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10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Solar-assisted district heating in CIS -
Solar energy cheaper than oil and gas
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Prof. K. Vajen
J. Orozaliev, C. Budig, E. Frank
Prof. A. Obozov,
R. Botpaev, Akparaliev R.
V. Borodin,
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Open district heating net
30..40°C 60°C (in summer )
cold water tank
(800 m³)
Central Heat and Power Plant
hot water tank
(30,000 m³)
40..70°C (only in winter)
12°C 30..40°C
cold water tank
(800 m³)
3,000 m³/h
Central Heat and Power Plant
hot water tank
40..70°C (only
12°C
(ground water)
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Open district heating net– Collector “efficiency“
collector power during the night
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
Tf - Ta in K
quse
in
W/m²
hourly mean valuesm²h
l40>v&
useq&
collector "efficiency" during the day
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100
(Tf - Ta) / GT in Km²/kW
ordinary collector
characteristics
hourly mean valuesm²h
l40>v&
T
useG
q&
measured temperatures
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00local time
°C
9th July 98 10th July 98
Tamb
Tout
Tdew
T in
10min mean values
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Luft-Wasser-
Wärmeübertrager
Uncoveredcollector
12 °Cin
T ≈, 25 °C
abs inT ≈ , 35 °C
abs inT ≈
30 °Camb
T ≈
� Standard application: outdoorswimming pool water heating
Uncovered Collector
BackupHeating
GroundWater
T 12 Ci n ≈ °
12 °Cin
T ≈ , 25 °Cabs out
T ≈
Multicomponent system
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Uncoveredcollector
20 °Cahx
T ≈
12 °Cin
T ≈
, 25 °Cabs in
T ≈, 35 °C
abs outT ≈
Multicomponent system
30 °Camb
T ≈
Water
Air
� Mass product
� Standard application: cooling
Air-WaterHeat Exchanger
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Uncovered
collector
20 °Cahx
T ≈
12 °Cin
T ≈
, 25 °Cabs in
T ≈ , 35 °Cabs out
T ≈
Multicomponent system
30 °Camb
T ≈ , 45 °Cahx in
T ≈
Unglazedair colector
� Standard application: space heating
Air-WaterHeat Exchanger
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
ϑAHX,in
4 4 4 4
A , P , ...
V , V , ...
, h
AHX pump
air wat
a a
P , fan
AHX,in
ϑ
ϑ
Planning
Control
Weather
Mix terms
TUC,in Tout
A , P , ...
V , ...
G , v , …
- ,
UTC fan
air
UTC w
UTC sky
ϑ
ϑ ϑ ϑ
a
UTC a
,
-
ϑ
A , , ...
V , …
G , , v , h , …
T - , T -
UC
wat
UC a w a
UC,in sky UC,in a
Ppump
ϑ
ϑ ϑ
Air-WaterHeat Exchanger
Uncoveredcollector
Unglazedair colector
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Test plant in Bishkek
Air collector
(31 m²)
Uncovered
collector (62 m²)
Air-to-Water
Heat Exchanger
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
� 4 years of operation experience
� Solar gains UC over 1000 kWh/m²a (in Germany about 250)
� Air collector (so far) too expensive
� Costs HX ≈ Uncovered Collector, depending on climate
� Serial connection of HX and UC not always reasonable
� Special adjustment on local conditions needed
� Being investigated:
� Integration in CHP process
� Optimization of HX construction
� Hydraulic connection of large collector fields
Preliminary results
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Electr. 2 ct/kWhel District heat 1,5...2 ct/kWh
Difficult market conditions for renewables ...
Production costs in Kyrgyzstan:
ca. 50 ct/kWhelca. 5...25 ct/kWh
in DE:
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
� Central Heat and Power Plant TEZ (2 GWth)
� ca. 10.000 m2 on the roofs
� ca. 60.000 m2 on the ground nearby
Potential Bishkek
� Decentralized heat plant
� ca. 3.000 m² on 4 plants (each plant 2 MWth)
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
0
1
2
3
2006 2007 2008 2009
Gas price in €-ct/kWh
� interest = 13 %/a
� CO2 certificates = 6 €
Economical feasibility
Solar heat
Gas import: 55 100 145 240 USD per 1000 m³
� Assumtions
� 45.000 m2 (2,7 Mio. €)
� 60 €/m2 investments
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
5 out of 27
TEZ
23 out of 157
TEZ
4 TEZ 2 TEZ
1 out of 2
TEZ2 out of 3
TEZ
Potential in CIS countries
Overall about 40 out of 200 large CHP
plants in CIS suitable
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
� Obstacles
� cultural
�Scepticism about a new technology
� economical: absence of appropriate credit
programs
� technical: area demand (up to 10 football fields)
Obstacles
10-11 NovemberDuschanbe
Conclusion
� Solar-assisted district heating in CIS countries
� Technically feasible
� Very high solar gains (≥ 1000 kWh/m²a)
� Extremely cheap (≈ 0,5 ct/kWh)
� 45.000 m2 in Bishkek possible
� Potential ≈40 CHPs in CIS
