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Solar-Hydrogen for Australia’s Energy Future
Leigh Sheppard
Solar Energy TechnologiesSchool of Natural Sciences
The University of Western Sydney
WHO DO YOU KNOW?
List 1Thomas Edison
Archimedes
Marie Curie
Leonardo da Vinci
Galileo
Charles Darwin
Isaac Newton
Albert Einstein
Louis Pasteur
Daniel Bernouilli
WHO DO YOU KNOW?
List 2William Gates III
Warren Buffett
Carlos Slim Helu
Lawrence Ellison
Ingvar Kamprad
Karl Albrecht
Mukesh Ambani
Lakshmi Mittal
Theo Albrecht
Amancio Ortega
WHO DO YOU KNOW?
List 1 List 2Thomas Edison William Gates III
Archimedes Warren Buffett
Marie Curie Carlos Slim Helu
Leonardo da Vinci Lawrence Ellison
Galileo Ingvar Kamprad
Charles Darwin Karl Albrecht
Isaac Newton Mukesh Ambani
Albert Einstein Lakshmi Mittal
Louis Pasteur Theo Albrecht
Daniel Bernouilli Amancio Ortega
REASONS TO BECOME A SCIENTIST
• Desire to learn and understand
– Challenge personal limitations
– Become knowledgeable of the world
• Sense of discovery and pioneering
– Always at the frontier
• Science allows you to touch peoples lives
– Understand problems and discover solutions
– Present and future
GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND
1990 2000 2010 2020YEAR
EN
ER
GY
(kW
h)
Western Europe, North America
Asia
Africa, Middle East
Other
104028
119772
144516
174156
1.4 %*
1.9 % *
1.9 % *
* Compound Annual Growth Rate
15.1%
20.7%
20.5%
WORLD ENERGY SOURCES
(2004 data)
87%
GREEN-HOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS
FOSSIL FUEL DOMINO EFFECT
NECESSARY TO INCREASE UTILISATION OF
SUSTAINABLE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
GLOBAL
ENERGY
DEMAND
FOSSIL
FUEL
RESERVES
FOSSIL
FUEL
COSTS
IS THIS SUSTAINABLE ?
GLOBAL
ENERGY
DEMAND
FOSSIL
FUEL
CONSUMPTION
GREENHOUSE
GAS
EMISSIONS
IS THIS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ?
AdvantagesConcentrated energy
TransportableStorable
Easily utilised
FOSSIL FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
DisadvantagesLimited quantity
PollutionUnequal distributionSecurity uncertain
AdvantagesConcentrated energy
TransportableStorable
Easily utilised
FOSSIL FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
HYDROGEN vs. FOSSIL FUELS
Advantages of Hydrogen -
• Zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
• Additional utilisation potential
• Improved distribution efficiencies
• Ecologically safer fuel
ISN’T HYDROGEN UNSAFE?Hindenburg
Hydrogen bomb
Time = 0 seconds
In which car would you prefer to crash?
H2 Fuel Gasoline Fuel
Time = 3 seconds
H2 Fuel Gasoline Fuel
Time = 1 minute
H2 Fuel Gasoline Fuel
Time = 1 minute 30 seconds
H2 Fuel Gasoline Fuel
Time = 2 minutes 20 seconds
Gasoline Fuel
US HYDROGEN VEHICLE TRIALS
ECTOS-HYDROGEN STATIONECTOS-HYDROGEN STATION Example of Pre-Commercial Filling StationExample of Pre-Commercial Filling Station
HH22OO
EnergyEnergy
ElectrolyserStorage
Compressor
Dispenser
Icel. New Business Venture Fund, Reykjavik Energy, The National Power Company, Hitaveita Sudurnesja, University of Iceland, The Technological Institute of Iceland, Fertilizer Plant, Reykjavik Resources, Government of Iceland
VistOrkaVistOrka
AUSTRALIAN HYDROGEN BUS TRIAL
“Buses currently contribute about 2.7
percent of road transport greenhouse
gas emissions. Replacing the entire
Australian bus fleet with hydrogen-
powered buses would cut the carbon
dioxide being currently produced by
two million tonnes, the equivalent of
taking 500,000 cars off the road.” Media Release
Minister for the Environment and HeritageSenator the Hon. Ian Campbell
5 October 2004
HYDROGENIs not Clean When Produced
Current
H2
Technology
From fossil fuels
(Natural Gas)
CO2 Emissions
Sustainable
H2 Technology
From renewable and H2O
No CO2 Emissions
HYDROGEN ENERGY
WHAT ABOUT RENEWABLES?
(6000x annualconsumption)
(25x annualconsumption)
3 TW
Tidal
Australian Sun1 hour can power Australia
for a year!4 days of can power the
world for a year!
BASIC CONCEPT ofSOLAR-HYDROGEN
Photo–Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen from Water
H2O
PHOTO-CATALYST(TiO2)
HYDROGEN GAS
SUNLIGHT
ADVANTAGES• Sustainable and environmentally friendly• Direct solar to hydrogen conversion• No H2/O2 separation required• Stored fuel for use anywhere and anytime
TiO2 is commonly known as:
• Titanium dioxide, titania, rutile
TiO2 is used in:• Toothpaste, sunscreen, paint, food colourings
Why do we use TiO2?• Cheap – few $ per kg• Abundant – Australia is world production leader• Properties can be widely manipulated • Will not corrode – Survives for centuries
WHAT IS TiO2
Materials Engineering – Imposition of Desired
Material Properties -
• Absorption of Sunlight• Reactivity with Water
PHOTOSENSITIVE OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS
TiO2
CatalystsCommercial Processed
Ti4+
O2-
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
O2-
O2-O2-
O2-
O2-
O2- O2-
O2-O2-O2-
O2-
O2-
Ti4+ Ti4+Ti4+
Ti4+ O2-O2-
O2-
O2- O2-
O2-
O2- O2-
O2-
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
O2- O2-
O2-O2-O2-
O2-
Ti4+ Ti4+Ti4+ O2-
O2- O2-
Ti4+
O2-
O2-
O2-
O2-
O2-
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti4+
O2-
O2-
Ti4+
DEFECT ENGINEERINGIdeal TiO2
Ti4+
O2-
Ti3+
Ti4+
Ti4+
Ti3+
Ti4+
O2-
O-O2-
O-
O-
O- O2-
O2-O2-
O2-
O2-
Ti4+ Ti3+
Ti3+ O2-O2-
A-
O2- O2-
O2-
O2- O2-
O2-
Ti3+
Ti3+
Ti3+
A3-
4iTi
4TiV
3iTi
O2-
O-
O2-
O2-
O2-
Ti3+
Ti3+
Ti3+
O2- O2-
O2-O2-
O2-
Ti3+ Ti3+M5+ O2-
O2- O2-
Ti4+2OV O-
O2-
M3+
O2-Ti4+ Ti4+
iM
DEFECT ENGINEERINGReal (Defected) TiO2
SUMMARY
• Our standard of living is linked to energy supply
• Growing energy demand fed by fossil fuels
– CO2 emissions and climate change
• Solar-hydrogen offers a solution
– Sustainable and environmentally friendly
Thank you!Please ask your questions