Solar Power Satellites Neg - Maurer

8/7/2019 Solar Power Satellites Neg - Maurer

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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2008 1[Maurer/Moore/Rekhi] Solar Power Satellites Neg

Solar Power Satellites Negative

Solar Power Satellites Negative......................................................................................................................................1SETI DA Shell................................................................................................................................................................3SETI Internals ................................................................................................................................................................4SETI DA Links: SPS Hurts Radio Astronomy...............................................................................................................5

SETI- 2NC Tradeoff Links.............................................................................................................................................8SETI DA: A2: We will not locate it near radio observatories........................................................................................9SETI DA: A2: Use Other Frequencies..........................................................................................................................10SETI UQ.......................................................................................................................................................................11SETI Impacts.................................................................................................................................................................13Asteroids DA Shell.......................................................................................................................................................15Asteroid DA Links........................................................................................................................................................16Asteroid DA Internal Links- Detection Key................................................................................................................17Asteroid DA Impacts....................................................................................................................................................18Asteroid Uniqueness.....................................................................................................................................................25Ozone DA.....................................................................................................................................................................27Ozone Links..................................................................................................................................................................28Ozone Uniqueness.........................................................................................................................................................29

Ozone Impacts...............................................................................................................................................................30Space Junk DA.............................................................................................................................................................31Space Junk Links..........................................................................................................................................................32Space Junk Impacts: Satellites Economy Module........................................................................................................33Space Junk DA: Space Junk Destroys Satellites...........................................................................................................34Space Junk Impacts: Satellites Key to Economy..........................................................................................................35Space Junk DA Impacts: Satellites Key to the Military................................................................................................36......................................................................................................................................................................................36Space Junk Impacts: Stops Space Exploration.............................................................................................................37Space Junk Impacts: Kills SSP.....................................................................................................................................40Space Junk DA: A2: Geosynchronous Orbit Not at Risk.............................................................................................41Space Junk DA: A2: Solutions to Debris......................................................................................................................42Space Junk DA- Link Magnifier- Privates Bad............................................................................................................44Link Magnifiers for Space Junk and Ozone DAs.........................................................................................................45Space Junk and Ozone DA Uniqueness: No New Launches........................................................................................46Satellites DA Shell .......................................................................................................................................................47Satellites DA: Links- Hurts Satellites ..........................................................................................................................48Satellites DA: Links- Geosynchronous Orbit Links.....................................................................................................49Satellites DA: A2: We Can Repair Satellites................................................................................................................521NC Solvency Frontline................................................................................................................................................53Solvency A2: We have had the tech since the 1970s....................................................................................................55Solvency Extensions #1: Long T/F No Tech................................................................................................................56Solvency: Government Development Will Fail............................................................................................................641NCBIZ CON LINK.....................................................................................................................................................65Biz Con Link Extensions: Investors..............................................................................................................................66Biz Con Links- Its Expensive- Launch Costs...............................................................................................................69Biz Con Links- Increases Energy Costs........................................................................................................................72

Biz Con Links- Its Expensive......................................................................................................................................74Biz Con Links- A2: It will get cheaper.........................................................................................................................77Biz Con Links- Short Changing ...................................................................................................................................78Politics Links.................................................................................................................................................................79A2: Poverty Advantage.................................................................................................................................................81Poverty Advantage Extensions.....................................................................................................................................82A2: Environmental Advantages....................................................................................................................................83A2: Environment: Ext #3- Energy is Safe....................................................................................................................84A2: Environment: SPS Bad for Env.............................................................................................................................851NC Space Answers......................................................................................................................................................86Military Readiness Adv- Neg Answers: Readiness Low Now.....................................................................................88


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SETI DA Shell

(SEARCH FOR EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE)

A) SPS interferes with microwave astronomy

Olsen 98, ("RETHINKING THE USE OF EXISTING TECHNOLOGY: SOLAR POWER HARNESSED INSATELLITE BEAMS BETH OLSEN DECEMBER 3, 1998", http://clab.cecil.cc.md.us/faculty/biology1/Solar%20power%20Satellites.HTM)

One concern voiced with reference to SPS is the possible interference of the systems microwaves with

other technologies using similar frequencies, such as astronomical observatories and the communicationsindustry. The spectrum constitutes an exhaustible resource. It cannot be expanded. As a finite resource, thespectrum must be managed to most efficiently benefit mankind. For example, astronomers scan theuniverse for any microwave activity that may emanate from space. Astronomical observations must

have the ability to measure very weak signals, which are easily drowned by background noise. Many areconcerned about interference from space-based technologies such as SPS and the communicationssatellites that create microwave noise on the astronomical monitors.

B) Microwave observatories key to SETI

University Wire 04, (March 11, 2004 Thursday HEADLINE: SETI director keeps eyes on stars BYLINE: By

Ruby Thomas, Indiana Daily Student; SOURCE: Indiana U., l/n)The SETI research strategy is to use radio signals, radio telescopes and optical telescopes to listen andlook for signals -- microwave radio frequency and optical wave length frequency -- that may be transmittedfrom other planets . Tarter said she hopes to one day pick up signals that will be a manifestation oftechnologies on other planets. "We look, and we listen," she said. "We use ourselves as an example as towhat technologies to look for."Tarter works on Project Phoenix, a comprehensive search for extraterrestrialtechnology and a continuation of NASA's high-resolution microwave survey terminated in 1993. "It's calledProject Phoenix because it is rising from the ashes of congressional termination," she told the audience,which responded with a loud roar of laughter. Phoenix is a targeted search of 1,000 stars near Earth. Tartersaid they concentrated the search on the low end of the microwave window in the sky because at higherfrequency, the water vapor and oxygen in the earth's atmosphere creates background noise that couldinterfere with potential extraterrestrial signals. SETI looks for patterns in frequency and time in thesesignals.

C) SETI key to survival

Michaud 04, (Last modified: September 21, 2004. Deputy Director of the Office of International Security Policy,a branch of the U.S. State Department in Washington. "Cosmic Search Vol. 1 No. 3 Extraterrestrial Politics ByMichael A. G. Michaud", http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:zlhQvdd6JscJ:www.bigear.org/vol1no3/politics.htm+SETI+%22human+survival%22&hl=en)

The ultimate goal of a community of intelligence, the transcendental vision that gives purpose to the cosmicpolis and guides its work, may be to assure the survival of intelligence in a universe that is indifferent to it.This may be the ultimate ethical act - and getting from an atomized diversity of intelligences to a conscious,directed universe may be the supreme political challenge. If Gale and Edwards are right, no one species cancontrol the universe or shape its future. Only if the intelligent species of the universe work together canthey hope to reverse the running down of the cosmos that we measure as entropy, or its collapse into a

new primeval fireball . Failing that, it may take their collective knowledge and abilities to find another

escape from cosmic death. Cosmic politics, then, may be essential to the long-term survival of intelligence inthe universe. As SETI gets under way, we will be making choices about our own role in the universethrough our political decisions about the future of spaceflight, and our attitudes toward the

extraterrestrial paradigm. One may argue that our species cannot contribute to the community ofintelligence unless we search for evidence of its existence and communi cate with it. One also may arguethat our contribution will be significant only if we adopt an extraplanetary model of our future, so that

we may expand our influence on the universe and join with others in the tasks of assuring longterm

survival.


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SETI Internals

SETI signals in key microwave frequencies

Ventura County Star 03, ((California) July 5, 2003 Saturday SECTION: Business; Pg. D01 HEADLINE:They're ready for a return call from ETIdaho Falls dish makers' custom-ordered products come in all sizes and shapes BYLINE: Wang Feng; Post Register,l/n)

Unlike TV dishes that receive and decode satellite signals, the SETI dishes listen for radio signals in aspecific "window" of the microwave spectrum from 0.5 GHz to 11.2 GHz, Andersen said. "It took the SETItwo years to design the dish, and it took me one year to design the tooling to make them," said Andersen, aveteran engineer and inventor.


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SETI DA Links: SPS Hurts Radio Astronomy

SPS interferes with radio astronomy

National Research Council 81, (Electric Power From Orbit: A Critique of a Satellite Power System, Areport by the Committee on Satellite Power Systems, Environmental Studies Board, Commission on NaturalResources, National Research Council, p. 100)

There are also two principal ways in which an SPS using microwave transmission could interfere withthe operation of radio telescopes. The first is through radiation that was close in freguency to the

bands assigned to radio astronomy; the second is through radiation within the astronomy bands.

SPS hurts radio astronomy


Radiation close to the bands would lead to the overloading of sensitive receivers used in radio

astronomy, while radiation within the bands would lead to general degradation of the performance of

a radio telescope and to the masking of radio signals of astronomical interest. These problems would

loom large because the substantial amounts of power transmitted by a satellite power system would

lead to hundreds of megawatts of power in unwanted modes and because radio astronomy receivers

are extremely sensitive,being able to measure power levels as low as 10-21 W.


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SPS interferes with radio telescopes


The side lobe pattern in the receiving antennas of radio telescopes is another complicating factor. Just

as an antenna transmits attenuated signals in unintended directions, it also receives signals from

unintended directions; this characteristic is a function of frequency and geometry and is described by itsside lobes. So, even when a radio telescope is pointed away from an SPS satellite, it could receivescattered SPS radiation through its side lobes at the power transmission frequency . Although thereceived radiation is at the SPS transmitter frequency and a radio telescope would be tuned to operate atanother frequency, the effect could be to overload the telescope. As little as 0.003 microwatt (PW) ofunwanted signal would begin to cause serious overloading problems in state-of-the-art radio

telescopes.


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SPS interferes with all radio astronomy bands


Among the existing radio astronomy bands are the 2690 MHz to 2700 MHz and the 4990 MHZ to 5000

MHz bands. The former is close to the reference SPS power frequency, while the latter is near the

second (and strongest) harmonic of the reference system. Receivers operating in both bands would

therefore be likely to experience serious problems of overloading due to the SPS. In addition, there

would be SPS interference with observation of important molecular radiofrequency spectral lines that

lie outside the designated bands, such as those of formaldehyde at 4830 MHz.

SPS shuts down key areas for radio astronomy


It is difficult to make reliable estimates of the degradation in performance of radio telescopes that would becaused by SPS radiation. One can conclude, however, that the reference system would produce an area inthe sky--its width might be as much as 300--where radio astronomy observations with single antennaswould be impossible, even with cryogenic filters designed to exclude unwanted radiation. From importantU.S. radio observatories, this band includes some of the most interesting radio astronomical objects in

the sky, for example, in the Orion nebula.

SPS seriously degrades radio astronomy


The overloading of sensitive radio astronomy receivers operating at frequencies close to the SPS power

transmission frequency and spurious SPS radiation within radio and radar astronomy frequencybands would confuse and obscure faint -object signals. Efforts to make radio astronomy measurements

of faint objects in certain parts of the sky from most earth-based observatories would be seriously

hampered.


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SETI- 2NC Tradeoff Links

SETI gaining respect but has to compete for money with other programs

Christian Science Monitor 04, ((Boston, MA) July 8, 2004, Thursday SECTION: FEATURES; PLANET;Pg. 14 HEADLINE: In hunt for E.T., a giant leap BYLINE: By Peter N. Spotts Staff writer of The Christian ScienceMonitor, l/n)

The field is also finding new respectability. In its latest 10-year survey of key questions in astronomy andastrophysics and the experiments needed to answer them, a National Research Council panel listed atelescope being built by the SETI Institute and UC Berkeley as a project worth supporting. Although thepanel has endorsed SETI efforts in previous r reports, its 2001 document was the first to endorse a private,nonprofit SETI effort. Moreover, NASA - which ended its own SETI project in 1993 after it raised someeyebrows in Congress - has included one of the SETI Institute's scientists in its virtual Astrobiology Institute."SETI was once a four-letter word around NASA headquarters," Cullers says. Now SETI researchers cancompete for research money "under the same conditions as everyone else."


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SETI DA: A2: We will not locate it near radio observatories

Does not matter- SPS will still produce interference


As with all antennas, energy at the SPS power frequency could be radiated in directions other than the

intended ones through many mechanisms. For example, a considerable amount of power would bescattered into the side lobes due to electrical and mechanical tolerances within the antenna (Arndt1980). Even minimal errors could mean the transmission of hundreds of megawatts of off-axis power ,some of it at large angles to the axis. There are also so-called grating lobes, which could cause relativelylarge "spikes" (fractions of a watt per square meter) of radiated power in particular directions. These spikeswould appear on earth at spacings of about 440 km ' and could occur many hundreds of kilometers

from the rectenna. Finally, the rectenna itself would be capable of reradiating signals at significant

power levels (tens of megawatts), more or less in all directions.


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SETI DA: A2: Use Other Frequencies

Other frequencies have not been tested and we do not have the tech

EPRI Journal 00, (March 22, 2000 SECTION: No. 1, Vol. 25; Pg. 6 ; ISSN: 0362-3416 HEADLINE: RenewedInterest in Space Solar Power; Brief Article BYLINE: MOORE, TAYLOR, l/n)

For this reason, says Osepchuk, "it appears that NASA now favors 5.8 GHz as the frequency formicrowave power transmission, which would probably require new bioeffects studies to be done at that

frequency It is also likely to require ingenious solutions in transmitter and rectenna designs and

development. High-efficiency microwave generators--such as magnetrons--that operate at 5.8 GHz arenot yet available." Developing them may require the application of advanced high-power electronics.


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SETI UQ

Radio astronomy is good and growingWalker08 (Christopher, PhD, University of Arizona, 1988; MS, Ohio State University, 1981; BS, ClemsonUniversity, 1980, University of Arizona, 7/13/08,http://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3SPHUB1WDQ3G3/ref=cm_pdp_profile_reviews?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReview)

Radio astronomy is an exponentially growing field of research through which we can gain insight into

everything from the origin of our solar system to the origin of the Universe itself. Unlike the beginning

of optical astronomy which is lost in the midsts of time, radio astronomy can trace its beginnings to

1931 with Karl Jansky's pioneering work at Bell Laboratories. Dr. Kraus was also there at the beginning,attending Jansky's first public lecture and contributing technically, scientifically, and in education to thisemerging field ever since. This experience gives Dr. Kraus a unique vantage point from which to write hisbook. In the book, Dr. Kraus carefully and methodically covers the basics of radio astronomy, wavepolarization & propagation, radio telescope antennas & receivers, and discusses radio observations of

the solar system, interstellar medium, pulsars, and external galaxies.

SETI expanding capability now

ChristianScienceMonitor08 (Christian Science Monitor, Hurt for alien life to expand scope, 7/13/08, L/N)

Researching the prospects for life beyond our solar system is moving to the next level. Exoplanet hunters aregetting instruments that promise to spot Earth-like planets around alien stars. In some cases, they may evenyield crude estimates of how life-friendly such a planet may be. Meanwhile, the search for extraterrestrialintelligence (SETI) is gaining new capacity to scan the heavens for alien signals. It could produce more

analyzed data over the next two years than its researchers have collected over the past half century.

Seth Shostak, who forecast that data bonanza at a meeting at the University of Arizona in Tempe earlier thismonth, readily admits that researchers have monitored only a tiny bit of the cosmos. A senior astronomer atthe SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif., Dr. Shostak explains that "we might have to search

millions of star systems" to detect an alien signal. Yet, he says, "The actual number of star systems

that radio SETI experiments have carefully examined is fewer than a thousand." That's about to

change. New systems planned or under construction, such as the SETI Institute's 42-antenna Allen

Telescope array, will begin the needed millions-of-stars search. Many of these radio telescopes will be

devoted to other radio astronomical missions. But they will be sensitive enough to detect leakage from

radio transmissions an alien civilization may be sending domestically.

SETI on the brink of major breakthrough


For years, scientists have been listening for faint whispers of E.T. phoning anyone in electronic earshot.Now, some researchers are hearing sounds almost as exciting - the staccato of hammers, the crackle of arcwelders, and the rumble of construction equipment - that signal the building of huge new telescopes to helpanswer an old question: Are we alone in the galaxy? The answer to that question looms closer, thanks toboosts in funding, facilities, astronomical discoveries, and advances in technology. Researchers say within afew years they'll be able to conduct far more exhaustive searches for civilizations beyond our solar system.

SETI programs growingChristian Science Monitor 04, ((Boston, MA) July 8, 2004, Thursday SECTION: FEATURES; PLANET;Pg. 14 HEADLINE: In hunt for E.T., a giant leap BYLINE: By Peter N. Spotts Staff writer of The Christian ScienceMonitor, l/n)

The field "is in a stage of explosive growth," says Kent Cullers, director of research and development at theSETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif. "I'm not only excited, I'm ebullient." A decade ago, the idea ofsearching for intelligent life drew more sneers than cheers in some circles. Congress was skeptical. NASAended its small-scale program, leaving the search to private efforts. Now, interest is building again.
http://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3SPHUB1WDQ3G3/ref=cm_pdp_profile_reviews?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReviewhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3SPHUB1WDQ3G3/ref=cm_pdp_profile_reviews?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReviewhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3SPHUB1WDQ3G3/ref=cm_pdp_profile_reviews?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReviewhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3SPHUB1WDQ3G3/ref=cm_pdp_profile_reviews?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReviewhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3SPHUB1WDQ3G3/ref=cm_pdp_profile_reviews?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReview


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SETI UQ

Tech making discovery more likely


Another factor is rising technological horsepower. From cheaper, faster computers to devices better able todetect and process extremely weak signals, technologies are allowing researchers to expand their searchesbeyond radio waves and visible light. At least two new ground-based telescopes are under constructiondedicated to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). In August, top SETI scientists will meet atHarvard University to look at potential new projects. Yet for all their efforts, scientists have come up empty-handed. But even that serves as a goad. "The fraction of the galaxy we've searched ... is incredibly small," Dr.Cullers says - perhaps 700 sunlike stars out of billions. "If we tie ourselves to the growth of computing,within half a century the search will be billions of times larger than it is today."


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SETI Impacts

SETI key to engaging alien species

Michaud 04, (Last modified: September 21, 2004. Deputy Director of the Office of International Security Policy,a branch of the U.S. State Department in Washington. "Cosmic Search Vol. 1 No. 3 Extraterrestrial Politics ByMichael A. G. Michaud, http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:zlhQvdd6JscJ:www.bigear.org/vol1no3/politics.htm+SETI+%22human+survival%22&hl=en)

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence may be the first step toward involving the human species incosmic politics. SETI would perform an ancient and respectable political function: the gathering ofintelligence about other political entities. It would be essential in establishing the receiving end of thepolitical communications process. And it may enable intelligent beings to give politics a higher purpose.

Space astronomy key to colonizing other planets

Michaud 04, (Last modified: September 21, 2004. Deputy Director of the Office of International Security Policy,a branch of the U.S. State Department in Washington. "Cosmic Search Vol. 1 No. 3 Extraterrestrial Politics ByMichael A. G. Michaud", http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:zlhQvdd6JscJ:www.bigear.org/vol1no3/politics.htm+SETI+%22human+survival%22&hl=en)

At the same time, our species has improved its perceptions of its larger environment through astronomy and

planetary exploration. Those activities, given new range and acuteness by space transportation, orbitingplatforms, and improved sensing technologies, provoke larger dreams by revealing other worlds inunprecedented detail, suggestinly that we someday might utilize them as habitats or resources, becoming amulti-planet species. We are in the early stages of a search for extrasolar planets, with its long-termimplications of interstellar colonization. But astronomy also is revealing the true scale of the universe, and isfurther confirming the non- centrality of the Earth, our solar system, and the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomyinvites us outward; at the same time, it makes the universe seem vast, lonely, and empty, encouraging us toturn inward. We feel small, and helpless. Humankind has made the first tentative extension of its presencebeyond the Earth. After initial exploration of nearby space, we began expanding economic and militaryactivity outward; now the major space powers each have interests in space to protect. We have entered thefirst stage of extraterrestrial politics, an outward extension of the politics we have known on Earth. But we, atleast in the West, are still unsure about what long-term human purposes in space should be; we have notdecided whether we should enlarge our conception of the relevant universe, and expand humanity beyond theearth.


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SETI Impacts

Contact with alien species key to survival

Michaud 04, (Last modified: September 21, 2004. Deputy Director of the Office of International Security Policy,a branch of the U.S. State Department in Washington. "Cosmic Search Vol. 1 No. 3 Extraterrestrial Politics ByMichael A. G. Michaud" http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:zlhQvdd6JscJ:www.bigear.org/vol1no3/politics.htm+SETI+%22human+survival%22&hl=en)

Eventually, such expanding civilizations may come into contact. That contact may occur first by radio orsome other indirect means. But if interstellar flight is possible, expansion could lead to direct contact, anddetection by indirect means could encourage movement toward that event. What happens when differentethospheres touch? That moment may be the most important turning point in the history of intelligence, afterthe creation of language and technology. Among civilizations of relatively equal power, it could lead tosuspicion, fear, even conflict, to the conception of survival as a zero-sum game. But contact is much morelikely to be a demonstration of the politics of inequality. The outcome may depend on the ethos of the morepowerful species, on its conception of the value of intelligence in the universe. We can hope that contactamong intelligent species will lead to a higher ethos, a larger polis, and the formation of a new scale oforganization for social tasks. This may be possible only if the species coming into contact find politicalsolutions to their concerns, or if a superior species as a value system that encompasses the worth of otherintelligences. To extend the concept of altruism to another species to strengthen the prospects for the survival

of intelligence would be an act of statesmanship of the highest order. Contact, then, would allow - andperhaps require - a new and vastly larger conception of politics and its purposes. It would be, for us, a higherlevel of extraterrestrial politics.


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Asteroids DA Shell

Telescopes key to asteroid detection

The Scotsman 04, (Fri 19 Mar 2004 http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=316162004, accessed10/26/04 The Scotsman - Top Stories - Asteroid homing in for Earth's closest near-miss)

"Small asteroids come into the earths orbit all the time, but we have become increasingly good atdetecting them because of new technology, telescopes with better detectors that can cover more sky

more quickly. Now it is possible to scan the whole sky in one night, where a couple of years ago that justwasnt possible." "

SPS=unique risk to optical astronomy


To understand the seriousness of the problem that would be caused by an SPS, one must realize that

advances in astronomy usually come through observations made at the extreme limits of signal

detectability . An increase in diffuse sky brightness by even a factor of 2 could prevent astronomicalmeasurement of faint objects. For photon detectors, which are being used to an increasing extent, anincrease of 10 to 30 percent in diffuse sky brightness produces noticeable effects, an increase of 30 to 100percent produces demonstrable loss of sensitivity, and an increase of more than 100 percent means asignificant loss of otherwise retrievable astronomical information (Ekstron and Stokes 1980). Most opticalobjects of cosmological interst in astronomy are fainter than 3 percent of night sky brightness.

Asteroid impact threatens extinction- detection key to solving it

Paine 00, ("R report: Brits Should Help in Hunt for Killer Asteroids By Michael Paine Special to SPACE.composted: 12:22 pm ET 18 September 2000, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/asteroid_rreport_000918.html, accessed 10/26/04)

# Impacts by asteroids and comets present a real and significant risk to humans and other life onEarth. # Means now exist to avoid or reduce the fatalities caused by such impacts but only if the

threatening objects are detected well in advance of the collision.


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Asteroid DA Links

SPS hurts astronomy

National Research Council 81, (Electric Power From Orbit: A Critique of a Satellite Power System, Areport by the Committee on Satellite Power Systems, Environmental Studies Board, Commission on NaturalResources, National Research Council, p. xxvii)

The reference SPS would deny a band of night sky, different for each observatory, to optical or radio

astronomical measurements of faint objects from most observatories on earth. For optical astronomy,the most serious interference would be produced by an increase in the diffuse brightness of the night skyconcentrated in a band on either side of the satellite arc. For radio astronomy, the major problems wouldarise from overloading of sensitive terrestrial radio astronomy receivers operating at frequencies near

the SPS power transmission frequency and from spurious SPS radiation within radio astronomy

bands.

SPS interferes with optical astronomy


For optical astronomers, the continuous, diffuse scattering of light by the satellites is of greater

concern than the flashes of light from specular reflection. Scattered light from an SPS satellite wouldenter a telescope on earth whenever the telescope was pointed in the general direction of the satellite,or even to some degree when it was pointed away from the satellite. In other words, there would be adiffuse sky brightness, which would be greatest near the satellite and which would decrease with

increasing angular distance from the satellite.

SPS interferes with optical astronomy


The diffuse night -sky brightness produced by the reference SPS would interfere seriously with optical

astronomical measurements from the earth. This interference would be concentrated in an area on

either side of the satellite arc and would prevent the measurement of weak astronomical objects inthose areas.


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Asteroid DA Internal Links- Detection Key

Detection key to preventing asteroid impacts

Noble 02, (BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Could an asteroid be deflected? "By Ivan Noble BBC News Onlinescience staff 24 July, 2002 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2148924.stm, accessed 10/26/04)

As further observations accrue, we'll probably find that what is currently a possible hit will become a

near miss," Professor Mark Bailey, director of the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland, told BBC NewsOnline. In the very unlikely event that 2002 NT7 did turn out to be on a direct collision course, astronomerswould have plenty of time to make accurate predictions about the time and location of the impact, and,

with luck, to come up with a plan to deflect it. "It's not like dealing with space debris , where the objectmay be irregularly shaped and tumbling and where even hours before impact you don't know exactly whenand where it's going to come down," said Professor Bailey. "With an asteroid impact, it's more like whenShoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter. "There we were able to calculate the exact time of impact almost to the

second," he said. Asteroid rendezvous In the most unlikely event that it were on collision course, therewould be no more important project than to try to deflect it , he added.

Detection key to preventing impacts

Britt 02, ("World's Asteroid Hunters Make Political Plea to Save Earth By Robert Roy Britt Senior Science Writerposted: 07:00 am ET 31 January 2002,http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/aussie_asteroid_020201-1.html, accessed 10/26/04)

"A major global Spaceguard effort could provide decades of warning prior to an impact," the letterstates. "This would be sufficient time to refine the space technology needed to nudge a threateningasteroid into a harmless orbit, or to evacuate the predicted impact area. Without Spaceguard therewould be too little warning to prevent a disaster."

Viable Asteroid Deflection Methods Exist

Schweickart 2005 (Russel L.,Chairman of the B612 Foundation for NEO deflection,

Asteroid Deflection; Hopes and Fear,

http://www.b612foundation.org/papers/Cosmic_Objects.doc , Accessed July 12, 2008)In fact, the soft options (and I would argue the B612 mission in particular) provides not only a viable,

but a highly preferable alternative for asteroid deflection. Not only is the technology devoid of geopolitical considerations,but it is, by its nature, generally applicable to all types of asteroids even in the absence of detailed information on their characteristics. The total

forces applied to the asteroid for successful deflection are in the range of a few pounds (less than 10

newtons) and can be distributed easily over an area of several square meters thus assuring that

virtually any surface, even the most fragile, can reliably be used.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2148924.stmhttp://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/aussie_asteroid_020201-1.htmlhttp://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/aussie_asteroid_020201-1.htmlhttp://www.b612foundation.org/papers/Cosmic_Objects.dochttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2148924.stmhttp://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/aussie_asteroid_020201-1.htmlhttp://www.b612foundation.org/papers/Cosmic_Objects.doc


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Asteroid DA Impacts

Asteroid collisions are inevitable

Kunich 1997, (The Air Force Law Review 1997 41 A.F. L. Rev. 119 ARTICLE: Planetary Defense: The Legalityof Global Survival LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN C. KUNICH, USAF * * Lieutenant Colonel Kunich (B.S.,M.S., University of Illinois; J.D., Harvard Law School; LL.M., George Washington University School of Law) isthe Staff Judge Advocate, 50th Space Wing, Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado. )

The prospect of large exogenous objects crashing into Earth is, quite unfortunately, not science fiction.

As hinted at by the near-misses previously described, it has happened many times during our planet'sknown history, and there is every reason to believe that it will happen again.

Crater evidence proves the risk


Clear scientific evidence currently exists of approximately 140 "hypervelocity impact craters" on

Earth, and this number is increasing by about 3 to 5 new craters each year. As indicated in the Table inthe appendix to this article, these craters are found in virtually every part of the globe, with manylocated within areas in the United States and Western Europe that are now heavily populated. It isreasonable to presume that a large number of impacts remain undiscovered, because these impacts wouldhave occurred in oceans and [*121] seas or in relatively inaccessible terrestrial areas such as Siberia orthe interior of Greenland or Alaska. Given that a great preponderance of the Earth's surface is covered bywater, there is no reason to believe that these regions have received any less than their proportionate share ofimpacts. In many cases of an ocean strike from space, the only evidence we would be likely to have would bean otherwise unexplained tsunami or tidal wave.


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Asteroid DA Impacts

Even if objects dont hit the Earth massive damage can result


For most of the known impact craters, we can only estimate the nature of the collision from what remains ofthe crater after erosion, human activity, and other factors have taken their toll. The size of these impactcraters ranges up to 200 kilometers in diameter or more; it is likely that many of these were once muchlarger. n10 Moreover, some extremely destructive incidents may not have involved actual contact withthe Earth; a space object may explode in the atmosphere prior to "landing," with nonetheless

devastating effects on the planet from the shock wave and collateral phenomena.

Over 200 asteroids cross Earths orbit and risk massive damage


Currently, astronomers estimate that at least 200 asteroids are in orbits that cross the Earth's orbit,

and the number of such known asteroids is rapidly increasing as detection methods improve. n15 Most ofthese asteroids are larger than 500 meters in diameter (several times larger than the Tunguska asteroid)and would cause massive damage if they were to collide with this planet. In [*123] addition, long-periodcomets, n16 although less numerous than asteroids, pose a significant threat due to their greater velocitiesrelative to Earth.


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Asteroid DA Impacts

History proves the impact is mass extinctions


The history of life on Earth includes several devastating periods of mass extinction n18 during which thevast majority of species then in existence became extinct within a relatively short span of time. n19 The bestknown of these mass extinctions found the dinosaurs tumbling all the way from their throne as the kings ofall living things to the bone pile of archeological history. n20 No less significant, however, were theextinction spasms that wiped out approximately 70 and 90 percent of marine species, respectively. n21 Eventhe species that survived often experienced catastrophic reductions in their populations. Several scientificstudies have linked mass extinctions to collisions between Earth and large objects from space. The

hypothesis that these extinction spasms were caused by these collisions and their aftermaths is

supported (1) by the discovery of the now well-documented large impact event at the

[Cretaceous/Tertiary] boundary...; (2) by calculations relating to the catastrophic nature of theenvironmental effects in the aftermath of large impacts; (3) by the discovery of several additional layers ofimpact debris or possible impact material at, or close to, geologic boundary/extinction events; (4) by

evidence that a number of extinctions were abrupt and perhaps catastrophic; and (5) by theaccumulation of data on impact craters and astronomical data on comets and asteroids that provide

estimates of collision rates of such large bodies with the Earth on long time scales. n22 [*124] There are

at least six mass extinctions that have been linked with large impacts on Earth from space. n23 But howand why did these impacts have such a profoundly devastating effect on such a vast spectrum of livingthings?


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Asteroid DA Impacts

Asteroid impact is extinction


Some scientists maintain that the greatest natural disasters on Earth have been caused by impacts of

large asteroids and comets. Although rare compared to "ordinary" floods and earthquakes, they are

infinitely more dangerous to life. There are several reasons for this. Initially, of course, a giant objecthitting the Earth at spectacular, hypersonic velocity would utterly destroy the local area around the

impact. An explosive release of kinetic energy as the object disintegrates in the atmosphere and then

strikes the Earth generates a powerful blast wave. The local atmosphere can be literally blown away. If

the impact falls on ocean territory, it may create a massive tidal wave or tsunami, with far-reachingeffects. n24 When tsunamis strike land, their immense speed decreases, but their height increases. It has beensuggested that tsunamis may be the most devastating form of damage produced by relatively smallasteroids, i.e., those with diameters between 200 meters and 1 kilometer. "An impact anywhere in theAtlantic Ocean by an asteroid more than 400 meters in diameter would devastate the coasts on both

sides of the ocean with tsunami wave runups of over 60 meters high." n25 Horrific as such phenomena

are, they are dwarfed by a potentially far greater hazard. The impact of a sufficiently large object onland may causea blackout scenario in which dust raised by the impact prevents sunlight fromreaching the surface [of the Earth] for several months. Lack of sunlight terminates photosynthesis,

prevents creatures from foraging for food, and leads to precipitous temperature declines.... Obviously

even much [*125] smaller impacts would have the potential to seriously damage human civilization,

perhaps irreparably. n26 In addition to the dust raised from the initial impact, smoke and particulatematter from vast, uncontrollable fires may greatly exacerbate this blackout effect. A large space objectgenerates tremendous heat, regardless of whether it is destroyed in the atmosphere or physically hits thesurface of the Earth. n27 These fires can reach far beyond the impact area, due to atmospheric phenomenaassociated with the entry of a huge, ultra-high speed object. n28 A huge mass of dust, smoke, and sootlofted into Earth's atmosphere could lead to effects similar to those associated with the "nuclear

winter" theory, n29 but on a much larger, much more deadly scale. Such effects are now widely

believed to have been a major factor contributing to the mass extinction spasms. n30


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Asteroid DA Impacts

Despite their rarity impacts are the worst disaster imaginable


It is true that destructive impacts of gigantic asteroids and comets are extremely rare and infrequent

when compared with most other dangers humans face, with the [*126] intervals between even thesmallest of such events amounting to many human generations.... No one alive today, therefore, has everwitnessed such an event, and indeed there are no credible historical records of human casualties from impactsin the past millennium. Consequently, it is easy to dismiss the hazard as negligible or to ridicule those whosuggest that it be treated seriously. n32 On the other hand, as has been explained, when such impacts dooccur, they arecapable of producing destruction and casualties on a scale that far exceeds any othernatural disasters; the results of impact by an object the size of a small mountain exceed the imagined

holocaust of a full-scale nuclear war.... Even the worst storms or floods or earthquakes inflict only

local damage, while a large enough impact could have global consequences and place all of society at

risk.... Impacts are, at once, the least likely but the most dreadful of known natural catastrophes. n33


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Asteroid DA Impacts

Must err on the side of establishing a planetary defense

Kunich 1997, (The Air Force Law Review 1997 41 A.F. L. Rev. 119 ARTICLE: Planetary Defense: TheLegality of Global Survival LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN C. KUNICH, USAF * * Lieutenant Colonel Kunich(B.S., M.S., University of Illinois; J.D., Harvard Law School; LL.M., George Washington University School ofLaw) is the Staff Judge Advocate, 50th Space Wing, Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado. )

What is the most prudent course of action when one is confronted with an extremely rare yet enormouslydestructive risk? Some may be tempted to do nothing, in essence gambling on the odds. But because theconsequences of guessing wrong may be so severe as to mean the end of virtually all life on planet

Earth, the wiser course of action would be to take reasonable steps to confront the problem.

Ultimately, rare though these space strikes are, there is no doubt that they will happen again, sooner or

later. To do nothing is to abdicate our duty to defend the United States, and indeed the entire world,

and place our very survival in the uncertain hands of the false god of probabilities. Thus, the mission ofplanetary defense might be considered by the United States at some point in time, perhaps with a role playedby the military, including the United States Air Force.


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Asteroid Uniqueness

Massive effort to find asteroids now

Manly Daily 08 (Australia) July 12, 2008 Saturday 1 Edition Deadly IMPACT SECTION: Pg. 17, l/nAS we safely pass the 100-year anniversary of the largest observed asteroid impact fortunately in anuninhabited region of Siberia, we continue to wonder when it will happen again . One eyewitnessdescribed the event saying: ``Suddenly in the north the sky was split in two, and high above the forest thewhole northern part of the sky appeared covered with fire. At that moment there was a bang in the sky and amighty crash. The crash was followed by a noise like stones falling from the sky, or of guns firing and theearth trembled''. On June 30, 1908, an asteroid exploded before impacting the ground near the PodkamennayaTunguska River in Siberia. A century on, the debate continues as to what exactly happened. The most agreedupon theory is that an asteroid, estimated to have been 35m across, weighing 500,000 tonnes and travelling at50,000 km/h, entered the earth's atmosphere at 7.17am local time. As the asteroid entered the atmosphere itheated the air to 45,000 degrees and due to this heating and internal pressure it exploded 8500 metres fromthe ground. The explosion annihilated the asteroid as it released energy equivalent to about 185 Hiroshima-size bombs. The explosion caused 80 million trees to be blown over in a radial pattern covering 2000 sq km.The eyewitness sitting in his rocking chair 70km from the site was blasted out of his chair by the shock wave;he felt as though his shirt was on fire. Today, there is a lot of effort involved in locating and trackingNear Earth Objects.

Research is increasing knowledge of asteroids now- further observation key to avoiding

disaster

Space Daily 08 July 8, 2008 Tuesday When Worlds Collide You Get Space Potatoes BYLINE: Lee Pullen forAstrobiology Magazine l/n

The asteroids that pepper our solar system come in all shapes, sizes and ages. What causes such a

variety among space rocks has been something of a mystery, until now. Researchers have been using a vastdatabase to study a staggering 11,735 asteroids. They have discovered that asteroids change shape over time, and they think they knowthe reason why. Our Turbulent Solar System Gyula Szabo from the University of Szeged is the lead author of the study, which waspublished in the July edition of Icarus. He explains, "there are several hundred thousand asteroids in our solar system. They orbit thesun, but because they are small their surface gravity is low. This means that many have strange, irregular shapes." Scientists like Gyulathink that about one third of known asteroids belong to groups called "families." These clusters probably formed from piles of debrisafter larger objects collided. Resolved to Save Time Determining the shapes of these asteroids presented difficulties for Gyula and hiscolleague Laszlo Kiss from the University of Sydney. The most accurate data about asteroids comes from spacecraft fly-bys, but only a

few asteroids have been examined that way. Radar observations can only be made of objects that get close to the Earth. Telescopesproduce detailed images, but only for the largest asteroids. Another option for obtaining information about asteroids is called "time-

resolved photometry."The technique is surprisingly simple: by observing asteroids as they spin in space andthen studying the amount of light reflected, scientists can get an idea of their shape. Getting accurateresults from this method can take a long time, but the researchers realised that digital sky surveys

could speed up the process. Such projects study thousands of objects every night. The Sloan Digital SkySurvey, for instance, mainly looks at stars and galaxies, but it also has gathered data on asteroids. "This procedure was veryeconomical," says Gyula. "Using photometry, astronomers have determined shapes for about 1,200 asteroids in the past 30 to 40 years.We derived the shapes for ten times more asteroids, but in half an hour!" Surprising Results The results were really surprising," saysGyula. "We saw there were families that included many elongated asteroids, and there were other ones which consisted of mostlyspheroidal bodies." In young groups of asteroids there are a great variety of shapes, hinting that they formed relatively recently fromfragments of rock that later bound together. Asteroids in older families tend to be rounder. It seems to take one to two billion years forirregular asteroids to be transformed into smooth balls. But what changes the asteroids' shape? Gyula and his team have shown thatasteroids change shape from elongated to roughly spherical due to being impacted during their lifetimes. They are like pebbles on thebeach that become worn smooth over many years - only in space, erosion is caused by small impacts as rocks knock into each other andchip pieces off. Impact specialist Jonti Horner from the UK's Open University agrees with Gyula. "The results make sense," he says."Catastrophic impacts create a huge slew of fragment shapes, like the shards of a broken bottle. The debris then are weathered over timeand smoothed towards sphericality by small impacts." Impacts are part of the fundamental processes in our solar system. They were partof the planet formation process 4.5 billion years ago, and still occur today. "Sometimes astronomers have to be archeologists, too," saysGyula. "This work is a fine example of how we can deduce a billion-year process from the world we observe today." Hopefully, this

research will not only teach us more about how the solar system operates, but will help us prepare for future impact events. Learningall we can about asteroids could help us avoid disaster if we ever detect a large, fast-moving one on a

collision course with the Earth.


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Asteroid Uniqueness

Visual astronomy solving now

Global Security.org 2008 (The leading source of background information and developing

news stories in the fields of defense, space, intelligence, WMD, and homeland security,

August 8, Space Surveillance Telescope,http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/sst.htm, Accessed July 11, 2008)

DARPAs Space Surveillance Telescope program will show we can build a wide field of view ground-

based system that lets us detect, track, and discriminate between very small, dim objects in deep space

orbits. High sensitivity to find those small, dim objects -- and high search rates of the visible sky these

are usually difficult requirements to satisfy with a single telescope design. In DARPAs Space Surveillance Telescopewe've achieved an effective compromise. The Space Surveillance Telescope is a three-anda-half meter F-1 telescope with a large, curved focal plane array.

Combined with very fast step-and-settle capabilities,the Space Surveillance Telescope will enable a quick search of alldeep space objects visible from a ground site multiple times a night. This telescope system will tell us

precisely where objects are, where they are going, and give us an overall idea how stable they are.

However, other capabilities are needed to appropriately identify the objects we are tracking. Identification can be accomplished in many ways.You canmeasure distances and dimensions with radar range profiles or can obtain radar and electro-optical

images this gives you the size and shape of the object being tracked.


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Ozone DA

Increased space launches risks massive ozone destruction

Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion " Union of ConcernedScientists Page Last Revised: 10.24.2002",http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)

The solid rocket strap-on motors used in the most powerful space launch systems -- the US space shuttleand the Titan IV, as well as the European Ariane V -- produce copious amounts of HCl and possibly otherreactive chlorine-containing exhaust products. Since these strap-on motors burn well into the

stratosphere, a significant fraction of their exhaust gases is deposited there. The plume from each

launch causes a temporary "mini" ozone hole, although since space launch trajectories are slant paths, theozone depletion is not stacked up over a single surface point. Current launch levels are so low that thestratospheric chlorine injected by space launches is only a few tenths of a percent of that due to

halocarbon decomposition. But if more frequent space launches occur in the future, care should be

taken to design more stratospherically benign rocket propulsion systems for both US and foreign

launch systems.

Ozone destruction causes extinctionAnna Goodwin et al, students at the University of Bristol, 2001,(http://www.priweb.org/ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOLrp/82rp.htm)

The Permian-Triassic boundary extinction was the largest extinction the world has ever experienced.

About 90 percent of all species vanished in this mass extinction250 million years ago. Approximately 85% of allmarine species and 70% of all terrestrial species went extinct in less than one million years. By studying the species which becameextinct at this time, the rate at which they became extinct, and the regions of the Earth in which the greatest extinction occurred,hypotheses about possible methods for the cause of extinction have been devised. There are many theories which have been developedto understand this historic mass extinction. One theory is the formation of a super-continent which caused a reduction of shallowcontinental shelves. Such a reduction in oceanic continental shelves would result in ecological competition for space, perhaps acting asan agent for extinction. However, although this is a viable theory, the formation of Pangaea and the ensuing destruction of thecontinental shelves occurred in the early and middle Permian, and mass extinction did not occur until the late Permian Impact from anextraterrestrial object is a common theory for the explanation of this extinction. The collision wasn't directly responsible for theextinction but rather triggered a series of events, such as massive volcanism and changes in ocean oxygen, sea level and climate. Thosein turn led to species extinction on a wholesale level. The collision would either weaken or kill much of the life that thrived during thistime. Dust clouds and CO2 in the atmosphere would have caused major climate changes for the species and make it unsuitable for themto thrive. Evidence of increased levels of atmospheric levels of CO2 exists in the fossil record. Glaciation is also a viable theory.

Simultaneous glaciation events on the north and south poles could have caused rapid warming and severe climatic fluctuations. Intemperate zones, there is evidence of significant cooling and drying in the sedimentological record, shown by thick sequences of dunesands and evaporites, while in the polar zones, glaciation was prominent. This caused severe climatic fluctuations around the globe, andis found by sediment record to be representative of when the Permian mass extinction occurred. Another theory is volcanism. Basalticlava eruptions in Siberia were large and sent a quantity of sulphates into the atmosphere. Evidence in China supports that these volcaniceruptions may have been silica-rich, and thus explosive, a factor that would have produced large ash clouds around the world. Thecombination of sulphates in the atmosphere and the ejection of ash clouds may have lowered global climatic conditions. The age of thelava flows has also been dated to the interval in which the Permian mass extinction occurred. Other than changes in atmospheric carbon,no other evidence exists for this theory. Scientists are working to precisely date volcanic ash from Permian fossil reefs in Texas andChina. This will provide a kind of timeline for the extinction to build a global database of extinction for the Permian Age, which speciesdied, where they died and when they died. This too will help him determine the timing of the extinction in more detail and highlight gapsin the fossil record that may be distorting palaeontologists' understanding of when various organisms went extinct and how rapidly they

did so. Lastly, a new theory has been proposed- the Supernova explosion.A supernova occurring 30 light years

away from earth would release enough gamma radiation to destroy the ozone layer for several years.

Subsequent exposure to direct ultra-violet radiation would weaken or kill nearly all existing species.Only

those living deep in the ocean will be secured. Sediments contain records or short-term ozone destruction-large

amounts of NOx gasses and C14 plus global and atmospheric cooling. With sufficient destruction ofthe ozone layer, these problems could cause widespread destruction of life.
http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551http://www.priweb.org/ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOLrp/82rp.htmhttp://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551http://www.priweb.org/ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOLrp/82rp.htm


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Ozone Links

SPS would lead to massive pollution from launches

Olsen 98, ("RETHINKING THE USE OF EXISTING TECHNOLOGY: SOLAR POWER HARNESSED INSATELLITE BEAMS BETH OLSEN DECEMBER 3, 1998"http://clab.cecil.cc.md.us/faculty/biology1/Solar%20power%20Satellites.HTM)

These cost reductions would enhance the competitiveness of SPS as compared to current energy sources.However, the transportation of the required materials from Earth on the scale required to construct a globalSPS system (34) may result in undesirable environmental effects, as propellant combustion products aredeposited at various levels within the atmosphere (35). Therefore, it may be environmentally preferable toobtain raw materials required for the construction of SPS from the Moon; especially if processing andtransportation of materials from the Moon to GEO could be accomplished at costs at or below those ofpayload launches from Earth. The adaptation of familiar processes to the microgravity environment is arelatively unexamined challenge to the chemical engineering community. It remains to be seen whether thespace environment will provide a more difficult or less difficult area of operations for processing than aterrestrial site. Also, our knowledge of the diversity and quantity of lunar minerals is very limited.Information from the Apollo and Luna missions to the Moon enable serious consideration of this possibility,but the information remains incomplete (34).
http://clab.cecil.cc.md.us/faculty/biology1/Solar%20power%20Satellites.HTMhttp://clab.cecil.cc.md.us/faculty/biology1/Solar%20power%20Satellites.HTM


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Ozone Uniqueness

Ozone Hole Healing

Times of India, 2008. (Green issues that no longer matter, Julyhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.c

ms, accessed July 14, 2008)The Ozone Hole Scientists had warned for years that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in refrigeration

and aerosol sprays, could deplete the ozone layer that surrounds the Earth. Dire warnings about the

consequences, particularly rising rates of skin cancer, prompted governments to crack down on CFC

use around the world. What happened to it? It is now hoped that the hole will fully heal in the next 60

years
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Open_Space/Green_issues_that_no_longer_matter/articleshow/3201712.cms


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Ozone Impacts

Ozone layer is very delicate, even small disruptions can cause huge impacts.

Ross and Zittell07. (Martin and Paul, May 16, Rockets and the Ozone Layer,http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2000/01.html, accessed July 13, 2008)

Compared with the mass of all the gas in the stratosphere, the mass of combustion emissions from eventhe largest rocket is miniscule, so it's easy to conclude that the effect of all rocket launches on the ozone

layer must be inconsequential. The ozone layer, however, is maintained by a delicate balance of the

production, transport, and destruction of ozone molecules. Relatively small amounts of sufficiently

active chemical compounds can upset this balance and cause important changes in the amount and

distribution of ozone. Rocket engines produce small amounts of such active compounds.

Ozone depletion leads to starvation & increased warming

Think Quest01. (Ozone Depletion, http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111401/ozone_depletion.htm,accessed July 13, 2008)

The thinning of the ozone layer results in an increased exposure to UV rays from the Sun. In humans,

this can cause diseases like skin cancer and cataract and may also result in a reduced resistance to

diseases. Humans are also indirectly affected. Too much UV rays will damage plant tissues and destroy

crops, thus reducing food production. Also, planktons - basic source of food for marine life - would bekilled, and this will affect the entire ecosystem. Strong UV rays have also been known for deforming

fish larva. In the end, all these would result in widespread hunger.

Humans cannot adapt to loss of ozone layer

Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion " Union of Concerned ScientistsPage Last Revised: 10.24.2002",http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)

Scientists cannot predict with certainty the consequences for life on earth if the stratospheric ozone layerweakens. In general, biologists and health professionals recognize that life on earth evolved under theprotection of an ozone layer thick enough to remove much of the UV-B solar radiation known to damagecellular DNA. Accordingly, various organisms -- including humans -- may have difficulty adjusting to thehigher UV-B levels resulting from a thinner ozone layer.
http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2000/contributors.html#01http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2000/01.htmlhttp://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2000/01.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/C0111401/ozone_depletion.htmhttp://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2000/contributors.html#01http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2000/01.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/C0111401/ozone_depletion.htmhttp://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551


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Space Junk DA

Increasing satellites increases space junk

Christian Science Monitor 03, ((Boston, MA) October 9, 2003, Thursday SECTION: FEATURES; IDEAS;Pg. 11 HEADLINE: Lots in space BYLINE: By Peter N. Spotts Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, l/n)

Increasingly, the space about Earth is getting cluttered with such junk. And it's not just messy, it's

dangerous. Full-size rocket bodies can destroy. Even smaller pieces - such as a 1965 space glove thatzipped around for a month at 17,000 miles per hour - amount to more than a smack in the face. They canpuncture space suits and cripple satellites. Fortunately, the aerospace community is giving the problemincreasing attention. Engineers are considering everything from techniques for rendering derelict satellitesand boosters less harmful, to an international "space traffic control" system, to Earth-based lasers that can zapthe stuff. But the problem is expected to get worse as governments and companies prepare to triple thesatellite population over the next two decades and send more people into space. "If we don't change ourways, this could become a serious problem," says William Ailor, who heads the Center for Orbital ReentryDebris Studies at the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, Calif.

Space Debris risks societal collapse

Horvath 03, (TP: Apocalypse Soon? "John Horvath 29.09.2003",http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/15747/1.html, accessed 10/25/04)

Not only this, but as with electricity and our insatiable thirst for energy, the mere dynamics of technologicalexpansion is a major contributor to the problem. Satellites play an increasingly crucial role in transmittinginformation around the planet, with space becoming an essential part of telecommunication

infrastructure. Over the last few years, a number of problems have started to emerge whose cause is

loosely termed "space debris". Much of this man-made: the remnants of rockets, satellites, and spacestations. Some of the problems, however, are also of natural origin: meteors and solar radiation, for instance.In fact, ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA scientists have warned that the earth is about to face adecade long galactic dust storm (cf. www.cordis.lu; record control number 20688). They estimate that theamount of galactic dust entering the solar system is three times higher than during the 1990s. It's believedthat the sun could be responsible for the increase, which threatens to play havoc with our space-bornemachinery. Already accidents have started to occur. In May 1988, a satellite operated by PanAmSatspun out of control because of "sky static". Pager traffic was wiped out, credit card transactions

halted, and media stations (TV and radio) were knocked off the air. In 1997 AT&T's Telstar 401 satellite

was destroyed, knocking out thousands of television sets and telephones. In light of the impressive catalog ofminor disasters which have thus far occurred, some (like Antony Milne in his book "Sky Static: The SpaceDebris Crisis") conclude that it's inevitable that eventually something catastrophic will occur. But wedon't have to look so high in the sky for such catastrophes: a more down to earth example, like the ice stormwhich hit eastern Canada in 1999, did an impressive job in crippling all aspects of social life: both on-lineand off. While accidents do happen, it's another story altogether when the scale of these accidents areexacerbated by negligence and even ignorance, coupled with an interdependence which turns a local

problem into a regional, national, or even an international one. When all this is combined with the fact

that western society has prematurely put most of its vital functions in terms of commerce,

bureaucracy, and even access to basic information on weak and dilapidated energy and

communications network infrastructures, it's a recipe for disaster.


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Space Junk Links

Satellites cause space debris

Australian Space Weather Agency 2008 (http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/4/2/1)The initial and continuing source of space debris is the launch of satellites . Not only the satellitesthemselves add to the population of orbiting space objects, but often the last stages of the rockets that areused to place them in orbit also remain aloft for many years. As satellites get old they deteriorate under theinfluence of the space environment. Outgassing can not only release gases, but may also take other materialswith them, as the gas beneath a surface slowly makes it way into the surrounding environment. The strongsolar UV in space can cause the deterioration of many materials. Paint and other surface materials may beexpelled in flakes. More catastrophic than age related deterioration are satellite fragmentation events.These may result from collisions with other (external) objects, or they may be explosive, as whenremnant fuel in an old spacecraft undergoes an exothermic reaction (ignites). Both of these type of events canproduce an astounding number of small fragments that become a new source of space debris. On the debitside, the removal of orbiting space debris may be due to a deliberate action or the result of natural orbitaldecay. In low Earth orbits, a satellite is subject to atmospheric drag, and this will eventually cause it to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. Unless the object is particularly large, it will completely ablate during thisprocess, and there will be no visible remnant that reaches the ground. If the object is felt to pose a threat tolife and infrastructure on the ground, then it is sometimes possible to cause a controlled re-entry with a

fuelled de-orbit burn. Other spacecraft, such as the Space Shuttle may sometimes be directed to directlyretrieve an ageing spacecraft of particular significance. In the past this has been only for satelliterefurbishment, but in the future it might be due to environmental concerns.

Satellite launches lead to space junk

Christian Science Monitor 03, ((Boston, MA) October 9, 2003, Thursday SECTION: FEATURES; IDEAS;Pg. 11 HEADLINE: Lots in space BYLINE: By Peter N. Spotts Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, l/n)

This hardware can yield space junk in several ways: When satellites separate from their boosters, they

shed shrouds and other bits and pieces. They can collide. Boosters can malfunction and explode. Or

spent booster segments with still-pressurized fuel tanks can explode when hit by debris or after joints

weaken from the constant freezing and thawing. Solid-fuel motors can give off "slag" as part of their

exhaust plumes.

Space debris accumulates with multiple launchesSchmid 06 (Randolph E., January 20, 2006,http://www.space.com/news/ap_060120_space_junk.html)

WASHINGTON (AP) - More than 9,000 pieces of space debris are orbiting the Earth, a hazard that canonly be expected to get worse in the next few years. And currently there's no workable and economic

way to clean up the mess.Space junk measuring 4 inches or more total some 5,500 tons, according to areport by NASA scientists J.-C. Liou and N. L. Johnson in Friday's issue of the journal Science.Even if space launches were halted now - which will not happen - the collection of debris would

continue growing as items already in orbit collide and break into more pieces, Liou said in a telephoneinterview.
http://www.space.com/news/ap_060120_space_junk.htmlhttp://www.space.com/news/ap_060120_space_junk.htmlhttp://www.space.com/news/ap_060120_space_junk.html


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Space Junk Impacts: Satellites Economy Module

Human space junk closes down key satellite areas

Bird 03, (American Business Law Journal March 22, 2003 SECTION: No. 3, Vol. 40; Pg. 635; ISSN: 0002-7766HEADLINE: Procedural challenges to environmental regulation of space debris. BYLINE: Bird, Robert C, l/n)

Human-made space debris, the focus of this paper, poses the primary risk to human activities. (13)Natural debris usually escapes Earth's orbits where spacecraft and satellites are commonly found. (14)

Human-made debris, on the other hand, tends to remain in Earth's orbits during its lifetime. (15)Human-made space debris also confines itself to the orbits most needed by spacecraft and satellites,

clogging them much quicker than natural debris. (16)

US economy dependent on satellites

Dowd 02, (World and I May 1, 2002 SECTION: No. 5, Vol. 17; Pg. NA ; ISSN: 0887-9346 HEADLINE: Takingthe high ground - The U.S. Military Marches Into Space. BYLINE: Dowd, Alan W, l/n)

Space already plays a crucial role in the U.S. economy, and America's dependence on space will only

deepen in the coming decades. Whether we recognize it or not, what happens in space affects our veryway of life. "More than any other country," Rumsfeld argues, "the United States relies on space for itssecurity and well-being."9 The United States has more than eight hundred active satellites and probesorbiting the earth at any given moment. Fully a quarter of them have no military purpose at all.

Instead, they circle the earth to relay everything from Nike ads to the Nikkei average; improve the useand development of farmland; guide ships, planes, and trucks to their destinations; synchronize

financial networks; support police and fire departments; and connect a people and an economy that

move at ever- increasing speed.

Economic decline leads to nuclear warMead 1992 (Sir Walter Russell, New Perspectives Quarterly, p. 30 Summer)

If so, this new failure the failure to develop an international system to hedge against the possibility ofworldwide depression will open their eyes to their folly. Hundreds of millions billions of people aroundthe world have pinned their hopes on the international market economy. They and their leaders haveembraced market principles and drawn closer to the West because they believe our system can work forthem. But what if it cant? What if the global economy stagnates or even shrinks? In that case, we willface a new period of international conflict: South against North, rich against poor. Russia, China,

India these countries with their billions of people and their nuclear weapons will pose a much greaterdanger to world order than Germany and Japan did in the 30s.


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Space Junk DA: Space Junk Destroys Satellites

Space junk shuts down commercial satellites

Bird 03, (American Business Law Journal March 22, 2003 SECTION: No. 3, Vol. 40; Pg. 635; ISSN: 0002-7766HEADLINE: Procedural challenges to environmental regulation of space debris. BYLINE: Bird, Robert C, l/n)

The growing prevalence of space debris can inhibit a number of present and future business

opportunities in earth's orbits and outer space generally. Remote sensing, which has been defined as "thesensing of the Earth's surface from space by making use of electromagnetic waves emitted, reflected ordiffracted by the sensed objects," (49) uses satellites to gather data. (50) Remote sensing has been used inagriculture, geography, hydrology, oceanography, and even news r reporting. (51) Television signals areincreasingly being broadcast by satellite to community and home receivers. (52) One source projects thatwithin the next few years approximately 2,000 satellites will be orbiting the earth for various commercial,military, and scientific purposes. (53)

Space junk can ruin satellites

New York Times 03, (February 18, 2003 Tuesday Late Edition - Final SECTION: Section F; Column 1;Science Desk; Pg. 1 HEADLINE: Wanted: Traffic Cops For Space BYLINE: By ANDREW C. REVKIN, l/n)

Because the material is moving at such high speeds, even a small chunk can cause potentially lethal

damage. A collision with a small piece of space junk remains high on NASA's list of possible

explanations for the puncture that apparently led to the disintegration of the space shuttle Columbia as

it re-entered the atmosphere.Even a one-centimeter pellet, the width of a fingertip, can destroy aspacecraft traveling at a typical orbital speed of 20,000 miles per hour or more, experts say. And thebest military radars and telescopes can reliably track only debris that is at least 10 times as large, or roughlybigger than a softball.


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Space Junk Impacts: Satellites Key to Economy

Global economy dependent on satellites

del Rosario 04, (GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT R REPORT March 1, 2004 SECTION: Vol. 2, No. 3 ABoost to The Satellite Communications Industry By Jose del Rosario, Northern Sky Research, l/n)

Certain technologies are government-specific, and some technologies are not viable commercially.Moreover, the military's reliance on commercial systems may lead to a future national-security crisis becausethe enemy can target commercial spacecraft. This trend not only will only hamper the military's ability toconduct warfare, but it may disrupt the commercial sector and damage parts of the U.S. and globaleconomy because many corporate and residentialservices rely directly or indirectly on commercialsatellites.


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Space Junk DA Impacts: Satellites Key to the Military

Satellites key to the economy and the military

Columbus Dispatch 02, ((Ohio) August 21, 2002 Wednesday, Home Final Edition SECTION: EDITORIAL& COMMENT; Pg. 12A HEADLINE: A NEW BATTLEGROUND? ; Air Force Space Command committed tosafeguarding vital satellite systems, l/n)

"It's not a matter of if this will happen but when ," Gen. Lance Lord, commander of the Air Force SpaceCommand, told a Colorado newspaper recently. The general

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