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 44
5.7 Revenue from SWM service charges
Bhaktapur municipality was collecting certain charges for providing SWM services to the
locals, and various institutions within it. During the survey it was observed that local people
were paying nominal service charge in order to develop the habit of paying for the service
provided. Certain mechanism has been developed for fixing SWM service charges. The
municipality collects waste collection charges at the annual rates of NRs.30 per kitchen
andNRs.60 for every 15 sq ft (1.4 m2) of shop floor area (Bhaktapur municipality, 2008 data).
Waste collection charges were based on the number of kitchens. This includes cleaning fees
(saphai sewa sulka), waste collection fee (for shops, party places, institutions, organization
etc.). The collected revenue from SWM service is shown in the table below:
Table no. 20: Revenue from SWM services
S.N Particulars 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69
Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual
1 Collection fees
(institution,
organization, etc.)
200000 114025 200000 150160 200000 NA
2 Collection from
each kitchen
400000 348161 400000 354846 400000 NA
3 Total 600000
5.8 SWM acts and regulations
Environment Protection Act, 1997
Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987
Environmental protection Rules, 1997
Solid Waste Management Act 2011
- Prime responsibility of the polluters to manage waste.
- Provisions for Reduction/ segregation at source/ transportation/ disposal/management/
of waste by generators, as prescribed method or at prescribed places by municipality.
- Promoting 3 R by the municipality
- Transfer station and sanitary landfill site
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 45
6 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
Despite the good SWM, municipality was facing many problems.
Even though two buckets were provided to each household, segregation was not done
properly.
Poor response of the public regarding the awareness programme conducted by BM.
Lack of land for designing landfill site.
Insufficiency of awareness generation programs, poor-legal provisions and strict
monitoring.
6.1 Problem and issues at municipal level
There was sufficient number of staffs. The numbers of staffs decreased then before because of
different problems just like the retirement, and age issues etc.
There was poor correlation between the SWM section and the public.
Unable to encourage people for developing ideas on minimization of waste generation
at the source.
There should be promotion of the drivers in every 5 years but due to some
administrative situation it has not be done. There is complained for these issues by the
drivers.
6.2 Problems and issues at the source of generation
Though the people were familiar to the solid waste management terms but still were
negligence. Despite the effective system of waste collection, the municipality was facing
problems by poor response for its efforts to encourage waste minimization at the source.
People were too much irresponsible and careless for the management side. They immediately
through the waste (garbage) after the sweeping and even after tipen tapan. The awareness
about the SWM seems to be most urgent for the school children.
6.3 Problems and issues of the existing SWM practice
The dumping by digging was lasted for 1 and half year in Ghoga Ganesh. After that it shifted
to Sipadol. It functions for 1 and half year. Then it was shifted to Sallaghari which remained
for 6 months. At present digging and dumping lies in the Hanumancha. This trend of shifting
of dumping sites shows that there was no sustainable and steady dumping sites allocate by the
municipality. Some of the issues related to dumping and political influences were summarized
below:
Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality
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It was not able to include all the community people in the SWM activities carried by
municipality.
The waste generation rate was increasing. There was problem in finding land for
dumping site. So a well designed landfill was important to introduce.
Problems in maintenance of the existing equipment.
There was problem in launching new programmes of SWM practices due to lack of
elected officials.
No one was ready to provide the area (land) for landfill site. But most of the farmers
were ready to have dumping site. Lots of application comes in the municipal office
demanding for the dumping waste in their field and uplift the land.
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7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Conclusions
Solid waste was public by products and governments were responsible for it. The present
waste collection system of Bhaktapur municipality was studied in this research. The staffs
were motivated to their work which give better efficiency than the public does. Due to rapid
and haphazard urbanization in the city huge volume of waste was accumulated that cause
difficulty to the municipality to handle the waste alone. The act allows the municipalities to
involve the NGO‟s and communities in SWM.
Since Nepal is a developing country. The citizen has less per capita income than the high
income countries. The capacities of the towns to collect, process, reuse, and dispose solid
waste is less because of lack of high cost. History of the Bhaktapur city shows that waste
management was not a big problem in the past since the collection and disposal of solid waste
was started in systematic manner. The total waste generated in municipality was 28 tons per
day and 0.11 kg/capita/day is estimated. Organic waste was dominating in the composition
followed by plastics and paper.
Bhaktapur Municipality should mobilized solid waste as resources as and to privatize the
management work. Major portion of the wastes organic, but no any concrete plans of large
scale composting the waste are undertaken. The households composting was popular day by
day but not in significant level.
7.2 Recommendations
On the basis of above analysis the following few recommendation to Bhaktapur municipality;
Wide use of plastic and non degradable products in house should be discouraged.
Emphasis should be given at source reduction and adopting alternative waste
management practices to the possible extent, like composting, recycling etc.
The difficulty areas for the collection due to Narrow Street can be minimized by road
widening as far as possible.
Efficiency can be increased through the maintenance of equipment and vehicles and
scientific route planning and using and appropriate technology to manage the collected
wastage.
Strictly implementing the penalty provision for throwing waste haphazardly.
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Waste management campaign organized by BM through community mobilization unit
should be made more intensive.
Emphasis should be given on the waste energy concept and mobilizing waste as
resources.
In BM, the problem is more at the institutional and managerial level so it should take
strict monitoring and legal action to defaulters through user‟s service charge.
People should be made responsible for managing their waste and also pay to manage
the waste in safe and efficient manner.
Segregating waste should be started form household level and the municipality should
also segregate the organic in organic, hazardous and non hazardous wastes and dispose
it separately which could protect environmental degradation and create employment
opportunities too.
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REFERENCES
United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2010
EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration.
http://www.citypopulation.de/, city Population Retrieved:9 Dec, 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste
G Tchobanoglous et.al, 1993. „Integrated solid waste management, Engineering principles
and management issue.
Study on SWM for Kathmandu Valley, CKV study report Japan, JICA, Assistant to Nepal.
K. Pant 2010, “Action Reach on Solid Waste Management in Suryavinayak School,
Bhaktapur” Kathmandu University.
R. Wenju, “River Degradation and Livelihood Impacts: Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal in
Hanumante River in Bhaktapur”
B. Tuladhar and A. Bania, 1997, “Technical and Economic Analysis of Bhaktapur Compost
Plant-Nepal”
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ANNEXES
Annex A: Recommendation letter from municipality
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Annex B Maps
Bhaktapur district in Nepal
Boundary of Bhaktapur Municipality
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Bhaktapur Municipality office
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Annex C: Photographs
Segregating waste
Segregating waste
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Weighting the waste at source Waste collecting from source
Transporting the waste at segregating site
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Waste collecting from source
Waste collection by Municipality Paper craft made by School children
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Waste dumped at the side of river Collection site made nearby temple
Secondary data collection from municipal officials
Hand cart used for door-door waste collection Waste dumped in open roads
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Compost bin in ward no.2, distributed by municipality