SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIESS SRINIVASA MURTHYS. SRINIVASA MURTHY

Professor of Refrigeration & Clean Energy Technologiesssmurthy@iitm.ac.in

India ‐ Spain Workshop on Renewable Energies Sevilla (Spain) M h 1 4 2011March, 1‐4, 2011

Dirección General de Cooperación InternacionalDepartment of Science & Technology

Department of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Madrasgy

Chennai ­ India

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I di i th ld’ i l t k t d it

INDIA’S POWER SCENARIO

India is the world’s six‐largest energy market and its percapita consumption is expected to increase from 606 KiloWatt Hour (kWH) in 2006 to 1 000 kWH by 2012Watt Hour (kWH) in 2006 to 1,000 kWH by 2012.

India’s total power generation capacity on July 31, 2006was 126,838 MW.

Of thi l b d it t d 68 988 MWOf this, coal‐based units generated 68,988 MW;hydropower generated 32,975 MW; gas based stationsgenerated 13,581 MW; renewable sources generatedgenerated 13,581 MW; renewable sources generated6,193 MW; nuclear power generated 3,900 MW anddiesel generator generated 1,201 MW.

India is in the solar belt of the world. High incidence of solar radiation,geographic latitude, and demand pattern of energy provide appropriateconditions for utilization of solar energy in the country.

India has significant potential for harnessing solar powerIndia has significant potential for harnessing solar power• Solar resource• Technical infrastructure• Manufacturing capabilityManufacturing capability• ManpowerPolicy framework and Government incentives are in placeActivities to be structured to achieve the goal 

Source: India Meteorological Dept.‐Solar Energy Center Handbook

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Th J h l l N hThe Jawaharlal NehruNational Solar MissionNational Solar Mission

Ministry of  New and Renewable Energy

Government of India

In launching India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change on June 30, 2008, the Prime Minister of India,  Dr.Manmohan Singh stated:

“Our vision is to make India’s economic development energy‐efficient. Over a period of time, we must pioneer a graduated shiftf i i i b d f il f l b dfrom economic activity based on fossil fuels to one based on non‐fossil fuels and from reliance on non‐renewable and depletingsources of energy to renewable sources of energy. In this strategy,f gy f gy gy,the sun occupies centre‐stage, as it should, being literally theoriginal source of all energy. We will pool our scientific, technical

d i l t l t ith ffi i t fi i l tand managerial talents, with sufficient financial resources, todevelop solar energy as a source of abundant energy to power oureconomy and to transform the lives of our people. Our success iny f f p pthis endeavour will change the face of India. It would also enableIndia to help change the destinies of people around the world.”

Jawaharlal NehruNational Solar Mission

• Under the National Action Plan on Climate Change 8Missions have been proposed. In the Prime Minister’s words‘Solar Mission was its centerpiece’‘Solar Mission was its centerpiece’.

• National Solar Mission is one of the major global initiatives• National Solar Mission is one of the major global initiativesin promotion of solar energy technologies.

• The Mission aims to achieve volume production, rapiddiffusion and deployment of solar technologies across the

t t l hi h l d t t d ti d i icountry at a scale which leads to cost reduction and aimingto achieve grid parity by 2022.

Why Solar for India?

Most parts of the country receivegood solar radiationgood solar radiation

Possible to utilize in grid connectedas well as off‐grid and distributedas well as off grid and distributedmanner to meet growing demandsan cover deficit areas

Access and empowerment at grassroot level

Modular in nature, less gestationperiod, low maintenance and highreliability

Abundant and clean source

JNNSM Road MapJNNSM Road Map

Application segment Target for Cumulative CumulativeApplication segment Target for Phase I

(2010-13)

Cumulative Target for

Phase 2 (2013-17)

Cumulative Target for

Phase 3 (2017-22)( ) ( )

Grid solar power incl. roof top

1,000 MW100 MW

4,000 MW 20,000 MW

Off-grid solar applications

200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MWpp

(incl. rural solar lights) 2 million 10 million 20 million

Solar collectors 7 million 15 million 20 million sq meters sq meters sq meters

StrategyStrategy  

Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass tillGraduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costs come down and thereafter rapid scale up

– Enabling policy and regulatory frame work – Supporting Utility scale power generation

E di ff id li ti– Expanding off‐grid applications– Accelerating Research and Development– Enhancing Domestic manufacturing baseEnhancing Domestic manufacturing base

Policy and Regulatory Frameworky g y

• Tariff fixed by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) for purchase of solar power by NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) www.cercind.gov.inof solar power by NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) www.cercind.gov.in

• CERC has announced tariff  for 2010‐11:

PV Rs 17 91 per unit (US $ 0 39 per unit)PV     Rs. 17.91 per unit (US $ 0.39 per unit)CSP  Rs. 15.31 per unit (US $ 0.34 per unit)

• Annual tariff review by CERC for new projects

• State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to fix tariff for direct  purchase of power by State utilities

• Solar specific RPO starting with 0.25% proposed in 1st phase, increasing toSolar specific RPO starting with 0.25% proposed in 1 phase, increasing to 3% by 2022 to be fixed after policy change 

• Policy for tradable RE Certificate finalized. Available  on CERC website – pilot to start

• Policy to encourage setting up of manufacturing units in India

Fi l I tiFiscal Incentives

100% Foreign Direct Investment

Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells, modules andmany raw materials

5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials,components and grid power projects

Tax ‐ holiday for (i) setting up units in backward andifi d d (ii) id j tspecified areas; and (ii) grid power projects

80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certaincapital investmentscapital investments

Grant for carrying out research and development andtechnology validation projectstechnology validation projects

Solar Power Purchase Policy (1)y ( )

• In the first phase of the Mission 1,000 MW solar power (connected to 33 KV p , p (or more grid) to be purchased by NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) 

‐ 500 MW each for solar thermal and PV

‐ Permitted plant capacity for a project:  5 MW for PV and up to 100 MW for solar thermal 

‐ NVVN to purchase solar power from developers, bundle  equivalent MW capacity of thermal power and sell bundled power to utilities at  the b dl d i ( R 5 5 kWh US $0 12)bundled  price ( Rs. 5.5 per kWh, US $0.12) 

‐ Developers to sign PPA with NVVN for  25 years 

‐ Utilities can meet their RPO by purchase of  solar power

Solar Power Purchase Policy (2)

100 MW capacity solar power projects connected to LT/11 KV grid(100 KW to 2 MW capacity each projects )(100 KW to 2 MW capacity each projects )

‐ Commercial, institutional, industrial & other rooftops‐ Ground mounted & tail‐end grid connected projects

Tail‐end plants will help in improving the grid voltage andTail end plants will help in improving the grid voltage andprovide additional power specially for irrigation pumps andother loads in rural areas

Up to 20 MW capacity projects can be taken up in a State toencourage geographical spread

Generation Based IncentiveGeneration Based Incentive

Tariff fixed by State Electricity Regulatory Commissiony y g y

Power purchase by State utilities, with 25 years PPA

Generation Based Incentive (GBI) to utilities byGovernment of India through Indian Renewable EnergyGovernment of India through Indian Renewable EnergyDevelopment Agency (IREDA) to reduce their burden

GBI iff fi d b CERC i i l iff f RGBI rate : tariff fixed by CERC minus notional tariff of Rs.5.5 per kWh (US$0.12), with 3% annual escalation

IREDA will start accepting applications for projects onlineon first come first served basis from 15th July, 2010

Off ‐ grid Solar Applications

• 200 MW capacity solar applications in the first phase

– Refinance by IREDA and other FIs.  Loans  at  5% annual interest rate with conditions

– 30% subsidy for select applications

– 90% subsidy for niche applications in special category States and  in other remote and difficult areas

– Market driven expansion of the programme. Additional channels for supply and maintenance being involved (RESCO, Financial Integrators System Integrators CorporatesFinancial Integrators, System Integrators, Corporates, Government Agencies and Banks etc.) 

Off‐Grid Solar Applications

• Detailed guidelines available on the website of the Ministry

• Standards, quality, accreditation and monitoring arrangements 

• Can save substantial quantities of kerosene and diesel and prove access• Can save substantial quantities of kerosene and diesel and prove access

Focus on

‐ solar lights, specially in rural areas g , p y

‐ rural power supply

‐ Solar power to replace diesel 

‐ Solar power for telecom towers

‐ Solar water heaters  

solar cooking for institutional use‐ solar cooking for institutional use

R&D StrategygyResearch at Academic/ Research Institutions on materials and devices with long‐term perspectiveg p p

Applied Research on existing processes and developing t h l inew technologies

Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation ofTechnology Validation aimed at field evaluation of materials, components and systems

l f C f ll diffDevelopment of Centers of Excellence on different aspects of Solar Energy.

Support for Incubation and Innovation

International collaborations – institutional/industrial

Funding RequirementsFunding Requirements

G h d b d f R 4 337 (US$• Government has approved a budget of Rs. 4,337 crores (US$ 943 million) for the first phase of the Mission till March, 2013 to meet the requirement of funds for GBI, capital q , pgrants and refinancing of loans.

• 1,000 MW grid connected projects are supported through b dli i h h l hi h ld h ibundling with thermal power, which would otherwise require about Rs. 75,000 crores (US$ 16.3 billion) to purchase solar powerp p

• For further expansion of programme, additional funds will be required.

• Government had decided to set up Clean Energy Fund, which will partly support additional projects under the Mission

ConclusionsConclusions• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission offers 

opportunities to invest in:opportunities to invest in:‐ Grid power projects‐ Off‐grid projectsOff grid projects‐ Manufacturing‐ R&DR&D• Enabling policy and regulatory frame work in place• Aggressive R&D and local manufacturing necessary to gg g y

reduce the cost to achieve grid parity• Partnerships necessary with global stakeholders• New and innovative financing arrangements required

For Details Please Visit http:\\mnre gov inFor Details Please Visit http:\\mnre.gov.in

Latest Status of Achievements of

MNREContact

D Bib k B d dhDr.Bibek BandopadhyayAdvisor; MNREbbibek@nic.in

Solar Dish Stirling EngineVellore Institute of Technology

STIRLING ENGINE CONCENTRATORType: Single acting, 90°V‐EngineSwept Volume: 160 cm3Gross Power Output: 9.8 kW

k

Diameter: 8.5 mProjected area: 56.7 m2Focal length: 4.5 m

i fNet Power Output: 9.2 kW Receiver Gas Temperature:650°CWorking Gas: HeliumG P 20 150 b

Concentration factor: 2500Reflectivity: 94%

MNRE Funded ProjectGas Pressure: 20‐150 bar MNRE Funded ProjectContact: Dr.D.Subhakar; subhakar@hotmail.com

PANIIT PROJECT

• The Department of Science & Technology is supporting a project on SolarThermal Power generation, with participation from all IITs and the NationalTh l P C i A f hi j i d 1 MWThermal Power Corporation. As a part of this project, a storage‐ integrated 1 MWthermal power plant (average power for 8 hours/day) will be set‐up.

• This is based on direct steam generation using Fresnel and linear parabolic mirrorarrays for concentrating the solar energy Energy storage in the form of higharrays for concentrating the solar energy. Energy storage in the form of highpressure, high temperature steam will be carried out, in steam accumulators.This will be supplemented by sensible storage in the supporting blocks ofcollector tubes. To a smaller extent, storage in a cascade of molten salt andphase‐change materials will also be attempted.

• For the generation of high temperature steam, inverted cavity type solarcollectors with evacuated tubes will be employed. Special coatings will be

l d f i i l b i h lemployed for increasing solar energy absorption or to prevent heat losses.• A fully instrumented research facility will help in the monitoring of the plant

performance.Th l ill l i l d i i d l i• The plant will also include a reciprocating expander type solar power generationdevice for auxiliary power and a small scale solar refrigeration unit for theinstrumentation panels

Contact: Prof. T. Sundararajan (IIT Madras)tsundar@iitm.ac.in

SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

The gross potential for SWHS in India hasbeen estimated to be 140 million sq. m. ofll Year wise achievement of SWHScollector area.

A total of 3.53 million sq. m. of collectorarea has so far been installed in the

t f l t h ti f hi h Upto 2002‐03 6 50 000

Year‐wise achievement of SWHS  (sq. Mtr. of collector area)

country for solar water heating, of whichabout 1.55 million sq. m. has beeninstalled since 2005‐06.A target of 5 million sq m has been set for

Upto 2002 03  6,50,0002002‐03  1,00,0002003‐04  1,50,0002004‐05 2,00,000A target of 5 million sq. m. has been set for

the 11th Plan (2007‐12) and a goal of 20million sq. m for 2020.

2004 05  2,00,0002005‐06  4,00,0002006‐07  4,00,0002007‐08  4,50,000

As per The National Solar Mission, thetargets for deployment of SWHS has beendivided into three phases:‐

, ,2008‐09  5,60,0002009‐10  6,20,000Total  35,30,000divided into three phases:

• 7 million sq. m. for Phase I i.e. 2010‐13•15 million sq. m. for Phase II i.e. 2013‐17•20 million sq. m. for Phase III i.e. 2017‐22

Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

q

42,000 lpd Hot water system in a Chennai Hotel

460m2 Solar Air Heating System for Chilli Drying at Erode,TamilnaduChennai Hotel Chilli Drying at Erode,Tamilnadu

A Variety of Solar Cookers are in Use

Community Cooking

A 160 m2parabolic dish concentrator,the first of its kind, for use in milk

Community Cooking

pasteurization at a dairy at Latur,Maharashtra and a 16 m2 parabolicdish for steam cooking applicationsat Brahmkumari Shantivan Complex,Abu Road in Rajasthan have beeninstalled.

A solar bowl concentrator connectedto a conventional oil fired boiler isi t ll d t it kit h iinstalled at a community kitchen inAuroville. This solar cooker cooksfood for around 1000 people. Thesystem consists of non tracking solar

Thermic fluid is used to transfer theenergy collected by the receiver and thetransferred energy will be stored in a

system consists of non‐tracking solarbowl concentrator of 15 m diameterfixed on the ground and cylindricalautomatic tracking receiver pivoted

heat storage tank.

A large number of Schefler/dish typeS l C k h b i t ll d i automatic tracking receiver pivoted

at its focal point from one end.Solar Cookers have been installed inIndia.

Solar steam cooking at Mt. AbuSolar steam cooking at Mt. Abu

SOLAR COOLING

Current total installed cooling is 35000 Mwe forming 28.7% of theinstalled capacity

SOLAR COOLING 

installed capacity.Of the yearly capacity addition a staggering 25 to 30% of the powergeneration is estimated for Cooling.Non availability of “Real Power” in Rural India leading to 30 to 40 % ofNon availability of Real Power in Rural India leading to 30 to 40 % ofPost Harvest Produce being wasted and 1% only being processed.

The Solar Thermal Cooling Expert Group of MNREThe Solar Thermal Cooling Expert Group of MNRE

GOALS•To develop and promote solar air conditioning systems in the capacity•To develop and promote solar air conditioning systems in the capacityrange of 1 TR to say 100 TR for applications in domestic, commercialand industrial sectors..•To develop and promote solar cooling systems for cold storage ofTo develop and promote solar cooling systems for cold storage ofperishable foods such as milk, fish, fruits, vegetables, etc., especially inrural and coastal areas.•To develop and promote small portable refrigerators for vaccinep p p gstorage in PHCs and also for domestic application in residential sector

CURRENT SITUATION

A few demonstration projects on solar air conditioning are on in thecountry under the existing scheme of MNRE on solar steam generatingsystems:

•A 350 kW solar air conditioning system using Scheffler dishes is underinstallation at Muni Seva Ashram, near Vadodara with part support from MNRE.The solar heating system will be connected to their existing VAR system beingThe solar heating system will be connected to their existing VAR system beingrun on wood fired boiler. The system is expected to save about 80% of the woodbeing used.

A 300 kW TR l i di i i l i S h ffl di h h b•A 300 kW TR solar air conditioning plant using Scheffler dishes has beeninstalled at TVS Suzuki factory near Chennai and is under testing.

•A 80 kW solar air conditioning unit using imported heat pipe evacuated tubeA 80 kW solar air conditioning unit using imported heat pipe evacuated tubecollector is under use for last three years at M/s Mamata Energy, Ahmedabad.

•A proposal for installing 500 kW solar air conditioning system at a hospital runb M i i l C ti Th i S h ffl di h h b i d fby Municipal Corporation, Thane using Scheffler dishes has been received forMNRE support. Installation work has already been started.

•A 30 TR capacity solar air conditioning plant using Scheffler dishes is underA 30 TR capacity solar air conditioning plant using Scheffler dishes is underinstallation at M/s Magnetic Mareli Power Train India Pvt., Gurgaon.

ACTION PLAN TO FILL GAPS

•Improvements in Scheffler technology to reduce its manual operations, optimize it performance and lower the cost.

•Development of new designs of fully automatically tracked solar concentrators

•Development of smaller VAR machines (both wet and dry sorption) in capacity range of 1 to 15 TR with the involvement of Indian industries and research institutions.

•Optimum designing & integration of various components of solar air conditioning systems using available knowledge base.

•Standardization of various components of existing technologies on solar air conditioning and refrigeration.

•Energy storage technologies (hot water, chilled water, phase change materials, refrigerant storage etc.) need to be developed at commercial levelslevels.

THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCHFurther Details Contact: ssmurthy@iitm.ac.in